Sean Li Math 7370 Notes Spring 2013 Algebraic Number Theory Lecture 17 2/27/13 Continuation of Localization.

n. Let A be any commutative ring and let S be a subset of A. Then S 1 A is the set of equivalence classes { a }, where a b if and only if u(at bs) = 0 s s t for some u S. Without the extra condition it is not true unless we have an integral domain. Namely, the c c relation fails transitivity. Suppose a b and b u , we want to obtain a u . We have s t t s a, b, c A and s, t, u S. From the denition we have at bs = 0 and bu ct = 0, and multiplying by u and s respectively gives uat ubs = 0 and bus cts = 0. Adding the two results gives uat cts = 0.
c In an integral domain with t = 0 we get ua cs = 0, which implies a u . However, we s need the more complicated formulation to get transitivity if A is not an integral domain.

S 1 A is a ring under the denition in the obvious (fractional) way. There is a natural homomorphism : A S 1 A given by a a . 1 This construction turns elements of S into units. Given any othe ring B and a homomorphism f : A B such that f (S) UB = units of B, there is a unique map f : S 1 A B such that f = f g. (f ( a ) = f (a)f (s)1 .) s f

B f

S 1 A This extension can be extended to modules. Let M be an A-module. Then we dene S 1 M to be equivalence classes of the elements m where m M , s S under the relation m m s s s if and only if t(s m sm ) = 0 for some t S. Then S 1 M gets a S 1 A-module structure in the natural way. One also has a homomorphism

M S 1 M . S 1 M is also an A-module and this is an A-module homomorphism. This S 1 is a functor in category theory. That is, given f : M1 M2 , we get S 1 (f ) : S 1 M1 S 1 M2 . This functor is exact, i.e. if f g

M1

M2

M3

is an exact sequence, then S 1 f 1 S 1 g 1 M1 S M2 S M3

is exact. Let A be a commutative ring and a prime ideal of A, then S = A (the complement of in A) is closed under multiplication. We write S 1 A as A . This complements the quotient construction A/, where ideals of A/ correspond to ideals of A containing . Ideals which are not contained in in A contain a unit in A and are therefore the entire ring. Thus A corresponds to ideals contained in . The ideal generated by the image of in A is the unique maximal ideal of A . Anything in A outside it is a unit. Such a ring is called a local ring. Theorem. If A and B are integral domains with A as a subring of B, then A is a eld B is a eld. Proof. If A is a eld then x B, then there is some equation xn + an1 xn1 + + a0 = 0. Then take x(xn1 + an1 xn2 + + a1 ) = a0 and dividing by a0 gives the inverse of x. If B is a eld and x A, then x1 exists in B, so xn + an1 x(n1) + + a0 . Multiply through by xn1 to obtain x1 + an1 + + a0 xn1 = 0 which gives x1 A.

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