Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bi tp Ho v c
Bi tp ho v c - phn I
Chng 1
1. Da vo phng php Slater hy tnh nng lng tng ca cc e trong nguyn t Li v ion
Li+ t tnh nng lng ion ho th nht ca Li (I1 ca Li)
p s:
-203eV; -196,8eV; 5,7eV (coi ai(1s) = 0,31)
2. Nguyn t Z = 19 c th vit cu hnh e: 1s22s22p63s23p63d1 (I) hay 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 (II).
Hy chng minh cng thc II l hp l (da vo vic tnh Z t tnh Ee (3d1) v Ee (4s1).
3. Nng lng ion ho I1 ca cc nguyn t chu k 2
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
5,4
9,32
8,32
11,26
14,53
13,6
17,42
21,5
eV
a. Nng lng ion ho tng t u n cui chu k. V sao?
b. I1 c gi tr cc i nh Be, N; cc tiu nh B, O. Gii thch.
c. Tnh Z i vi electron ha tr c nng lng cao nht.
p s:
c: 1,26; 1,66; 1,56; 1,82; 2,07; 2,00; 2,26; 2,52.
4. a. Ae(Si) = -134KJ.mol-1 P nm bn phi Si nhng Ae(P) = -72 KJ.mol-1. Hy gii thch s
bt thng .
b. Nhng yu t g nh hng ln bn knh nguyn t v ion? Cho v d minh ho.
d. tng bn knh nhm IA (bng 4): r = r(n + 1) - rn
0,2
0,42
0,1
0,12
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
C s gim mnh on (3). Ti sao?
5. a. TnhH, bit DHF = 565; DF2 = 151 kJ.mol-1; DH2 = 432 kJ.mol-1
b. Tnh nng lng lin kt Cl F, bit Cl = 3,09; DCl2 = 239 kJ.mol-1
chng 2
1.a. Tnh nng lng mng li NaCl theo phng php Born-Land. Bit rNa = 0,95Ao;
rCl = 1,81Ao; aNaCl = 1,7475.
b. Hy so snh vi kt qu tnh theo phng php KapusTinsKi v vi kt qu tnh theo chu
trnh Born-Haber, bit Hso (NaCl) = -411,14 kJ.mol-1, Hnco (Na) = 108,44 kJ.mol-1, I1(Na) =
495,7 KJ.mol-1, ECl-Cl = -240 kJ.mol-1, Ae(Cl) = -349kJ.mol-1.
Hy cho nhn xt v 3 kt qu tnh c.
p s:
BL: -768,63; Kp: -758,84; B-H: -756,28
+
2. th hi v trng thi tan trong dung mi hu c nhm clorua tn ti trng thi dng
Al2Cl6.
Al2Cl6. Ngha l c dime ho 2 AlCl3
Hy cho bit CHHH ca AlCl3 v Al2Cl6.
B mn Ho V c & i cng
Bi tp Ho v c
3. Vit cng thc cng hng ca NO2 chng minh n cng c hin tng dime ho
N2O4. Bit trong N2O4 tn ti lin kt N-N.
2NO2
4. Da vo qui tc Gillespie AXmEn, khi q = m + n = 4 v m = 4;3;2. th hp cht c CHHH
th no cho th d minh ho.
5. Xc nh % c tnh ion v in tch thc ca lin kt ccphn t sau: HF ( = 1,83D, l =
0,092 nm); HCl ( = 1,08D, l = 0,127 nm); HI ( = 0,44D, l = 0,161 nm).
6. Bi tp 3.4.
Tnh nng lng trung bnh ca lin kt O H v O O trong phn t H2O2 da vo cc s
liu (kJ.mol-1) sau:
Hos(H, k)
= 218;
Hos(H2O, k) = -241,8;
o
o
H s(H2O2, k) = -136,3.
H s(H2O, k) = 249,2;
p s: EO H = 463,5 kJ mol-; EO O = 143,7 kJ mol-1
7) Bi tp 3.5.
Tnh tng entanpi hidrat ho ca cc ion Mg2+ v Cl- theo phn ng sau:
Mg2+.aq + 2Cl-.aq
Mg2+(k) + 2Cl-(k) + aq
Bit rng entanpi ho tan v nng lng mng ;i ion ca MgCl2 (t.t) ln lt l -160
v 2480 kJ.mol-1.
p s: Hh = -2640 kJ.
8) Bi tp 3.10.
th kh HF lin hp vi nhau bng lin kt hidro to thnh vng su cnh (HF)6 theo
(HF)6 (k)
phn ng sau: 6HF(k)
Tnh nng lng lin kt hidro trong (HF)6, bit rng cc nhit 273K v 311K hng
s Kp ln lt l 9,55.10-12 v 1,023.10-15.
p s:
Khong 28302 J mol-1.
Chng 3
1. trong dung dch cc axit HX (X = F I), mnh ca cc axit c cn c vo phn ng
sau: HXaq
H+aq + X-aq 25oC tnh Ka th phi theo cng thc Go = -RTlnKa; Go =
Ho -TSo.
Cho bng s liu: (kJ.mol-1)
I (H)
Ae (X)
Hoh (HX) Elk (HX)
Hoh (X-)
TS
Hoh (H+)
HF
- 48,15
-563,54 1318,84 - 343,32
-1109,76
- 485,54
- 25
HCl
-17,58
- 432
1315,84 -364,25
-1109,76
- 351,46
- 17,6
a. Tnh pKa ca HF v HCl (pKa = -lgKa).
b. Cho bit cc i lng no c nh hng mnh ln tnh axit ca HX.
2. Bi tp 4.10.
Cn bng sau xy ra trong dung dch nc 25oC:
B mn Ho V c & i cng
Bi tp Ho v c
PbI2 + 2OH
Pb(OH)2 + 2I
a. Hi chiu ca phn ng iu kin chun?
b. C kt ta PbI2 khng nu dung dch bo ho Pb(OH)2 c cha KI 0,1M?
c. Tnh nng ti thiu ca HNO3 Pb(OH)2 bt u phn ng vi H+theo phn ng:
Pb2+ + H2O
Pb(OH)2 + 2H+
Cho bit Tt Pb (OH ) 2 = 4.10
15
v Tt PbI 2 = 8.10
a. Tnh ca cp O2/H2O2.
b. Tnh hng s cn bng K ca phn ng sau trong dung dch nc:
2H2O2
2H2O + O2
o
p s:
a. (O2/H2O2) = 0,69V
b. K 4,07.1036.
o
7. Bi tp 4.9.
Gin th kh chun ca mangan, st v thic nh sau:
MnO4- 0.56V MnO42- 2,26V MnO2 0.95V Mn3+ 1.51V Mn2+ -1.18V Mn
Fe3+ 0.77V Fe2+
-0.44V
B mn Ho V c & i cng
Bi tp Ho v c
Hy d on sn phm ca cc phn ng sau:
b) Sn + Fe3+ (k c khi d Sn)
a) MnO4- + Fe2+ + H+ (k c khi d MnO4-)
p s:
a) Mn2+ + Fe3+ ; Nu d MnO4- th sn phm l MnO2 v Fe3+.
b) Sn4+ + Fe2+ ; Nu d Sn th sn phm l Sn2+ + Fe2+.
8.
1,21V
ClO3-
oBr /Br
HClO2
1,64V
1,63V
HClO
Cl2
1,36V
Cl-
= 1,07.
a. D on sn phm ca phn ng: ClO3- + Br- + H+ Br2 +
b. pH bng my th phn ng trn khng din ra.
9. Th kh chun ca kim loi kim c tnh theo cng thc sau:
-
oM /M = G
+
+ G I + G h
4,44 (Xem ho hc v c - L Mu Quyn, trang 163)
nF
Goa = Go nguyn t ho; GoI = Go ion ho; Goh = Go hydrat ho, J.mol-1
Tnh
Na+/Na
p s:
Li+/Li
<
Na+/Na
GoI (M)
521745
797477
Goh (M+)
- 509611
-410032
chng 4
1. Tnh nhit ho tan ca tinh th cc mui sau:
a.
U
Hh (X-)
Hh (M+)
LiF
- 1021,58
- 531,36
- 485,34
KJ.mol-1
NaF
- 904,35
- 422,59
- 485,34
KF
- 808,00
- 338,9
- 485,34
Cho bit nu cn c vo nhit ho tan th theo chiu t LiF n KF ho tan tng hay gim.
b.
kJ.mol-1
U
Hh (X-)
Hh (Ag+)
AgF
- 954,59
- 489,53
- 485,34
AgCl
- 904,35
- 489,53
- 351,46
AgBr
- 895,975
- 489,53
- 317,98
Cho bit nu cn c vo ho tan th theo chiu t AgF n AgBr ho tan tng hay gim.
c. Hy so snh kt qu tnh ton vi thc nghim rt ra cc nhn xt v cc yu t nh
hng tnh tan ca hp cht ion:
Thc nghim cho bit:
B mn Ho V c & i cng
LiF
NaF
ho tan
0,1mol/l
1,1mol/l
KF
15,9mol/l
AgF
Tan d
Bi tp Ho v c
AgCl
AgBr
-10
Tt = 5.10-13
Tt = 10
B mn Ho V c & i cng
Bi tp Ho v c
phn Ii
Chng 1: hydr v h2O
1. Cc cu hi 6.1 ; 6.2; 6.4; 6.5; 6.6 trang 34 sch bi tp
6.1: Trnh by tnh cht ho hc ca hidr. Ly v d chng minh rng hidr mi sinh
hot ng ho hc mnh hn hidr thng. Gii thch.
6.2: Trnh by cc phng php iu ch hidr trong cng nghip v trong phng th
nghim. Ti sao iu ch hidr trong phng th nghim ngi ta thng dng km tc dng
vi dung dchH2SO4 long v thm vo t git dung dch CuSO4? C th thay th H2SO4
long bng H2SO4 c bng HNO3 hoc HCl khng? Ti sao?
6.4: Gii thch tnh cht l hc bt thng ca nc so vi cc cht lng khc: khi
lng ring ln nht 4oC, nhit dung ring cao bt thng.
6.5: Gii thch ti sao nc va c tnh cht xi ho va c tnh cht kh v cc tnh
cht ny u ph thuc vo pH.
6.6: Nhng mui no khi tan trong nc b thu phn v mi trng ca dung dch cc
mui l g? Ly v d minh ha.
2. Cho cc cp xi ho kh sau:
MnO2(r) + 2H2O (1) 1 = 1,7V
a. MnO4- + 3e + 4H+
Lp biu thc - pH ca cp xi ho kh trn khi [MnO4-] = 10-2M v cho bit pH =
6 H2O rt t b xi ho bi MnO4- ti sao?
[Co(NH3)6]3+ + 1e
[Co(NH3)6]2+ (2) = 0,1V
b.
Vit phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi tn ti phc [Co(NH3)6]2+ trong nc. Nu phn ng
xy ra th H2O ng vai tr?
c. Co3+ + 1e
Co2+ (3) = 1,8V
Vit phn ng xy ra khi cho dung dch H2SO4 long vo Co(OH)3? Vai tr ca H2O.
3. Bi tp 6.8 trang 36 sch bi tp
Tnh nhit nng chy ca nc p sut 1500atm, bit rng khi lng ring ca
nc l 917 kg.m-3 v nhit nng chy ca n l 319,7kJ.kg-1.
p s: T 261,65K hay -11,5oC.
H2O(r)
H2O(l)
= 6,01kJ.mol-1
4. Qu trnh tan ca nc :
Tnh Go278K ca qu trnh, cho bit nguyn nhn lm cho qu trnh t xy ra. Coi Ho,
So khng i theo T trong khong 0oC n 5oC.
B mn Ho V c & i cng
b. Thit lp phng trnh HoT = f(T) da vo cng thc
thc:
Bi tp Ho v c
(H o ) = C op v Go theo cng
T
H o
G o
= 2T
T T
T
B mn Ho V c & i cng
a. F2 + SiO2
b. X2 + H2O (X: halogen)
c. Cl2 + HX (X: Br, I)
d. MnO2(KMnO4;r ) + HCl(c, nng)
e. H2SO4(c, nng) + HX
g. Fe2(SO4)3 + KI(dd)
h. HF + SiO2
8.
Bi tp Ho v c
i. Cl2 + KOH(ngui v nng)
k. NaOCl + KI + H2SO4(long)
l. CaOCl2 + HCl(c)
m. KClO3 + KI + H2SO4(long)
n. KClO3(r) (c v khng c xc tc MnO2)
o. KIO3 + KI + H 2SO4(long)
NO3-/HNO2 =
(Cl2(k)/Cl-)
= 1,36V;
(Cl2.aq/Cl-)
= 1,40V;
(HClO/Cl-)
= 1,49V
B mn Ho V c & i cng
Bi tp Ho v c
b. Vit phn ng to thnh v phn ly zn tng bnh lu. N c ngha g cho cuc
sng ca sinh vt trn tri t?
c. Cc cht CFC (v d: Fron 12 - CF2Cl2) c tc dng g ln O3 tng bnh lu?
3. Trc y cng thc cu to ca zn c vit l (1) sau ny ngi ta vit theo cng thc
cu to (2)
a. Cng thc no ng? Cn c vo u bit
c.
O
O
b. T cng thc (2) hy vit cng thc cng
(1)
(2)
hng ca O3 v nh tnh c in tch hnh
O
O
O
O
thc ca tng xi; tnh c bc lin kt trong O3.
4. Cu 8.5 sch bi tp trang 49.
Lc axit ca hydrxit axit ph thuc vo nhngc yu t g? Vit cng thc cu to ca
cc phn t sau:
a. Cc axit mnh H2SeO4 v HClO4.
b. Cc axit trung bnh H3PO3 v H3PO2.
c. Cc axit yu H6TeO6 v H3AsO3.
5. Vit phn ng minh ho cc cht sau: H2S; SO2; H2SO4 th hin tnh kh, tnh xi ho? Nu
nhn xt chung v tnh xi ho kh ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht.
6. Cu 8.12 sch bi tp trang 50.
Ti sao khi ho tan mt sufua tan c trong axit (FeS, MnS, ZnS trong HCl) ngoi H2S
c to thnh ta thy lun c mt lng S kt ta.
7. Cu 8.13 sch bi tp trang 50.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau di dng ion (nu c) v phn t:
g. PbS + H2O2 (dd)
a. O3 + PbS
b. O3 + KI (dd)
h. H2O2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 (long)
c. O3 + KI + H2SO4 (long)
i. H2S + O2 (ghi iu kin)
d. H2O2 + KI (dd)
k. Fe + H+ + SO42e. H2O2 + KI + H2SO4 (long)
8. 800K hng s cn bng ca phn ng (1) l kp = 1,21.105.
2SO2(k) + O2(k)
2SO3(k)
t Pyrit FeS2 trong khng kh ngi ta thu c hn hp kh (A) c thnh phn theo
th tch: 7%SO2; 10%O2; 83%N2. Tip theo SO2 c xi ho thnh SO3 (c mt cht xc
tc). Nu xut pht t 100mol kh A th phn ng t cn bng 800K, c hn hp kh (B).
Cho ton b kh B hp th vo nc c 69,2lt dung dch C.
Tnh pH ca dung dch C, coi SO2 khng b hp th bi dung dch H2SO4.
9. Bi tp 8.21 sch bi tp trang 57.
Mt bnh cu dung tch 500cm3 cha hn hp kh O2 v O3 iu kin chun (0oC v
1atm). Cho mt lng d dung dch KI vo bnh cu v lc mnh, sau trung ho kim bng
B mn Ho V c & i cng
Bi tp Ho v c
dung dch H2SO4. Iot to ra phn ng va vi 37,6cm3 dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1M. Tnh phn
trm s mol O3 trong hn hp kh.
10. Bi tp 8.22 sch bi tp trang 57.
Tnh ho tan (mol.l-1) ca ZnS trong dung dch HCl 0,1M v 2M, bit rng K1 v K2
ca H2S l 10-7 v 10-14, tch s tan ca ZnS l 10-23 v nng bo ho ca H2S trong dung
dch l 0,1M.
NO3-
HNO2
0,94V
1,00V
a. Vit phn ng phn hu ca HNO2 v tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng.
H+ + NO2- pKa = 3,3. Hy cho bit pH bng my th trong
b. HNO2
dung dch
- [HNO2] > [NO2-]
- [NO2-] > [HNO2]
c. Hp cht N(III) c th tn ti dng HNO2 hay NO2-. Nu ch thay pH th pH
bng bao nhiu hp cht N(III) s bn. Coi PNO = 1atm. Bit vi cp N(V)/N(III) =
NO3-/HNO2(NO2-) ngi ta lp c quan h - pH nh sau:
pH < 3,3 1= 0,94 0,09 pH
pH > 3,3 2= 0,84 0,06 pH.
0,06 [Oxh ]
Khi gii dng cng thc = o +
lg
n
[Kh ]
B mn Ho V c & i cng
Bi tp Ho v c
5. Dung dch bo ho Mg(OH)2 c pH = 10,36 pKb(NH3) = 4,744
a. Trn 500ml dung dch MgCl2 0,1M vi 500ml dung dch NH3 0,2M. Hi trong dung
dch thu c c to ra kt ta Mg(OH)2 khng?
b. Nu c kt ta Mg(OH)2 th phi thm t nht my mol NH4Cl ho tan ht lng
kt ta .
6. B i tp 9.23 sch b i tp
Hng s in ly axit ca cp H2PO4-/HPO42- l K2 = 6,2.10-8.
a. Tnh pH ca dung dch cha cng s mol Na2HPO4 v NaH2PO4.
b. Mun chun b mt dung dch m c pH = 7,38 cn phi ho tan bao nhiu gam
NaH2PO4.H2O trong 1 lt dung dch Na2HPO4 0,1M.
P = 31, O = 16, H = 1, Na = 23.
p s:
a. pH = 7,21
b. khong 9,33g
B mn Ho V c & i cng
Bi tp Ho v c
d. KHCO3(r)
k. Si + KOH (dd)
e. Mg(HCO3)2
l. SiO2 + HF
o
t
m. SiO2 + NaOH(n.c) hoc Na2CO3 (n.c)
o. Pb(NO3)2 + NaOH (dd, thiu v d) hoc KI (dd, thiu v d)
t. PbO2 + Mn(NO3)2 + HNO3long
s. Sn(OH)2 + HCl (dd, thiu v d)
2. Ccbon 14 phn r phng x theo phn ng sau:
14
0
6C
-1e (ht ) +
14
7N
0,006atm
L
R
O
A
B
p sut
p sut
5,2atm
1atm
O
H
A
0,01oC
Nhit
-78oC -57oC
Nhit
4. Bi tp 10.20 sch bi tp
D on cc sn phm phn ng sau:
b. Sn + Hg2+
a. Sn + H+
Bit rng gin th kh chun ca cc cht nh sau:
B mn Ho V c & i cng
Bi tp Ho v c
H+ = 0,00V
GeO (1)
GeO2 (1)
H2 = 2,25V H-
(1)
(2)
B mn Ho V c & i cng
Bi tp Ho v c
a. M + O2
(M: cc n cht nhm IIIA)
h. Al + NaOH (dd)
g. Al + Fe3O4
3. Cho d kin:
O2(k)
Al(r)
Al2O3(r)
Si(r)
SiO2(r)
-1673,2
-877,4
H
(kJ.mol )
So298(J.mol-1.K-1)
205,0
28,3
51,0
18,8
42,1
a. Lp biu thc GoT phn ng ca Al vi 1 mol O2 v ca Si vi 1
mol O2 to ra oxit tng ng T < 1500K. Bit nhit nng chy
ca Al l 930K vi Hon.c = 10,9 kJ.mol-1 cn Si, SiO2, Al2O3 u c
Tn.c > 1500K.
o
298,S
-1
4. Bi tp 11.12 sch bi tp
Nng H+ sinh ra trong dung dch Al3+ ch yu do phn ng sau:
Al3+ + HOH
Al(OH)2+ + H+ ; Ka = 10-5
Tnh nng ban u ca Al3+ khi Al(OH)3 bt u kt ta v pH ca dung dch ny, bit
rng tch s tan ca Al(OH)3 l 10-32.
Nhm IIA, IA
1. Cu 12.3 sch bi tp
B mn Ho V c & i cng
Bi tp Ho v c
Cho bt Mg vo nc nng c thuc th phenolphthalein thy c mu hng. Thm vo hn
hp ny dung dch NH4Cl c th thy bt si ln nhiu. Gii thch.
2. Bi tp 12.12 sch bi tp
Dung dch MgCl2 10-2M 25oC bt u kt ta Mg(OH)2 pH = 9,5:
a. Tnh tch s tan ca Mg(OH)2.
b. Tnh th kh ca cp Mg2+/Mg khi pH = 11, bit rng th kh chun ca n l -2,36V.
c. Ti sao Mg ghp vo cc thit b bng thp c th bo v c thp khi b n mn
in ho?
3. Mt mu nc cha 0,0045 mol CaCl2 v 0,005 mol NaHCO3 tnh cho mt lt nc.
a. Xc nh xem mu nc trn c phi nc cng khng? Nu phi th c cng g?
b. Nu phng php lm mm.
4. Cu 13.7 sch bi tp
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau di dng ion (nu c) v phn t:
a. Li + N2(k)
e. Na2O2 + CO2
b. Li + C
g. KO2 + H2O
h. KO2 + CO2
c. M + H2 (M: kim loi kim)
d. Na2O2 + H2O
i. KO2 + CO2 + H2O
;
MOH + CO2 (thiu v d)
k. NaOH (t.t) + SiO2