Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Engr. Muhammad Ammar

Lecture # 1

Introduction

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Plain Concrete

Constituent material of concrete and their properties. Hydration of cement. Properties of fresh and hardened concrete and factors effecting them. Curing of concrete and its significance. Testing of concrete for various properties including physical tests, strength tests. Crushing or ultimate strain. Modulus of elasticity of concrete, types, tests. Determination and significance. Design of normal concrete mixes, factors affecting the workability of the fresh concrete and strength & durability of the hardened concrete. Alkali aggregate reaction, carbonation and sulfate attack. Additives and admixtures for concrete. Cracks in concrete.
2

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

Basics of composite action of steel and concrete. Stress-strains curves of steel and concrete. Actual, simplified and equivalent stress blocks. Behavior of reinforced concrete members including columns, beams and slabs at working and ultimate loads. Specifications, codes of practice and design loads. Analysis, design and detailing of Simply supported rectangular and T-beam by ultimate strength design method Simply supported and continuous one way and two way slabs. Reinforced concrete members for axial compression and tension. Tied and spiral columns. ACI code provisions for design of columns.
3

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete (contd)

Shear and diagonal tension in concrete, design and detailing of flexural members for shear. Corner reinforcement in slabs. Assessment of crack width in flexural members. Introduction to alternate method of design with applications

Practical

Physical testing of constituent material for concrete. Acceptance test for cement. Test on fresh and reinforced concrete for workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity. Casting of different types of beams and columns and testing to study the effects of various factors. Detailing of designed elements.
4

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Text Books

Design of Concrete Structures (13th Edition) by Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin & Charles W. Dolan
Concrete Structures by Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmed Siddiqui

References

Reinforced Concrete (5th Edition) by Edward G. Nawy Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08)

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse aggregate.
Concrete mainly consists of a binding material and filler material. If filler material size is < 5mm it is fine aggregate and > 5mm is coarse aggregate.

Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)

Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate without any reinforcement is known as PCC.
PCC is strong in compression and week in tension. Its tensile strength is so small that it can be neglected in design.

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)

Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate with reinforcement is known as RCC. (Tensile strength is improved)
6

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) contd..
Mix Proportion Cement : Sand : Crush
1 1 1 : : : 1.5 : 2 : 4 : 3 4 8

Water Cement Ratio (W/C)

W/C = 0.5 0.6 For a mix proportion of 1:2:4 and W/C = 0.5, if cement is 50 kg Sand = 2 x 50 = 100 Kg

Crush Water

= 4 x 50 = 200 Kg = 50 x 0.5 = 25 Kg

Batching By Weight

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Mechanism of Load Transfer
Function of structure is to transfer all the loads safely to ground.
Load
Roof Surface Roof Slab Beams Column Foundation

A particular structural member transfers load to other structural member.

Sub Soil
8

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Merits of Concrete Construction
1.

Good Control over cross sectional dimensions and Shape

One of the major advantage of concrete structures is the full control over the dimensions and structural shape. Any size and shape can be obtained by preparing the formwork accordingly.

2.

Availability of Materials
All the constituent materials are earthen materials (cement, sand, crush) and easily available in abundance.

3.

Economic Structures
All the materials are easily available so structures are economical.

4.

Good Insulation
Concrete is a good insulator of Noise & heat and does not allow them to transmit completely.
9

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Merits of Concrete Construction (contd)
5.

Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete

there is a very good development of bond between steel and concrete.

6.

Stable Structure
Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and steel as strong in tension so their combination give a strong stable structure.

7.

Less Chances of Buckling

Concrete members are not slim like steel members so chances of buckling are much less.

8.

Aesthetics
concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is not required
10

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Merits of Concrete Construction (contd)
9.

Lesser Chances of Rusting

steel reinforcement is enclosed in concrete so chances of rusting are reduced.

Demerits of Concrete Construction

1. 2.

Week in tension
Concrete is week in tension so large amount of steel is required.

Increased Self Weight

Concrete structures have more self weight compared with steel structures so large cross-section is required only to resist self weight, making structure costly.

3.

Cracking
Unlike steel structures concrete structures can have cracks. More cracks with smaller width are better than one crack of larger width. 11

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Demerits of Concrete Construction
4.

Unpredictable Behavior
If same conditions are provided for mixing, placing and curing even then properties can differ for the concrete prepared at two different times.

5.

Inelastic Behavior
concrete is an inelastic material, its stress-strains curve is not straight so its behavior is more difficult to understand.

6.

Shrinkage and Creep

Shrinkage is reduction in volume. It takes place due to loss of water even when no load is acting over it. Creep is reduction in volume due to sustained loading when it acts for long duration. This problem is not in steel structures.

7.

Limited Industrial Behavior

Most of the time concrete is cast-in-situ so it has limited industrial 12 behavior.

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Specification & Codes
These are rules given by various organizations in order to guide the designers for safe and economical design of structures

Various Codes of Practices are

1.

2.

3.

ACI 318-05 By American Concrete Institute. For general concrete constructions (buildings) AASHTO Specifications for Concrete Bridges. By American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) for testing of materials.
13

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Specification & Codes (contd) No code or design specification can be construed as substitute for sound engineering judgment in the design of concrete structures. In the structural practice, special circumstances are frequently encountered where code provisions can only serve as a guide, and engineer must rely upon a firm understanding of the basic principles of structural mechanics applied to reinforced or pre-stressed concrete, and the intimate knowledge of nature of materials
14

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Design Loads

Dead Load
The loads which do not change their magnitude and position w.r.t. time within the life of structure
Dead load mainly consist of superimposed loads and self load of structure.

Self Load It is the load of structural member due to its own weight. Superimposed Load It is the load supported by a structural member. For instance self weight of column is self load and load of beam and slab over it is superimposed load.
15

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Design Loads (contd)

Live Load
Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings and traffic loads on bridges

They may be either fully or partially in place or not present at all, and may also change in location. Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are uncertain, and even their maximum intensities throughout the life time of the structure are not known with precision. The minimum live loads for which the floor and roof of a building should be designed are usually specified in the building codes that governs at the site construction.
16

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Densities of Important Materials
Material
PCC RCC Brick masonry Earth/Sand/Brick ballast

Density (Kg/m3)
2300 2400 1900-1930 1600-1800

Intensities of Live Loads (Table 1.1, Design of concrete structures by Nilson)

Occupancy / Use
Residential/House/Class Room Offices Library Reading Room Library Stack Room Warehouse/Heavy storage

Live Load(Kg/m2)
200 250-500 300 750 1250
17

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Basic Design Equation
Applied Action x F.O.S = Max. Internal Resistance

Factor of Safety
F.O.S. = Max. Failure load/Max. Service Load Following points are relevant to F.O.S 1. It is used to cover uncertainties due to
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Applied loads

Material strength Poor workmanship Unexpected behavior of structure Thermal stresses Fabrication Residual stresses

2. 3.

If F.O.S is provided then at service loads deflection and cracks are within limits. It covers the natural disasters.
18

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method
Strength design method is based on the philosophy of dividing F.O.S. in such a way that Bigger part is applied on loads and smaller part is applied on material strength.
Material Strength Applied Load x F.O.S.1 x F.O.S.2 {1 / F.O.S.2} Material Strength Applied Load x F.O.S.1 F.O.S.1 = Overload factor or Load Factor {greater than 1} 1/F.O.S.2 = Strength Reduction factor or Resistance Factor {less than 1}
19

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method
(contd...)

Sn U
Where Sn = Nominal Strength Sn = Design Strength = Strength Reduction Factor U = Required Strength, calculated by applying load factors For a member subjected to moment, shear and axial load:

Mn Mu Vn Vu Pn Pu

20

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
In allowable strength design the whole F.O.S. is applied on material strength and service loads (un-factored) are taken as it is. Material Strength / F.O.S. Service Loads In both Allowable strength design and Ultimate strength design analysis carried out in elastic range.
fc

Stress

fu

Stress

fc/2

fy fy/2 Steel

Concrete

Strain

Strain

21

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Plastic Design
In plastic design, plastic analysis is carried out in order to find the behavior of structure near collapse state. In this type of design material strength is taken from inelastic range. It is observed that whether the failure is sudden or ductile. Ductile failure is most favorable because it gives an warning before the failure of structures

22

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Capacity Analysis
In capacity analysis size, shape, material strengths and cross sectional dimensions are known and maximum load carrying capacity of the structure is calculated. Capacity analysis is generally carried out for the existing structures.

Design of Structure
In design of structure load, span and material properties are known and cross sectional dimensions and amount of reinforcement are to be determined.
23

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Objectives of Designer
There are two main objectives
1.
2.

Safety Economy

Safety
The structure should be safe enough to carry all the applied throughout the life.

Economy
Structures should be economical. Lighter structures are more economical.

Economy 1/self weight (More valid for Steel Structures) In concrete Structures overall cost of construction decides the economy, not just the self weight.
24

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Load Combinations
To combine various loads in such a way to get a critical situation. Load Factor = Factor by which a load is to be increased x probability of occurrence 1. 1.2D + 1.6L 2. 1.4D 3. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr 4. 1.2D + 1.6Lr + (1.0L or 0.8W) Where D = Dead load L = Live load on intermediate floors Lr = Live load on roof W = Wind Load
25

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Strength Reduction Factor / Resistance Factor,
Strength Condition
Tension controlled section (bending or flexure) Compression controlled section Columns with ties Column with spirals Shear and Torsion 0.65 0.7 0.75

Strength Reduction Factor

0.9

26

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Shrinkage
Shrinkage is reduction in volume of concrete due to loss of water
Coefficient of shrinkage varies with time. Coefficient of shortening is: 0.00025 at 28 days 0.00035 at 3 months 0.0005 at 12 months

Shrinkage = Shrinkage coefficient x Length Excessive shrinkage can be avoided by proper curing during first 28 days because half of the total shrinkage takes place during this period

27

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Creep
creep is the slow deformation of material over considerable lengths of time at constant stress or load
Creep deformations for a given concrete are practically proportional to the magnitude of the applied stress; at any given stress, high strength concrete show less creep than lower strength concrete.

Compressive strength

Specific Creep

(MPa)
21

10-6 per MPa

145

28 41
55

116 80
58
28

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Creep (contd)
How to calculate shortenings due to creep?
Consider a column of 3m which is under sustained load for several years. Compressive strength, fc = 28 MPa Sustained stress due to load = 10 MPa Specific creep for 28 MPa fc = 116 x 10-6 per MPa Creep Strain = 10 x 116 x 10-6 = 116 x 10-5 Shortening due to creep = 3000 x 116 x 10-5 = 3.48 mm

29

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Specified Compressive Strength Concrete, fc 28 days cylinder strength of concrete

The cylinder has 150mm dia and 300mm length.

According to ASTM standards at least two cylinders should be tested and their average is to be taken.

ACI 5.1.1: for concrete designed and constructed in accordance with ACI code, fc shall not be less than 17.5 Mpa (2500 psi)
30

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Specified Concrete Compressive Strength, fc BSS specifies the compressive strength in terms of cube strength.

Standard size of cube is 6x6x6 BSS recommends testing three cubes and taking their average as the compressive strength of concrete

Cylinder Strength = (0.75 to 0.8) times Cube Strength

31

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Concrete Cylinder

Concrete Cube
32

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Relevant ASTM Standards

Methods of Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete (ASTM C 172)

Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in Field (ASTM C 31)
Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen (ASTM C 39)
33

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Testing of Samples for Compressive Strength
Cylinders should be tested in moist condition because in dry state it gives more strength.
ACI 5.6.2.1: Samples for strength tests of each class of concrete placed each day shall be taken : Not less than once a day

Not less than once for each 115m3 of concrete. Not less than once for each 450m2 of concrete.

Code allows the site engineer to ask for casting the test sample if he regards it necessary.
34

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality
ACI 5.6.3.3: Strength level of an individual class of concrete shall be considered satisfactory if both of the following requirements are met:

Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive strength tests equals or exceeds fc. No individual strength test (average of two cylinders) falls below fc

by more than 3.5 MPa (500 psi) when fc is 35 MPa (5000 psi) or less; or by more than 0.10fc when fc is more than 35 MPa
35

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality
Example (contd)

For Required fc = 20 MPa, if following are the test results of 7 samples

19, 20, 22, 23, 19, 18, 24 MPa Mean 1 = (19 + 20 + 22) / 3 = 20.33 MPa Mean 2 = (20 + 22 + 23) / 3 = 21.67 MPa Mean 3 = (22 + 23 + 19) / 3 = 21.33 MPa Mean 4 = (23 + 19 + 18) / 3 = 20.00 MPa Mean 5 = (19 + 18 + 24) / 3 = 20.33 MPa

1.

2.

Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive strength tests equals or exceeds fc. None of the test results fall below required fc by 3.5 MPa.

Considering these two point the quality of concrete is acceptable

36

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Mix Design

Ingredients of concrete are mixed together in order to get a specified Required Average Strength, fcr . If we use fc as target strength during mix design the average strength achieved may fall below fc. To avoid under-strength concrete fcr is used as target strength in-place of fc.

fcr > fc
37

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Mix Design (contd)
ACI-5.3.2 Required Average Compressive Strength
Table 5.3.2.1-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data are Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation Specified Compressive Strength, Required Average Strength, fcr (MPa) fc (MPa) fc 35
Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) & (5-2)

fcr = fc + 1.34 Ss fcr = fc + 2.33 Ss 3.45 fcr = fc + 1.34 Ss fcr = 0.9fc + 2.33 Ss

(5-1) (5-2) (5-1) (5-3)

fc > 35

Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) & (5-3)

Ss = Standard deviation of compressive strength test

38

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Mix Design (contd)
Table 5.3.2.2-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data Are Not Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation

Specified Compressive Strength, fc (MPa) fc < 21

Required Average Strength, fcr (MPa) fcr = fc + 7

21 fc 35
fc > 35

fcr = fc + 8.5
fcr = 1.1fc + 5

39

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Stress Strain Curve of Concrete
The first portion of curve, to about 40% of the ultimate strength fc, can be considered linear. The lower the strength of concrete the greater will be the failure strain

Crushing

Stress
fc 0.4 fc
0.0028 to 0.0045, generally 0.003

0.85fc

Strain
40

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does not have a fixed value of modulus of elasticity
Initial tangent Modulus Tangent Modulus 0.4fc

Stress

Secant Modulus

Strain Tangent and Secant Moduli of Concrete

41

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Modulus of Elasticity (contd)
Secant modulus (Ec) is the one which is being used in design.

Ec = 0.043 wc1.5fc
wc = density of concrete in kg/m3 fc = specified cylinder strength in MPa For normal weight concrete, say wc = 2300 kg/m3

Ec = 4700fc

42

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Reinforcing Steel
Steel bars are:

Plain Deformed (currently in use)

Deformed bars have longitudinal and transverse ribs. Ribs provide a good bond between steel and concrete. If this bond fails steel becomes in effective. The most important properties for reinforcing steel are:

Young's modulus, E (200 GPa) Yield strength, fy Ultimate strength, fu Size and diameter of bar
43

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Steel Bars
44

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
Stress Strain Curve for Steel
fu

Stress

fy fy/2

yielding

Strain Hardening

Strain
45

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Reinforcing Steel (contd)
Steel Grade Designation

FPS
Grade 40 Grade 60 Grade 70
Grade 520 Grade 450

Grade 300, fy = 300 MPa Grade 420, fy = 420 MPa Grade 520, fy = 520 MPa

For hot rolled steel bars

Cold twisted steel bars are available in grade 420

Stress

Grade 300

For hot rolled steel bars

Strain

46

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
For simplification the stress strain diagram is consider bilinear because after yielding cracks appear and concrete becomes in effective.

Bilinear Curve

Stress

Strain
47

Concluded

48