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S. Elumalai et al.

, IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 31-37

ISSN:2249-5347

IJSID

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries


Research Article

An International peer Review Journal for Science

Available online through www.ijsidonline.info


S. Elumalai*, G. K. Saravanan, S. Ramganesh, R. Sakthivel, V. Prakasam Tamil Nadu, India.

PHYCOREMEDIATION OF TEXTILE DYE INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT FROM TIRUPUR DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA PG and Research Department of Plant Biology & Plant Biotechnology, Presidency College (Autonomous), Chennai - 600 005, one polluter of clean water. More than 80,000 tons of dyes used mainly in food industries, The textile industry is one of the fast growing industries in India, and the number ABSTRACT

Received: 11-01-2013 Accepted: 18-02-2013


*Corresponding Author

cosmetics, paper mills and especially in textile industries which absorb alone more than

70% of the produced total quantity. Phycoremediation is a novel, low cost, effective, continuous treatment technique that uses algae to clean up the polluted water. Textile dye concentrations such as 100:400, 200:300, 250:250, 300:200, and 400:100. In this studies industry effluents were collected from Tirupur district for three periodic intervals

(September 2011, December 2011 and February 2012). Effluents were taken in five treated separately to the different effluent concentrations which can tolerate the extreme condition and the consortium of these algal species were also taken in to account for the Effluent Treatment System. The Physico Chemical Parameters were recorded in different

two fresh water Microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus were intervals of treated effluents such as 7th day, 14th day and 21st day. In our results proved the equal concentration of algae and effluent system showed the highest reduction of TDS showed 21.91%, 49.17% and 61.38% reduction whereas above all 35.22%, 54.35% and 64.00% reduction were recorded in the consortium of these algae. Initial pH of the raw vulgaris treated effluents on 7th, 14th and 21st days respectively. Scenedesmus obliquus

Address: Name: Dr. S.Elumalai Place: Tamil Nadu, India E-mail: ananandal@gmail.com

in all the treatment flasks. About 32.16%, 51.40%, and 61.71% of reduction in Chlorella effluent was 7.11, increased steadily to 9.89 in 21 days after the addition of C. vulgaris and 9.05 in S. obliquus culture. In our study, C. vulgaris was able to reduce all forms of nitrogen substantially, and ammonia and nitrate levels, in particular, were drastically reduced. source for some aquatic species. Key Words: Consortia, Chlorella vulgaris, Dye, Phycoremediation, Scenedesmus obliquus Hence the use of algae in waste-water treatment could be beneficial in different ways since they bring about oxygenation and also mineralization in addition to serving as a food

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S. Elumalai et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 31-37 consumes large quantities of water and produces large volumes of wastewater from different steps in the dyeing and finishing processes. More than 80,000 tons of dyes used mainly in food industries, cosmetics, paper mills and especially in textile group of textile dye stuffs (Aziz MA et al., 1993). When these colored effluents enter water bodies they may either inhibit the soil fertility, aquatic organisms and ecosystem integrity. biological activity or cause water- borne disorder such as nausea, hemorrhage, ulceration of skin and mucous membrane, Phycoremediation is a novel, low cost, effective, continuous treatment technique that uses algae to clean up polluted Phycoremediation studies were carried out in industrially polluted waters collected From Tirupur district which is MATERIALS AND METHODS The textile industry is one of the fast growing industries in India, and the number one polluter of clean water. It INTRODUCTION

industries which absorb alone more than 70% of the produced total quantity (Arvin, 1983). Azo-aromatic dyes are the major

dermatitis, perforation of nasal septum, severe irritation of respiratory tract or cancer and adversely affect water resources, are present in their growth environment. Algae based waste water treatment systems offer more simple and economical technology as compared to the other environmental protection systems. highly polluted due to the Textile dye effluents discharged from the nearby industries. The application of the microalgae in the wastewater treatment has shown better results as compared to the conventional chemical processes (Pragya et al., 1999). Isolation, Purification and Identification of Microalgae: Water samples used to isolate microalgae were collected aseptically from sites that appeared to contain algal growth

water (Oswald, 2003). It takes advantage of the alga's natural ability to take up, accumulate and degrade the constituents that

in freshwater and saline water of different stress habitat. Bold basal medium (BBM) was used in this study. The media was autoclaved at 1.2 atm for 15 min before use. Cultures were made by inoculating 50 mL onto petri plates containing BBM and Treatment. The Growth kinetics was recorded (Ramasamy Sakthivel et al., 2012). Experimental Design: regular observation under a microscope (Elumalai et al., 2011; Azov Y et al., 1987). The Optical Density (OD) was taken at Effluents samples were collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) Tirupur Dye Industries for three

NSS solidified with 1.5% (w/v) of bacteriological agar. The purities of the culture were ensured by repeated plating and

680nm at regular interval for determining the Growth rate and Generation hours of Selected Algal strains for the effluent periodic intervals (September 2011, December 2011 and February 2012). The Physico Chemical Parameters were analyzed

before the Algae treatment process and recorded. Effluents were taken in five concentrations such as 100:400, 200:300, et al., 1988). The Physico Chemical Parameters were recorded in different intervals of treated effluents such as 7th day, 14th day and 21st Day and the results were recorded. Chemical Method:

250:250, 300:200, and 400:100 (Subramanian et al., 1999). In present study two fresh water Microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus were treated separately to the different effluent concentrations which can tolerate the extreme condition and the consortium of these algal species were also taken in to account for the Effluent Treatment System (Colak O Water sample collected from industrially polluted region was analyzed for different physio chemical parameters International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

(Subramanian E et al., 1999). The parameters under study were Total solids (TS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total

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Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride (Argenometric method), Sulphate, Residual Chlorine, phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Nitrogen, Sulphite and Chromium (Bolan NS et al., 2004) Statistical Analysis: IBM SPSS software package version 18.2.

S. Elumalai et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 31-37

Students t-test was used to determine statistical significance between the untreated and treated parameters at P < 0.05 using The detailed results of the Physico Chemical analysis of Dye Industry raw effluents and treated effluent of CETP plant. RESULT

All the experimental values are taken in triplicate and the Values are expressed as mean SD. The one-tailed paired

The CETP Plant uses enormous chemicals to treat the effluent to reduce the level of BOD and COD reduces 38% and 28% respectively (Table 1). The above results are taken as constant parameter for the comparisons of experimental results. The Samples were collected from different sites of dye industry from the month of September 2011 to August 2012. Different Phormidium, Synedria, Amphora were seen predominantly and proceeded for cultivation. PARAMETERS RAW EFFLUENT TREATED EFFLUENT (Chlorella vulgaris) important members of these classes are Microcystis, Chlorella, Chlorococcum, Pediastrum, Monorphidium, Ankistrodesmes, Cosmarium, Euglena, Scendesmes, Navicula , Pinularia, Nostoc, Anabena, Oscillatoria, Kicheneriella, Botryococcus, Merismopedia, Table 1: Physico Chemical Parameters of Raw Effluent and Treated Effluents: TREATED EFFLUENT (Scenedesmes obliquus) TREATED EFFLUENT (Consortium) pH 7.11 7.84 9.19 9.26 TSS (mg/L) 2943 2540 2362 2128 TDS (mg/L) 3628 3214 3148 3096 Chlorides (mg/L) 368 227 211 198 Sulphate (mg/L) 129 175 163 155 Oil&Grease 4.1 2.7 2.3 1.9 BOD (mg/L) 270 157 145 132 COD (mg/L) 757 521 504 498 Phosphate (mg/L) 27.43 14.02 13.90 13.72 Ammoniacal nitrogen (mg/L) 143 62 56 49 Percent Sodium 720 378 365 351 Total Chromium (mg/L) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Hexavalent Chromium(mg/L) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Sulphide (mg/L) 19.6 8.1 7.7 6.9 Bold Basal Media was used as Mother Plate to streak the water samples for pure culture cultivation. The plates were

classes of Microalgae were observed such as Chlorophyceae, Bacillirophyceae, and Cyanophyceae were recorded. The most

maintained in the culture room under Yellow special fluorescent lamps (1400) lux, with 14:10 L/D condition at 25C for 3- 5 days (Dresback et al., 2001; Sanniyasi Elumalai et al., 2011). Culture Selection for Effluent Treatment: effluent treatment (Fallowfield et al., 1985). Microalgae. The algae employed for the study was Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmes obliquus and its consortium used for the Dye Effluent Treatment with Selected Microalgae: algae by altering pH slightly (Table 2, 3, 4). The detailed results of the physico -chemical analysis of the Dye industrial effluents International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013 Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmes obliquus were grown in appropriate medium along with the consortiums of these Feasibility study was conducted by growing various Microalgae in the industrial effluents were studied from collected

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after treated with different concentrations of selected microalgae and its consortiums. Among the physico-chemical parameters studied in Dye industrial effluents treatment TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Sulphide, Nitrate, Nitrite, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium and Trace metals such as Copper, Manganese, Chromium showed reduced concentrations significantly; whereas pH and DO showed increased concentration after the treatment with effluents showed the reduction of various physico-chemical parameters and also some of heavy metals.
CONC Algae : Effluent mL 100:400 200;300 250:250 300:200 400:100 7.45.05 7.58.06 7.71.05 7.50.50 7.43.05
PH PH

S. Elumalai et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 31-37

microalgae and its consortium. In the present study it was observed that the selected microalgae with its consortium treated Table 2: PH, BOD, TDS of Treated Effluent in different concentration of Chlorella vulgaris
174.35.5 151.65.5 145.68.7 157.65.5 175.05.0 7 BOD 7 2900.35.5 2701.05.5 2461.67.0 2608.66.5 2485.05.0 TDS TDS 8.08.06 8.45.5
PH

Chlorella vulgaris 14 106.65.5 100.66.0 90.665.5 107.64.5 111.05.0 BOD 14 BOD

CONC.

Algae : Effluent 100:400 mL 200;300 250:250 300:200 400:100 CONC. Algae:Effluent 100:400 mL 200;300 250:250 300:200 400:100

Table 3: PH, BOD, TDS of Treated Effluent in different concentration of Scenedesmes obliquus
Scenedesmes obliquus BOD
PH

8.07.05 8.70.06 8.91.05

2630.07.5 2256.07.0 1763.36.5 2034.66.5 1965.67.0 TDS

TDS

9.83.06 9.46.06

9.45.05 9.09.05 9.15.06


PH

PH

64.005.0 52.666.0 33.005.0 55.666.5 66.005.5 BOD 21

BOD

21

2101.311.3 1389.06.0 1435.35.5 1752.64.5 TDS

2340.65.5

TDS

7.45.50 7.48.05 7.63.06 7.86.06 7.43.06


PH

176.335.5 159.334.5 149.665.0 168.005.0 175.665.5 BOD 7

2905.335.5 2843.336.5 2833.666.5 2844.666.0 2900.667.0 TDS

8.81.06 8.98.06 8.11.05 8.01.05 8.96.08


PH

119.005.0 108.665.5 111.666.0 123.665.5 BOD 14 97.006.0

2681.007.0 2088.666.0 1844.336.5 1892.336.5 1855.005.0 TDS

9.10.05 9.21.05 9.65.05 9.41.06 9.25.05


PH

63.665.5 43.005.0 68.006.0 89.335.5 BOD 21

77.67.6

2499.007.0 1401.006.0 1449.006.0 1587.336.5 TDS

1908.337.5

Table 4: PH, BOD, TDS of Treated Effluent in different concentration of Scenedesmes obliquus
Consortium 97.334.5 82.005.0 75.005.0 164.006.0 125.665.5 109.335.5 149.005.5 162.006.0 2890.006.0 2602.006.2 2350.336.5 2580.338.5 2380.666.0 8.86.05 8.76.06 8.85.05 8.81.06 8.88.07 2584.005.0 2185.665.5 1656.336.5 1945.336.5 1750.336.0 9.02.06 9.25.05 9.31.05 9.08.06 9.35.05

7.31.05 7.34.05 7.46.05 7.54.05 7.41.07

microalgae and its consortium (Figure 1). The equal concentration of algae and effluent system shows the highest reduction of

TDS in all the treatment flasks. About 32.16%, 51.40%, and 61.71% of reduction in Chlorella vulgaris treated effluents on 7th, 14th and 21st days respectively. Scenedesmus obliquus shows 21.91%, 49.17% and 61.38% reduction whereas above all carried out to know the difference before and after treating the effluent. In paired T tests the calculated values was higher than International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013 35.22%, 54.35% and 64.00% reduction were recorded in the consortium of these algae. Initial pH of the raw effluent was 7.11, increased steadily to 9.89 in 21 days after the addition of C. vulgaris and 9.05 in S.obliquus culture. A statistical analysis was

The present study reveals the significant reduction in the total dissolved solids of the effluents treated with the

105.335.5 105.335.5

60.665.5 45.005.0 26.335.5 48.007.0 65.665.5

2301.006.0 1843.336.5 1306.006.0 1377.006.0 1587.336.0

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the tabulated value for parameters like TSS, BOD, COD, nitrogen, Chloride, Sulphide, Nitrate, Pottasium, sodium. Hence the null hypothesis was rejected so it is inferred that the above parameters shows significance difference before and after treatment with different algae and its consortiums.

S. Elumalai et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 31-37

Being treating alone in the effluents the consortium showed very high rate on utilization of nutrients and removal of dye. The microalga reduces dissolved CO2 concentrations through photosynthesis which, in turn, raises the pH level. Different species depending on the type of the dye, its concentration and the algal species. belonging to green and blue-green algae possess varied activities in biological decolourisation of a variety of azo dyes International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

We used Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus has been shown to possess excellent nutrient scavenging capability. DISCUSSIONS

1. Chlorella vulgaris, 2. Scenedesmus obligquus, 3. Consortium of algae

Figure 1: Dye Effluent Treatment at Different Concentration of Algae

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particular, were drastically reduced. Ammonia may also be stripped off into the air as a result of the increased pH values often found in algal cultures. In addition, C. vulgaris and, S.obliquus induced progressive reduction in both BOD and COD values of the effluent and this could be attributed to the high algal growth rate and intense photosynthetic activity (Oswald WJ 1988). Recent studies reports there was a drastic reduction in the BOD and COD content of effluent treated with microalgae. On mineralization in addition to serving as a food source for some aquatic species. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 640601. 1. treating with Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmes obliquus the pH level in the dye industrial effluents was changed from neutral to

In our study, C. vulgaris was able to reduce all forms of nitrogen substantially, and ammonia and nitrate levels, in

S. Elumalai et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 31-37

alkaline in the 14th day and on the 21st day. Have reported that increased pH leads to oxidative discoloration of effluents. The use of algae in waste-water treatment could prove beneficial in different ways since they bring about oxygenation and We thank The Principal and The Head, Plant Biotechnology Department, Presidency College (Autonomous), Chennai REFERENCES

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