Wan Afnizan b Wan Mohamed

JKAP/FKAAS 1
By:-
MR WAN AFNIZAN BIN WAN MOHAMED
DEPT. OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FAC. OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
e-mail: afnizan@uthm.edu.my
HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS
(DFC 2053) (DFC 2053) (DFC 2053) (DFC 2053)
CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 9
UNIFORM FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNEL
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JKAP/FKAAS 2
CONTENT
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
TYPES OF FLOW
DISCHARGE FORMULA
APPLICATION OF NORMAL
DEPTH : CHART APPROACH
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION
STATE OF FLOW
TYPES OF FLOW
Two criteria :-
A TIME AS THE CRITERION
(i) Steady Flow
Depth of flow does not change with time
(ii) Unsteady Flow
Depth of flow changes with time
B SPACE AS THE CRITERION
(i) Uniform Flow
Depth of flow is same at every section of channel
(ii) Non Uniform Flow
Depth of flow changes along of channel section
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.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
TYPES OF FLOW
B SPACE AS THE CRITERION
(iii) Rapidly Varied Flow
Depth of flow changes abruptly over a comparatively
short distance (e.g : Hydraulic jump)
(iv) Gradually Varied Flow
Depth of flow changes gradually over a comparatively
long distance
C COMBINATION OF TWO CRITERION
(i) Steady Uniform
(ii) Steady Rapidly Varied
(iii) Steady Gradually Varied
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
TYPES OF FLOW
C COMBINATION OF TWO CRITERION
(iv) Unsteady Rapidly Varied
(v) Unsteady Gradually Varied
Open Channel Flow
Steady Flow Unsteady Flow
Uniform Flow Non Uniform Flow
Gradually Varied Flow Rapidly Varied Flow
Figure 9.1 : Types of flow in open channel
Note : Unsteady Uniform
Flow Not exist
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STATE OF FLOW
Influenced by three factors :-
Inertial Force
Viscosity Force
Gravity Force
A EFFECT OF INERTIAL & VISCOSITY FORCES
) (R Number eynolds R
Force Viscosity
Force Inertial
e
= == =
or represent as :-

= == =


= == =
vR vR
R
e
. 9.1
STATE OF FLOW
State of flow ( based on Reynolds Number ) :-
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
where ;
v = Velocity (m/s)
= Dynamic viscosity (N.s/m
2
)
= Water density (1000 kg/m
3
)
= Kinematic viscosity (m
2
/s)
R = Hydraulic radius (m)

P
A
R = == =
. 9.2
(i) Re 500
Laminar Flow
Flow : Slow & Shallow
Slippery surface
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STATE OF FLOW
Cont .. State of flow ( based on Reynolds Number ) :-
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
(ii) Re 12500 Turbulent Flow
Flow : Normally occurred in open channel
Transitional Flow (iii) 500 Re 12500
STATE OF FLOW
B EFFECT OF INERTIAL & GRAVITY FORCES
) (F Number Froude
Force Gravity
Force Inertial
r
= == =
or represent as :-
. 9.3
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
gD
v
F
r
= == =
where ;
v = Velocity (m/s)
g = Earths gravity (m/s
2
)
D = Hydraulic depth (m)

T
A
D = == = . 9.4
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STATE OF FLOW
State of flow ( based on Froude Number ) :-
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
(i) Fr = 1
Critical Flow
(ii) Fr < 1 Sub Critical Flow
Super Critical Flow (iii) Fr >1
Flow in slow condition
Flow in turbulent condition
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
Three types of channel :-
A NATURAL CHANNEL
Figure 9.2 : Natural channel
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.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
B ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
Figure 9.3 : Artificial channel
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
C PRISMATIC CHANNEL
Uniform cross section & slope at whole channel
length.
Usually artificial channel.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY ELEMENT
y = Depth of water (m)
T = Top width water surface (m)
B = Base width water surface (m)
P = Wetted perimeter (m)
A = Wetted area (m
2
)
R = Hydraulic radius R = A/P (m)
D = Hydraulic depth D = A/T (m)
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.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
T
B
P
y
Figure 9.4 : Channel geometric element
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Figure 9.5 : Channels sides slope
I SIDES SLOPE, Z
1
z
Note : If slope, = 45 z = 1
( z at left & right side is same )
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.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Figure 9.5 : Channels sides slope
II CHANNEL SLOPE, S
o
( unit less )

.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
III RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN v & Q
AV Q = == =
. 9.5
where ;
Q = Discharge or flow rate (m
3
/s)
v = Velocity (m/s)
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.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
DERIVATION OF CHANNEL FORMULA
B
y
1
z
1
z
3
1
2
L
Figure 9.6 : Derivation of channel formula
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
From Figure 9.6 :
T = Top width water surface
zy 2 B T + ++ + = == =
A = Wetted area
A = Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) [ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
2
zy By A
y zy
2
1
y B y zy
2
1
A
+ ++ + = == =
( (( (

( (( (



| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + + ++ +
( (( (

( (( (



| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
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.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Cont . From Figure 9.6 :
P = Wetted perimeter
( (( ( ) )) )
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
z 1 y L
z 1 y L
y z y L
zy y L
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Cont . From Figure 9.6 :
P = Wetted perimeter
2
z 1 y 2 B P
L 2 B P
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
therefore ;
Note :
Use this trapezoidal formula (A, T & P) to find formulae for
rectangular & triangular shape.
For Rectangular z = 0
for Triangular B = 0
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.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
B + 2zy By + zy
2
2zy zy
2
B + 2y B By
P T A SHAPE
B
y
T
z z
1 1 y
T
y
1
z
T
B
1
z
d
T
y

2
z 1 y 2 + ++ +
2
z 1 y 2 B + ++ + + ++ +
) sin (
8
d
2

| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
2
sin
d
2
d
( in radian ) ( in radian )
( in angle )
To sum up .. Table 9.1 : Channels geometric elements
Let Let Let Let s take a s take a s take a s take a
break!!! break!!! break!!! break!!!
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Based on the figure given find :-
i) Top width water surface (T), wetted
area (A), wetted perimeter (P) &
hydraulic radius (R).
ii) If Q = 2.4 m
3
/s, determine the flow
state.
iii) If inclined length (L) = 50 m, find the
cost to construct this channel (Given
excavation cost = RM 3/m
3
and lining
cost = RM 5/m
2
)
EXAMPLE 9.1 EXAMPLE 9.1 EXAMPLE 9.1 EXAMPLE 9.1
3 m
2 m
1 m
60
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
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SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
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SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
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SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
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SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
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Water flows 0.8 m depth inside a 1.2 m
diameter culvert. Calculate top width
water surface (T), wetted area (A),
wetted perimeter (P) and hydraulic radius
(R).
EXAMPLE 9.2 EXAMPLE 9.2 EXAMPLE 9.2 EXAMPLE 9.2
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
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SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
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SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
DISCHARGE FORMULA
Several discharge formula includes :
o
RS AC Q = == =
Chezy formula
o
S AR
n
1
Q
3
2
= == =
Manning formula

Where ;
A = Channel area (m
2
)
C = Chezys coefficient (m
0.5
/s)
n = Mannings coefficient
R = Hydraulic radius (m)
So = Channel slope
Most popular !!
. 9.6
. 9.7
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.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
DISCHARGE FORMULA
0.013 xii) Unreap Wood
0.012 xi) Reap Wood
0.012 x) Steel
0.016 ix) Aspalt (rough)
0.013 viii) Aspalt (smooth)
0.015 vii) Masonry (inside cement mortar)
0.013 vi) Stone (covered)
0.017 v) Concrete
0.013 iv) Cement (mortar)
0.011 iii) Cement (plane / smooth)
0.027 0.035 ii) Earth ground (vegetation)
0.022 i) Earth ground (clean)
Artificial Channel:
0.040 0.050 iii) Mountain River
0.100 ii) Vegetation
0.030 i) Clean and Straight
Natural Channel:
MANNING VALUE, n TYPES OF CHANNEL SURFACE
Water flows inside trapezoidal channel
having sides slope 1.5, base width 2.5 m,
channel slope 0.0016 and Mannings
coefficient 0.012. If normal depth inside
the channel is 3 m, what is the discharge?
EXAMPLE 9.3 EXAMPLE 9.3 EXAMPLE 9.3 EXAMPLE 9.3
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
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SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
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SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
APPLICATION OF NORMAL DEPTH
Normal depth determination approaches :
Trial & Error
Graph
Chart
Only this part will be
focused in this course !!
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APPLICATION OF NORMAL DEPTH
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
CHART METHOD
Section factor, Z
o
is divided with B
8/3
( B = Channel width )
or d
8/3
( D = Channel diameter )
Limited if channel is triangular
Formula used :-
3
8
o
3
8
3
2
B S
nQ
B
AR
= == =
3
8
o o
3
8
o
3
2
d S
nQ
d
AR
= == =
Rectangular &
Trapezoidal shape
Circular shape
. 9.8
. 9.9
APPLICATION OF NORMAL DEPTH
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
Figure 9.7 : Determination of normal depth using chart method
3 8
o
B S
nQ
= == =
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Water flows through rectangular channel
at 10 m
3
/s having base width 6 m, channel
slope 0.0001 and Mannings coefficient
0.013. Find normal depth using chart
method ?
EXAMPLE 9.4 EXAMPLE 9.4 EXAMPLE 9.4 EXAMPLE 9.4
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
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SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION
Shape that will be studied :
Rectangular
Trapezoidal
Triangular
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What
is
Effective Section
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION Can convey Discharge
maximum(Q
max
) or Hydraulic Radius maximum(R
max
) with
Wetted Perimeter minimum(P
min
)
How it is derived ??? P is differentiated from Manning
formula.
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION
o
S AR
n
1
Q
3
2
= == =
o
3
2
S
P
A
n
1
Q
3
5
= == =
Note :
A, n & So value - fix
Attempt to get Q
max
P
min
0
y
P
min P = == =



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.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION
Advantages of P minimum :
Reduced flow friction
Reduced construction cost
Get P equation in
y value
How to determine best effective section ???
y
P


0
y
P
= == =


Trapezoidal
Triangular
Rectangular
TOP WIDTH
(T)
HYDRAULIC
RADIUS
(R)
WETTED
PERIMETER
(P)
AREA
(A)
SHAPE
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION
To sum up . (this formula need to remember !!)
2
y 2
y 4
2
y
y 2
2
y 2 y 2
4
2 y
3 y
2
y 2
3 y 2
2
y
3
3 y 4
3 / 1 z = == =
For another z or sides slope angle use this formula
to get new A value zy 2 z 1 y 2 B
2
+ ++ + = == =
@ = 60
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Water flows 14.5 m
3
/s inside rectangular
channel having channel slope 0.002 and
Mannings coefficient 0.017. Find the best
effective section for this channel.
EXAMPLE 9.5 EXAMPLE 9.5 EXAMPLE 9.5 EXAMPLE 9.5
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
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SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
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Water flows 3.45 m
3
/s inside trapezoidal
channel having sides slopes angle 45 ,
channel slope 1:1200 and Mannings
coefficient 0.014. Find the best effective
section for this channel.
EXAMPLE 9.6 EXAMPLE 9.6 EXAMPLE 9.6 EXAMPLE 9.6
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
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SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
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SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
TIME TIME TIME TIME S UP S UP S UP S UP
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