Sean Li Math 7370 Notes Spring 2013 Algebraic Number Theory Lecture 19 3/4/13 Want to show there is a one-to-one

ne correspondence between prime ideals of A not touching S and prime ideals of S 1 A. Corollary 2 (proved last lecture). If P1 , P2 are prime ideals of B such that P1 P2 such that P1 A = P2 A = implies P1 = P2 . Corollary 3. Given any prime ideal of A, there exists a prime ideal P of B such that A P = . Proof. Diagram: f

A 1 A

B 2

Let m be a maximal ideal of B , then g 1 (m) is a prime ideal of A. But it is maximal by the proposition that g 1 (m) contains 1 (). But g 1 (m) is the ideal of A generated by 1 (). so the pullback of m to A via g 1 is . If 1 (m) = P , then P A = . 2 This has shown dim A = dim B if the last step is guaranteed to preserve the inclusion relation. Recap. R F

(1) How are prime ideals of R related to those in Z? Used localization and integral depen-

dence. (2) How are arbitrary ideals of R related to prime ideals of R? Used the Noetherian property of R. Denition. An ideal I is called irreducible if I = I1 I2 implies I = I1 or I = I2 . Proposition 1. In a noetherian ring, every ideal is a nite intersection of irreducible ideals. Proof. Suppose there were an ideal I that is not a nite intersection of irreducible ideals. Let I = I1 I2 where I = I1 , I2 , and I1 is not a nite intersection of irreducible ideals. Then I I1 with proper subset. Then apply same argument to I1 , etc. However, an innitely extending chain contradicts that the ring is noetherian. Denition. An ideal is called primary if xy I implies x I or y n I for some n. Example. In Z, this corresponds to I being generated by a prime power. Theorem. In a noetherian ring, every irreducible ideal is primary. Proof. By replacing A by A/I we may assume 0 is irreducible. We want to show 0 is primary. Consider the chain Ann(y n ), this chain must stabilize. Assume Ann(y n ) = Ann(y n+1 ), etc. We claim that (x) (y n ) = 0. Let z (x) (y n ), and let z = ax and z = by n . Then 0 = axy = by n+1 = b Ann(y n+1 ) = b Ann(y n ). Thus x = 0 or y n = 0, so 0 is primary.

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