CSC 307 1.

Graphics Programming

Budditha Hettige Department of Statistics and Computer Science

Graphics Programming

OpenGL 3D Drawing

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3D Graphics
Projections Getting 3D to 2D

3D scene
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2D image
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Projections
Orthographic Projection Perspective Projection

Perspective

Orthographic
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Orthographic Projections
glOrtho ( double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double near, double far);
Top Left Right

Toward the viewport

Bottom Near
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Viewing Volume Far

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Perspective Projection
gluPerspective ( double angle, double aspect, double near, double far);
aspect = w/h

w
Observer

map

map

zoom in
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zoom out

Draw a 3D Model
Object Composition
Polygon

3D Model

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Object Composition
Use Transformation
glPushMatrix ( ); glPopMatrix ( ); Save the current transformation state and then restore it after some objects have been placed

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The Matrix Stack

Draw a car use transformation
The car body and four wheeles
Transformation state

Wheele 4

Wheele 4 Wheele 3 Wheele 2 Wheele 1 The Car Body

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Hidden Surface Removal

Enable Depth Testing
glEnable (GL_DEPTH_TEST);
Hidden Surface

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Drawing 3D Objects
Cube
void glutWireCube(GLdouble size); void glutSolidCube(GLdouble size);

Sphere
void glutWireSphere(GLdouble radius, GLint slices, GLint stacks); void glutSolidSphere(GLdouble radius, GLint slices, GLint stacks);

Cone

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Three-dimensional Applications
In OpenGL, two-dimensional applications are a special case of three-dimensional graphics
Not much changes Use glVertex3*( )
Have to worry about the order in which polygons are drawn or use hidden-surface removal Polygons should be simple, convex, flat
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Sierpinski Gasket (2D)

Start with a triangle

Connect bisectors of sides and remove central triangle

Repeat Example : Gasket.cpp

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Moving to 3D
We can easily make the program threedimensional by using
typedef Glfloat point3[3] glVertex3f glOrtho

But that would not be very interesting Instead, we can start with a tetrahedron

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3D Gasket
We can subdivide each of the four faces

We can easily make the program three-dimensional by using

typedef Glfloat point3[3] glVertex3f glOrtho

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Example
After 4 interations

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triangle code
void triangle( point a, point b, point c) {// right-hand rule glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glVertex3fv(a); glVertex3fv(b); glVertex3fv(c); glEnd(); }

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subdivision code
void divide_triangle(point int m) { point v1, v2, v3; int j; if(m>0) { for(j=0; j<3; j++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) divide_triangle(a, divide_triangle(c, divide_triangle(b, } else(triangle(a,b,c)); } a, point b, point c,

v1[j]=(a[j]+b[j])/2; v2[j]=(a[j]+c[j])/2; v3[j]=(b[j]+c[j])/2; v1, v2, m-1); v2, v3, m-1); v3, v1, m-1);

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tetrahedron code
void tetrahedron( int m) { glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0); divide_triangle(v[0], v[1], glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0); divide_triangle(v[3], v[2], glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0); divide_triangle(v[0], v[3], glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.0); divide_triangle(v[0], v[2], }

v[2], m); v[1], m);

v[1], m);
v[3], m);

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Problem
Because the triangles are drawn in the order they are defined in the program, the front triangles are not always rendered in front of triangles behind them
get this

want this

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Solution: Hidden-Surface Removal

We want to see only those surfaces in front of other surfaces OpenGL uses a hidden-surface method called the z-buffer algorithm that saves depth information as objects are rendered so that only the front objects appear in the image

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Locating the camera

Position and orient the camera three inputs
Eye, at, and direction up

Camera is on Model-View mode

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Default Camera Settings

With default, camera is located at the origin and oriented at the negative z-axes If place a cube at the origin, only one side of the cube is visible Look at objects from different angles
Move the objects Move the camera

Example a cube

Glu function
void gluLookAt(eyex, eyey, eyez, atx, aty, atz, upx, upy, upz) gluLookAt(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
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Code: Display a cube

void display() {
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); gluLookAt(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); glutWireCube(1.0f); glFlush();

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