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EEE 33 - p2
Equivalence
Two electric circuits are said to be equivalent with respect to a pair of terminals if the voltages across the terminals and currents through the terminals are identical for both networks. a
+
V1 b
-
I1
x Circuit 1 y
V2
-
I2
Circuit 2
If V1=V2 and I1=I2, then with respect to terminals ab and xy , circuit 1 and circuit 2 are equivalent.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE 33 - p3
+ -
R eq = R1 + R 2 + ... + Rn
b Resistors in Parallel
V1
-
I1
Rn
1 1 1 1 = + + ... + R eq R1 R 2 Rn
Special Case Two resistors in parallel:
I1
+ -
V1 b
-
R1
+ -
R2
+ -
Rn
R eq =
R1R 2 R1 + R 2
EEE 33 - p4
Delta-Wye Transformation
The transformation is used to establish equivalence for networks with 3 terminals. z z Ra x Rb Delta Rc y x Wye R1 R3 R2 y
For equivalence, the resistance between any pair of terminals must be the same for both networks.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE 33 - p5
R1 =
RaRb Ra + Rb + Rc
R2 =
RbRc Ra + Rb + Rc
R3 =
RcRa Ra + Rb + Rc
Ra =
2 1.5
Req1 = 5 +10+ 3 = 18
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 33 - p7
Req 2 =
(18)(9) =6 18 + 9
Req1=18
12 1
Req2=6
Rc
Rb
Ra =
Rb = Rc =
12 6 9
9 = 3 3 9 =9 1
Replace the wye with its delta equivalent and simplify. We get A
4
Req3 =12 // 6 = 4
R eq 4 = 3 // 6 = 2
B
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 33 - p9
4 9
Req3=4 Req4=2
Req5 = 4 + 2 = 6
Req5 is in parallel with the 9-resistor.
B A
2 4 9
Req6 = 9 // 6 = 3.6
Finally, we get
Req5=6
A B
4 Req6=3.6 2
EEE 33 - p10
R1
R2
+V 2
R3
+V 3
Vn
+
V
-
+V 1
Rn
Vi = Ri I =
Ri V R1 + R2 + ... + Rn
i=1,2,n
EEE 33 - p11
I
R1
V
-
I1 R2
I2 Rn
In
R2 R1 I and I2 = I R1 + R2 R1 + R2
EEE 33 - p12
Example: A transistor amplifier (shown with its equivalent circuit) is used as a stereo pre-amplifier for a 2mV source. Find the output voltage Vo if gm=30mA/V.
2mV
500 2k
V
-
gmV
75k
10k
Vo
-
V=
V =1.6 mV
2mV
500
2k V
-
gmV
75k
10k
IO
Vo
IO =
IO =42.353 A
Source Transformation
R
+
Vs
a Is
R
V
-
V
-
b From KCL,
From KVL,
Vs = RI + V
Is =
V + I or RIs = RI + V R
If the two networks are equivalent with respect to terminals ab, then V and I must be identical for both networks. Thus
Vs = RIs
or
Is =
Vs R
EEE 33 - p15
iB-
Vcc
VRin
iB+ - Vcc
Rout
AOL Ed
V+
EEE 33 - p16
Vcc
VEd = 0
V+
iB+ = 0 - Vcc
Vo
Rs Vo
_
RL
Power Supply
V- = Vs
V+ = Vs
iB+ = 0
RL
Vo
_
EEE 33 - p18
Inverting Amplifier
No voltage drop at R 2 , V + = 0 and V = 0 (V V ) = (Vs 0 ) = Vs I1 = s I1 R1 R1 R1 I 1 = I f + ib + = I f + 0
V I1 = I f = s R1 KVL at R 2 - E d - R f - R L loop, 0 0 V f Vo = 0 V Vo = R f I f = R f s R 1 Rf Vo = R Vs 1
Rf If R1 R2
+ Vf iB- = 0
V- = 0 V+ = 0
iB+ = 0
Vs
RL
Vo
_
Nodal Analysis
General Procedure
1. Label all nodes in the circuit. Arbitrarily select any node as reference. 2. Define a voltage variable from every remaining node to the reference. These voltage variables must be defined as voltage rises with respect to the reference node. 3. Write a KCL equation for every node except the reference. 4. Solve the resulting system of equations.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 33 - p20
10
30 +Vb + Vx 15
REF
10
+Vc
4.8V +
20
0.2A
For node a, the voltage of the node is dictated by the voltage source. Thus, Va=4.8 Volts.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 33 - p21
0=
Vb 4.8 Vb Vb Vc + + 30 15 10
0.2 =
Vc Vb Vc 4.8 Vc + + 10 40 20
Vc = 3.2V
Vb = 2.4V
Finally, we get the voltage Vx
Vx = 4.8 - Vb = 2.4V
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 33 - p22
11
Example: Find the voltages Va, Vb and Vc using nodal analysis (a voltage source between 2 nodes).
8 6
+Vb + 6V +Vc
+Va
3A
3
REF
5A
3=
Va Vb Va Vc + 6 8
EEE 33 - p23
supernode:
5=
Vb Vc Vb Va Vc Va + + + 3 4 6 8
For the voltage source, we get Vb-Vc=6 volts. The equations can be simplified into
Va = 24 V
Vb = 16.3 V
Vc = 10.3 V
EEE 33 - p24
12
Example: Find the voltages Va, Vb and Vc using nodal analysis (dependent voltage source between two nodes). v + x +Va
+Vb
- +
+Vc
3A
3 2vx
REF
5A
3=
Va Vb Va Vc + 6 8
EEE 33 - p25
supernode:
5=
Vb Vc Vb Va Vc Va + + + 3 4 6 8
Vc Vb = 2vx = 2(Va Vc )
The equations can be simplified into
Va = 24 V
Vb = 9.6 V
Vc = 19.2 V
EEE 33 - p26
13
Mesh Analysis
General Procedure
1. Count the number of window panes in the circuit. Assign a mesh current to each window pane. 2. Write a KVL equation for every mesh whose current is unknown. 3. Solve the resulting equations. Mesh - a loop that does not contain an inner loop.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 33 - p27
16
+ _
+ Vx 40 2V -
I1
40
+
I2
1A
I3
30
20
- 5V
Mesh 1: -2 = 40(I1- I2) + 16I1 Mesh 2: 5 = 40I2 + 40(I2 -I1) + 20(I2- I3)
In mesh 3, the current source dictates the value of the mesh current. Thus, I3=1 A.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 33 - p28
14
I1 = 0.2A
Finally, we get the voltage Vx
I2 = 0.33A
Example: Find the currents I1, I2 and I3 using mesh analysis (current source between + two meshes). 36V
-
5V
I2
1 3
I1
4
3A
I3
We cannot write a KVL equation for mesh 1 or for mesh 3 because of the current source. Form a supermesh and write a KVL equation for it. supermesh: 36 = 1(I1 I2 ) + 3(I3 I2 ) + 2I3 + 4I1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 33 - p30
15
I1 I3 = 3 A
Solving simultaneously, we get
I1 = 5.45 A
I2 = 0.86 A
I3 = 2.45 A
EEE 33 - p31
Example: Find the currents I1, I2 and I3 using mesh analysis (dependent source I2 1 2 included). 3
15A
I1
1 v 9 x
+ vx -
I3
The current in mesh 1 is dictated by the current source. Thus, I1=15 Amps. The KVL equation for mesh 2 is
16
We cannot write a KVL equation for mesh 3. Cant form a supermesh either. However, we can write an equation for the dependent source.
I3 I1 =
1 1 vx = [ 3 ( I3 I2)] 9 9
I1 = 15 A
I2 = 11 A
I3 = 17 A
EEE 33 - p33
Choice of Method
Given the choice, which method should be used? Nodal analysis or mesh analysis?
Nodal analysis: The number of voltage variables equals number of nodes minus one. Every voltage source connected to the reference node reduces the number of unknowns by one. Mesh Analysis: The number of current variables equals the number of meshes. Every current source in a mesh reduces the number of unknowns by one. Note: Choose the method with less unknowns.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 33 - p34
17
Example: Write the nodal and mesh equations that describe the circuit shown. 4A +Va +Vb We need 4 4 6 voltage 5 2 3A variables.
10
+Vc
+Vd
5A
REF
Va Va Vb + 2 4 V Va Vb Vb Vc Vb Vd node b: 4 = b + + + 4 5 6 10 3=
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 33 - p35
Vc Vb Vc Vd + 6 8 V Vb Vd Vc node d: 5 = d + 10 8
node c:
4=
There are 5 meshes but the 3A and 5A current sources flow in distinct meshes. We need to define 3 current variables. 3A
3A 2 4 I1
10
4A
I2 I3
8 6 5A 5
5A
EEE 33 - p36
18
Note: We need either three current variables or four voltage variables to describe the circuit. It is preferable to use mesh analysis.
EEE 33 - p37
Ladder Method
Applicable for ladder-type networks only.
Procedure:
1. Define a current or voltage variable for the element that is farthest from the source. 2. Use KVL and KCL successively to express all network currents and voltages in terms of the chosen variable.
EEE 33 - p38
19
a Ic c
6
b Id d
4 16
48V
Ia
3
Ib
1
12
Note: All currents and voltages will be expressed in terms of the defined current variable I.
Ib = Id + I = 2I
Vac = 3Ib + Vbd + 1Ib = 24I Vac = 4I From Ohms Law Ic = 6 From KCL Ia = Ic + Ib = 6I
From KVL which gives I =
2 A 3
Note: Since I is now known, any current or voltage in the circuit can now be computed.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 33 - p40
20
Ia = 6I = 4 A
I c = 4I = Id = I =
Ib = 2I =
4 A 3
2 A 3
8 A 3
Another way of solving the problem is to simply assume a value for the current I. Then, the assumed value is scaled to conform with the given magnitude of the source. This is possible since the resistive network is linear.
EEE 33 - p41
a Ic c
6
b Id d
4 16
48V
Ia
3
Ib
1
12
21
Ic =
Vac =4A 6
Ia = Ic + Ib = 6 A
48 = 5Ia + Vac + 3Ia = 72 V
Since the actual source is 48 V and not 72 V, all currents and voltages must be scaled down by a factor equal to 48/72, or 2/3.
EEE 33 - p43
3 1 I2
4 I1 3
Iy
I3 3
54V
Ix
Vad = 6Iy
I3 = Vad = 2Iy 3
Vce = 6Ix
I1 = Vce = 2Ix 3
I4 = I3 + Iy = 3Iy
I2 = I1 + Ix = 3Ix
22
9 I y = 18 I x I y = 2I x
54 = 1(I2 + I4 ) + Vbd
Ix = 2 A Iy = 4 A
EEE 33 - p45
23