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Biology Chapter 6 notes During cellular respirations: - electrons are transferred to oxygen as carbon-hydrogen bonds of gloces are broken

& hydrogen-oxygen bonds of water form - Glucose loses hydrogen atoms as it is converted to carbon dioxide - Oxygen gains hydrogen atoms in being converted to water Redox reaction: - Electron transfer requires redox reactions for electrons to lose potential energy + release energy - Oxidizing glucose: NAD+, dehygrenase - Electron transport chain: electrons falling from glucose to oxygen, the transfer of electrons from an organic molecule to NADH Cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis (cytosol): break glucose into two molecules of pyruvate - net product: NADH + ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation: enzme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADp to form ATP - pyruvate is groomed into acetyl CoA 2. Citric acid cycle (mitochondria): completes the breakdown of glucose by decomposing pyruvate to co2 - Krebs Cycle 3. Oxidative phosphorylation - electron transport chain + chemiosmosis - NADH + FADH2 shuttle electrons to electron transport chain - Most ATP is producted here (energy from downhill fall of electrons from oxygen to ADP) - ATP synthesis: hydrogen ions pumped across inner membrane chemiosmosis: potential energy of the concentration is used to make ATP Chapter 7: photosynthesis Isotope experiment: - figured out that oxygen came from water not from CO2 Two stages of photosynthesis: 1. light reactions convert light energy to chemical energy produce O2 they occur in the thylakoid membraners

water is split + provides a source of electrons + gives off oxygen gas a a byroduct - chlorophyll molecules absorb light energy drives the transfer of electrons and H+ from water to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH - NADPH temporarily stores the electrons + provides reducing power for Calvin cycle 2. Calvin cycle: stroma of chloroplast - cyclic series of reactions that assemble sugar molecules using carbon dioxide and products of light reactions - carbon fixation: carbon from carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds - enzymes make sugars by reducing carbon cmopounds - ATP from light reactions allow chemical energy to power Calvin cycle Photosystems: a. pigment molecules absorbs photon b. pigments electrons jumps to an energy level farther from nucleus c. pigment molecules absorb light + release as heat d. chlorophylls emit light as well as heat after absorbing photons e. chlorophyll passes off excited electron to a neighboring molecule f. thylakoid membrane: chlorophyll molecules are organized w/ other pigments and proteins g. photosystem: consists of a number of light-harvesting complexes surrounding a reaction center complex

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