IB LAB REPORT BIOLOGY PRACTICAL Title : Investigation of the rate of respiration in small terrestrial animal.

Introduction : During the respiration, oxygen is used where else energy and carbon dioxide are produced. For each molecule of oxygen used, one mole carbon dioxide released. If respiration occur in close system and dense with water, there should be no change in gas volume. However, decrease in gas volume can occur if sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide is used to absorb the carbon dioxide. Decrease in volume caused by absorption of carbon dioxide should equal the amount of oxygen used in the respiration. Chemical reaction happen in respiration is:Respiration

Organic compound + oxygen Research questions: 1. 2. 3. 4.

carbon dioxide + water + energy

What is the rate of respiration for cricket? What is the rate of respiration for snail? What is the rate of respiration for cockroach? What is the rate of respiration between the rate of respiration for cricket, snail and cockroach? :

Hypothesis

1. The rate of respiration for cricket is high because it is active in term of movement. 2. The rate of respiration for cricket is also high but lower than cricket because it is also active in term of movement 3. The rate of respiration for snail is low because its movement is inactive. 4. The rate of respiration for cricket and cockroach is higher than the rate of respiration for the snail. Variables : a) Manipulated : Types of terrestrial animals b) Dependant : Rate of respiration c) Constant : Number of organisms.

Materials/ Apparatus: Boiling tube, U-tube, filter paper, vial, screw clip, graph paper, zinc gause, stopper, conical flask, 10.0 ml measuring cylinder, stop watch, potassium hydroxide, snails, cricket, cockroach, blue methylene, distilled water.

Method : 1. Application is set up as shown down in page 130 hand book. 2. The clip is opened. 3. The rubber stopper is taken out and 1 ml of water is added into test tube A 4. 1 ml 20% potassium hydroxide is added into vial B. 5-6 strips of filter paper is put into the solution. 5. 4 small snails are weighed. 6. Snails are put in test tube A. 7. Vial B is put in test tube A. 8. The stopper is put and no gas is allowed to enter test tube A. 9. Clip is opened and leaved for 15 minutes. 10. The clip is closed and the reading is read in U- tube that connected to test tube A 11. After 15 minutes, the level of liquid in U- tube and the difference in the volume of the liquid is recorded. 12. The clip is opened again to let the air enters tube A. 13. The clip is closed after 15 minutes to get the second reading. 14. From the first and the second reading, the averages of the change in volume of liquid in U- tube are calculated. 15. The rate of respiration for snail is calculated. 16. The procedures are repeated using crickets instead of snails and cockroach.

Diagram of Apparatus:

Data collections

Qualitative Table 1

: : Observation in movement of organism. Organism Crickets o o o o o o o Movement of organism Active Jumping Make noise Inactive Don not move Active Crawling around

Snails Cockroach

Quantitative Organism Snails Cockroach Cricket Table 2

: Quantity 4 3 4 Mass, gram / g (0.05g) 15.96 6.11 3.11

: Observation of changes in level of methylene blue. Reading of level of liquid at fixed time interval, cm (0.05cm) Initial reading 1st reading 19.20 17.90 17.00 2nd reading 18.80 16.00 15.20 20.00 20.00 20.00 Average changes in volume of level of liquid per min ml-1 min-1 (0.1cm) 0.04 0.13 0.16

Organism Snails Cockroaches Crickets

Uncertainties of ruler used is 0.05cm

Data analysis Formula:

Rate of respiration =

Volume of Oxygen Consumed (mL) Mass of Organism (g) x Time (min)

Volume of Oxygen Consumed (ml) / Time (min) = Average Changes in Volume of level of methylene blue per min Mass of organism (g) = Total weight of Organism,

The Table of Calculation Average Changes in volume of level of methylene blue per min, (ml min-1) 0.04 0.13 0.16

Types of animals Snails Cockroaches Crickets

Mass of organism, (g) 15.96 6.11 3.11

Rate of respiration, (ml g-1 min-1) 0.003 0.021 0.051

Discussion

1. Living things required energy for the activities of life. Terrestrial animals can be defined as animal living on the land or on the ground and are connected with the planet earth. In this experiment, three terrestrial animals which are snails, cockroach and cricket are used. Three of them are small and can be fit into boiling tube. Besides that, the animals are chosen because they are different in term of movement. Cricket and cockroach are very active whereas snails are vise versa. Therefore, investigation of the rate of respiration can be done since there is comparison between three different animals. 2. Crickets showed the highest rate of respiration. The cockroaches also have high rate of respiration but still lower than crickets. 3. Conversely to the snails, it showed the slowest rate of respiration due to the lack used of oxygen gases. It can be seen clearly to the passive movement of the snails in the test tube. Therefore the metabolic rate of snails is low. 4. In this experiment, potassium hydroxide is used to absorb carbon dioxide. The solution is put into a vial along with a filter papers whish function to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide by potassium hydroxide. This can happen as the filter papers increase the surface area for carbon dioxide to be absorbed. 5. Methylene blue is used in this experiment to indicate the change in level of gaseous in the boiling tube. Methylene blue doesnt react with either carbon dioxide or oxygen. Therefore it is used in place of other indicator. 6. There is also water inside the boiling tube. This distilled water is functioning to ensure the humidity inside the boiling tube is kept. Humidity is important as it wil kept the animals inside the boiling tube fresh. Meanwhile, the water in the conical flask works to stabilize the temperature of the boiling tube. This is important to ensure the tempreture inside the boiling tube not increase sharply as the result of respiration that occurred in the boiling tube. 7. Respiration rate can be derived into two categories which are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Respiration requiring oxygen is referred to as aerobic respiration. It can be represented by the following equation: 8. Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy. 9. Aerobes are organism that require oxygen and respire aerobically. 10. Some aerobes have the ability to survive and satisfy their energy requirements for a short time in the absence of oxygen. Such organisms are described as facultative anaerobic, since they have the facility to do this if necessary.

11. In the experiment, respiration is happening since there are movements of Methylene blue that can be seen. This is because as explained earlier, when respiration takes place, the pressure in the tube decreases. Since the atmosphere pressure is still the same as before, the atmosphere pill push the air inside the Utube. Thus, the Metylene blue moves. 12. For snails, gaseous exchange occurs through the skin. The epidermis of the skin consist columnar epithelial cells and mucus-secreting cells. The epidermis is covered by a protective layer and is also the main respiratory surface. 13. Crickets have tracheae which area an elaborate system of branching tubes. The tracheae open to the exterior via controlled valves called spiracles. Smaller tracheae branch profusely from these, finally forming tiny tracheoles. 14. Although these animals have different ways to respire, they all have the same objective which is to form ATP.

Limitations and recommendations : 1. There are a number of limitation occur in this experiment that somehow disrupt or cause in accurate result. 2. Firstly both animals are trapped in the boiling tube. Consequently the animals dont feel it like their environment and this may affect the rate of respiration. Therefore, a bigger container should be used to keep the animals. A bigger container may help to settle down better. Hence, respiration rate will be more accurate. 3. Secondly, the experiments are only done twice. Consequently, the result will be inaccurate. Therefore, in order to get better result, the experiments should be done more than that. 4. Thirdly, snails usually live in humid place. However, in the boiling tube, the humidity is different. Hence this will affect the rate of respiration because snails exchange the gaseous through the skin. Therefore, water should be dropped on the skin before starting the experiment. 5. Lastly, the usage of the manometer is not accurate to measure the change of the volume of carbon dioxide. Therefore, manometer should be replaced with respirometer which can give a better result. Conclusion :

The rate of respiration for cricket is higher compared to the rate of respiration for cockroach and snail since cricket is more active compare to cockroach and snail.