Sean Li Math 7370 Notes Spring 2013 Algebraic Number Theory Lecture 20 3/6/13 Primary Ideals.

s. An ideal I is primary if xy I implies x I or y n I for some n. Can check that in Z, primary is equivalent to prime power. Last time we proved that in a noetherian ring, every irreducible ideal is primary. The converse is not generally true (but is true if primary is replaced with prime). With the result from last time, in a noetherian ring, every ideal is a nite intersection of primary ideals. Unique? Relation between prime and primary ideals? Geometric interpretation? (For example, X 2 Y 2 = 0 can be factored as (X Y )(X + Y ) = 0 and geometrically, it is an algebraic variety that is a union of two algebraic varieties. A reducible algebraic variety is a bnite union of irreducible varieties. Can be thought of as (X 2 Y 2 ) = (X + Y ) (X Y ).) Notion of a (Nil-)Radical. Let R(I) = {x A|xn I}. Then R(I) is an ideal. Claim. I is primary implies R(I) is prime. Suppose xy R(I) and x R(I). Then (xy)n I for some n. But xn I implies (y n )m I, / / so y R(I). Proposition. In any ring, for an arbitrary ideal I, one has R(I) = I implies R(I). Suppose x R(I), we want to nd a containing I but not x. Let S = {1, x, x2 , . . . } A, / and look at S 1 A. Then S I = . Choose a maximal ideal M in S 1 A containing S 1 I (proper containment from the intersection we found), and let be its inverse image in A of M from A S 1 A. Then contains I but not x, since the map sends x to a unit, and an ideal containing a unit is the whole ring. Jacobson Radical. There is another kind of radical called the Jacobson radical, dened M I by J(I) = M maximalM . Note that J(I) R(I). Let I F [X1 , . . . , Xn ] = A. Let V (I) be the set of common solutions of the equations f = 0, f I, and I(V ) = f A, f (x1 , . . . , xn ) = 0 for all (x1 , . . . , xn ) V .
I

for prime .

Hilbert Nullstellensatz. I(V (I)) = R(I). Corollary. If I is prime, then since R(I) = I, I(V (I)) = I. Primary Decomposition. I = q1 qn , where the qi are primary. In general the qi s are not unique, but there is a slightly weaker form of uniqueness. Suppose I = q1 q2 and q1 q2 . Then I = q2 , so there the q1 is redundant. That is, if qi contains the intersection of a subset of the others, then qi is redundant. By using this process we can obtain an irredundant decomposition.

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