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  • 18 Subsurface Mapping

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    Muhammad Rizwan
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    Contouring Rules a contour line separates points that are higher from points that are lower contour lines cannot merge contour lines must close on themselves or extend to the edge of the map contour interval must remain constant for the entire map How do you make a contour map? Space the contours between all the know points Honor all the data contour this data using 25m interval Datum = 0 m Problem: How do you interpolate between the known points?

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    Contouring Rules a contour line separates points that are higher from points that are lower contour lines cannot merge contour lines must close on themselves or extend to the edge of the map contour interval must remain constant for the entire map How do you make a contour map? Space the contours between all the know points Honor all the data contour this data using 25m interval Datum = 0 m Problem: How do you interpolate between the known points?

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    162 views8 pages

    18 Subsurface Mapping

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Rizwan
    Contouring Rules a contour line separates points that are higher from points that are lower contour lines cannot merge contour lines must close on themselves or extend to the edge of the map contour interval must remain constant for the entire map How do you make a contour map? Space the contours between all the know points Honor all the data contour this data using 25m interval Datum = 0 m Problem: How do you interpolate between the known points?

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 8

    Representing a 3D surface on a map

    Geol 472 Subsurface Mapping

    Movie

    The arrow points at


    A. A ridge. B. A valley.

    What is a contour line?

    Describe the structure

    Simple Contouring Rules


    A contour line separates points that are higher from points that are lower Contour lines cannot cross Contour lines cannot merge Contour lines must close on themselves or extend to the edge of the map Contour interval must remain constant for the entire map

    How do you make a contour map?

    A contour lines separate points that are higher from points that are lower Space the contours between all the know points Honor all the data

    Contour this data using 25m interval Datum = 0 m

    Problem: How to interpolate between the known points?

    175 150 125 100

    10m contour spacing

    Methods of interpolation Least squares Tangential Spline Weighted average Minimum curvature Polynomial Hyperbolic Kriging Trend surface Etc., etc., etc.!

    a. Inverse distance b. Kriging c. Minumum curvature d. Triangulation a. b. e. Polynomial regression

    c.

    d.

    e.

    Advantages of Hand Contouring

    Advantages of Computer Contouring


    Objective and unbiased Easily updated Ready for subsequent processing Only practical way if you have 1000s of data points

    Allows you to impart your geologic knowledge to the interpretation

    Depth Structure Maps


    Land surface

    Dealing with multiple layers


    Isopach maps Plot the elevation difference between two maps

    Sea level -152 (302) -211 (356)

    -362 (502) -385 (525)

    Pennsylvanian Top

    Mississippian

    1800

    1700

    15

    00

    1800

    Pennsylvanian-Mississippian Isopach
    800

    Pennsylvanian plus Isopach

    700 600

    500

    400

    300

    What about mapping other parameters?


    Extensive Surfaces:
    Tops and Bottoms of formations Isopachs Fault surfaces Fluid contacts, i.e. Gas-Oil, Water-Oil Porosities Fluid Saturations Ash content BTU

    What about Unconformities?

    Intensive Surfaces:

    Unconformity Surface

    Top of Layer A

    Base of Layer A

    Isopach of Layer A

    Which well would encounter the thickest sand?

    Types of fault

    Contouring Faulted Surfaces


    Faults break the continuity of a surface

    Faulted structure contour map

    Faulted surfaces

    Making a map of a faulted structure


    1. 2. 3. 4. Contour the surface without faults Contour the fault plane Find the intersection of the two maps Correct the contours for the vertical separation across the fault 5. Clean up

    Faulted structure contour map

    Faults from well data

    Reverse Faults

    Reverse Faulting Example

    UNION OOLITE THRUST MODEL WITH FRACTURE SWARM

    DEPI #5639 (047-055-00226) Gamma Ray log (047- 055UNION OOLITE (Hanging wall)

    100

    PILOT KNOB THRUST FAULT 228 vertical displacement

    UNION OOLITE
    UNION OOLITE (Foot wall)
    (after Nelson, 2001) no scale

    Cross-section A - A Cross56 39
    45 44 46 71 89 36 30 56 56 56 12 12 12 52 7

    E
    93

    NW
    A

    35

    34

    SE
    A

    44

    30

    Where is the highest point in the structure in this depth map?

    PILOT KNOB
    0

    A.
    D

    LITTLE LIME UNION PICKAWAY

    ARISTA

    -500

    B.
    A B

    -1000

    DENMAR PRICE

    -1500

    C. D.

    Scale:

    500 500

    E.
    C

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