80/81

The University of Sydney

FACULTIES OF ARTS, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION,
ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
MATH3914
Paper : Fluid Dynamics
June, 2004 Time allowed: Two hours
Lecturer: Dr. D.J. Galloway
INSTRUCTIONS
(i ) A list of vector identities is included at the end of the paper.
(ii ) Non-programmable calculators may be used.
(iii ) More marks will be awarded for reasonable attempts at whole questions.
(iv) All questions are worth equal marks.
(v) All questions may be attempted.
You may assume any formulae derived in lectures without proof unless otherwise
stated. You may also freely use without proof the vector identities and curvilinear
coordinate formulae given at the end of the paper.
1. (i ) (a) For a two-dimensional incompressible ow, give expressions for the
velocity in terms of a stream function and a velocity potential ,
stating the condition the velocity has to satisfy in order for the latter
to exist. (Give the x and y components of velocity in Cartesian coor-
dinates (x, y), and the r and components in plane polar coordinates
(r, ).)
(b) For an axisymmetric incompressible ow, give expressions in cylindri-
cal polar coordinates (R, , z) for the R and z components of velocity
expressed in terms of a Stokes stream function (R, z) and (where
appropriate) a velocity potential (R, z).
(ii ) A two-dimensional incompressible jet has an x-component of velocity
u = Ux
1/3
sech
2
(yx
2/3
) .
Calculate the corresponding stream function (x, y), and use it to obtain
the y-component of the velocity (take = 0 at y = 0, and exclude x = 0).
Explain how you could determine whether there is a velocity potential for
this ow, giving a formula involving partial derivatives of the two velocity
components.
Turn to page 2
80/81 June, 2004 2
2. An incompressible axisymmetric ow has velocity and vorticity components
(R/2, v, z) and (0, 0, ), referred to cylindrical polars (R, , z). Viscosity
is zero and is a constant. Show that v and can depend only on R and t, and
calculate (u) using formulae from the vector identities provided. Hence
show that two components of the vorticity equation are trivially satised, and
that the third component implies

t

R
2

R
= .
Hence show by substituting in that if at t = 0, =
0
f(R), then at later times
=
0
e
t
f(Re
t/2
) .
Write down the solution for the case f(R) 1, and interpret it in terms of vortex
stretching, stressing the dierence between the cases > 0 and < 0.
3. Consider the complex potential w + i dened by
w(z) = aUcoth
a
z
(see the end of the question for some helpful facts about coth).
(i ) Show that along the real axis the stream function = 0.
(ii ) Consider the circle |z ia| = a. Show that if z = x + iy this circle is also
dened by x = a cos , y = a(1 + sin ), where < . Hence show
that = 0 also holds on this circle.
(iii ) Calculate an expression for the complex velocity
dw
dz
. Show that as |z|
this tends to U.
(iv) Explain why this complex potential therefore models inviscid incompress-
ible irrotational ow past a long log of radius a resting on the (level) bed
of a deep stream, the log being perpendicular to the stream and the speed
being U far from the log.
Turn to page 3
80/81 June, 2004 3
(v) Evaluate the complex velocity at z = 0, the base of the log, and at z = 2ia,
the top. Hence use Bernoulli to show that the pressure at the top of the
log is less than that at the bottom by an amount

4
U
2
32
where is the
uid density and the eects of gravity are to be ignored.
Note that the denition of the hyperbolic cotangent is
coth s =
cosh s
sinh s
=
e
s
+ e
s
e
s
e
s
,
that
d
ds
coth s = cosech
2
s
1
sinh
2
s
,
and that for small s sinh s can be approximated by s.
4. Viscous incompressible uid ows between two rigid boundaries y = 0 and y = h.
The upper boundary is at rest and the lower boundary moves with speed U in
the x-direction. Both boundaries are porous, and uid passes through them
in such a way that the vertical velocity v is v
0
at each one, where v
0
is a
constant (thus there is a net ow imposed across the system in the downwards
y-direction). There is no applied pressure gradient. Taking the ow to be steady,
two-dimensional, and of the form (u(y), v(y)), write down the x and y compo-
nents of the Navier-Stokes equation, and show that when the incompressibility
condition is taken into account they can be integrated to yield the solution
u = U
_
e
v
0
y/
e
v
0
h/
1 e
v
0
h/
_
, v = v
0
with the pressure being constant. Sketch the velocity prole when R = v
0
h/
is large, identifying the nature of the feature near y = 0. Over what order of
distance is the horizontal velocity signicantly dierent from zero?
Turn to page 4
80/81 June, 2004 4
Appendix-Vector Identities and Curvilinear Coordinates.
(a b) = (a )b + (b )a +a (b) +b (a)
(a )a = (a
2
/2) a (a)
(a) = a +a
(a b) = b a a b
(a) = a + a
(a b) = (b )a (a )b +a b b a
General curvilinear coordinates q
1
, q
2
, q
3
Let e
i
be a unit vector along the q
i
-axis, with
ds
2
= h
2
1
dq
2
1
+ h
2
2
dq
2
2
+ h
2
3
dq
2
3
.
Then =

i
1
h
i

q
i
e
i
F =
1
h
1
h
2
h
3

i,j,k

q
i
(h
j
h
k
F
i
)
(where here and subsequently the sum is over i with j and k selected cyclically,
so that for i = 1 j and k are 2 and 3 repectively, for i = 2 they are 3 and 1, for
i = 3 they are 1 and 2)
F =

i,j,k
1
h
j
h
k
_

q
j
(h
k
F
k
)

q
k
(h
j
F
j
)
_
e
i

2
=
1
h
1
h
2
h
3

i,j,k

q
i
_
h
j
h
k
h
i

q
i
_

2
F = ( F) (F)
(B )A =

i,j,k
_
B A
i
+
A
j
h
i
h
j
_
B
i
h
i
q
j
B
j
h
j
q
i
_
+
A
k
h
i
h
k
_
B
i
h
i
q
k
B
k
h
k
q
i
__
e
i
Turn to page 5
80/81 June, 2004 5
Cylindrical polar coordinates (R, , z)
=

R
e
R
+
1
R

+

z
e
z
F =
1
R

R
(RF
R
) +
1
R
F

+
F
z
z
F =
_
1
R
F
z

z
_
e
R
+
_
F
R
z

F
z
R
_
e

+
1
R
_

R
(RF

)
F
R

_
e
z

2
=
1
R

R
_
R

R
_
+
1
R
2

2
+

2

z
2

2
F =
_

2
F
R

1
R
2
F
R

2
R
2
F

_
e
R
+
_

2
F

1
R
2
F

+
2
R
2
F
R

_
e

+
2
F
z
e
z
(B )A =
_
B A
R
B

/R

e
R
+
_
B A

+ B

A
R
/R

+B A
z
e
z
Spherical polar coordinates (r, , )
=

r
e
r
+
1
r

+
1
r sin

F =
1
r
2

r
_
r
2
F
r
_
+
1
r sin

_
sin F

_
+
1
r sin
F

F =
1
r sin
_

(sin F

)
F

_
e
r
+
1
r
_
1
sin
F
r

r
(rF

)
_
e

+
1
r
_

r
(rF

)
F
r

_
e

2
=
1
r
2

r
_
r
2

r
_
+
1
r
2
sin

_
sin

_
+
1
r
2
sin
2

2
F =
_

2
F
r

2
r
2
F
r

2
r
2
sin

_
sin F

2
r
2
sin
F

_
e
r
+
_

2
F

1
r
2
sin
2

+
2
r
2
F
r

2 cos
r
2
sin
2

_
e

+
_

2
F

1
r
2
sin
2

+
2
r
2
sin
2

F
r

+
2 cos
r
2
sin
2

_
e

(B )A =
_
B A
r
(B

+ B

)/r

e
r
+
_
B A

+ (B

A
r
cot B

)/r

+
_
B A

+ (B

A
r
+ cot B

)/r