EARTHING TRANSFORMER An earthing transformer is usually associated with three phase supply systems.

Earthing of any electrical system at the source is considered by most countries to be the safer practice with regard to personnel and equipment safety. On a three phase system, the neutral would be earthed either directly or through some limiting impedance / resistance. When the neutral point is not available or does not exist with a delta secondary winding of the transformer, a neutral point needs to be created. This is the purpose of the earthing transformer, which could consist of a zig- zag winding, or a two winding star delta transformer where the star winding of correct voltage supplies an accessible neutral point when connected to the supply system.

Folks, Zigzag transformers are used all over the world for earthing (grounding) and unearthed bus, and in voltage ranges from LV to MV. I think the original question is along the lines "why would you bother earthing a bus with a seperate zigzag when star-points (wyepoint) are available?" I think it mainly comes down to cost - if there is a need to earth a bus via several seperate star-connected transformers, each with associated neutral bushing and full voltage insulation at the netra end, the lower cost with a single zigzag transformer comes into consideration. I have seen them on a set of 33 kV busses where one of the incomers was delta, so there was a possibility of an ungrounded bus if that incomer was in service with all other star-connected feeders and incomers out of service - a dedicated earthing transformer then makes sense and zigzag construction is a very cost-effective way of achieving that. If all incomers on a bus were star connected and are able to be earthed at tehe star-point, then there is no need for a seperate earthing transformer. Earthing transformers do not have to be zigzag - it is just one method - they can also be a more normal star delta with the star-point earthed and teh delta either used for aux power or not used.

Earthing up to 2 MVA 33 kV - Earthing transformers are used to create a neutral point in a three-phase system, which provides possibility for neutral earthing. The earthing can be through an arc-suppression reactor, a neutral earthing reactor or resistor or directly in these earth transformers. Earthing transformers are usually oil immersed and may be installed outdoor. In cases where a separate reactor is connected between the earth transformer neutral and earth, the reactor and the transformer can be incorporated in the same tank. Neutral earthing transformers are normally provided in 3-phase system, which is without neutral and earth fault protection. Neutral earthing transformer is having zig-zag (interstar) winding to achieve the required zero phase impedance. In addition an auxiliary winding can also be provided to meet the requirement of auxiliary power supply in these earthing transformers.

ONAN /ONAF cooling with conventional pressed steel radiators. The range includes up to 33 KV systems and as per the site requirements.

Earthing transformers are used to create a neutral point in a three-phase system, which provides possibility for neutral earthing. The earthing can be through an arc-suppression reactor, a neutral earthing reactor or resistor or directly. The design can be a transformer with just one winding, which is zigzag connected. The zero sequence impedance of such a winding is normally quite low, but it can be increased if the purpose is to limit the current through the transformer in case of an earth fault somewhere in the system. Figure shows the connection diagram. During undisturbed system operation with balanced (symmetrical) voltages the current through the earthing transformer is small & of the same size as the magnetizing current. Unbalanced voltages will cause some higher currents flowing through the earthing transformer, which it must be capable to carry. An alternative connection to the zigzag is star/delta connection where the delta connected winding will compensate the zero sequence magnetic fields so it will be confined to a leakage field between the star and the delta winding and make the zero sequence impedance of the transformer relatively small. However, if it is desired to increase the zero sequence impedance, this can be achieved by opening the delta connection and insert a reactor or resistor

It is possible to provide the earthing transformer with a secondary winding for continuous auxiliary station supply. Earthing transformers are usually oil immersed and may be installed outdoor. In cases where a separate reactor is connected between the transformer neutral and earth, the reactor and the transformer can be incorporated in the same tank. When the earthing transformer is going to be used together with an arc-suppression reactor, the rated current (and its duration) of the earthing transformer will be determined by the data for the arc-suppression reactor. If the earthing transformer is used for directly earthing or through a current limiting reactor, the neutral current through the transformer will be high but the duration is limited to a few seconds. Earthing transformer must be designed to withstand the thermal and mechanical effects of the rated neutral current. The characteristic of earthing transformer should be selected to match the property of the system. Most of the time in service the loading of earthing transformers is very low. It is the randomly occurring short duration currents that cause any heating of significance. Ageing of the cellulose

materials is then not a matter of concern. Regarding acceptable temperatures there are two aspects to consider. The temperature during currents of say 10 seconds duration must not cause softening of the winding conductor material, say 250o C for copper and 200 o C for aluminium. For currents with duration in the order of hours or more, temperatures that cause excessive gas development in the oil should be avoided. Temperatures for items in direct contact with the oil should then not exceed 140 o C The system earth fault protection relay may not be effective at low currents. To prevent damage to earthing transformer by such current, oil thermometer with alarm/trip contacts is recommended. Alternatively, the value of maximum continuous earth fault current may be declared and sensitive protection provided. For earthing transformers that carry continuous load because of a secondary winding that supplies local consumers, the temperature limits in IEC 60076-2 (1993-04) Power transformers Part 2; Temperature rise apply.

Neutral Earthing Resistors

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National Resistors offers premium quality Neutral Earthing Resistors, which are fabricated in accordance with the international quality standards. It is manufactured by using high grade stainless steel, which allows temperature variations. These are quality tested on several parameters and are delivered in a timely manner. Neutral Earthing Resistor
We are engaged in the manufacturing and supplying of Neutral Earthing Resistors, which are used to limit the current flow during an earthing fault on an alternative current distribution system. These resistors are connected amid the neutral position of a generator and earth or transformer and earth. They are extensively used in miming, industrial installations and power distribution. These resistors are designed to operate in harmful working conditions and environmental changes. Our products appreciated for their reliability and are highly durability.

Three parameters are needed to specify the earthing resistor: 1) u : rated voltage line to line voltage or system voltage (kv) 2) if: rated fault current (a) 3) t s: rated time (sec) - duration of the fault resistance value : r =u 1/3 when the flow of an electric current through a resistor

is relatively short, cfcssipaoon is negligible and the heating temperature of that resistor depends on its capacity to store the electric energy {i. E. Its heat value itself) in proportion to the mass and specific heat of the material used. the rise in die resistors temperature will be provided by the relation: c : specific heat of the material (. Oule/kg/k): i: effective current in amperes (a); r: mean value of the resistance (ii) for an intermediate temperature between cold an hot. a0 corresponds to the temperature rise of the resistor 0i = temperature of resistor after rated lime (k ) 0i = ambient temperature (*k) when large-scale masses and energies are involved, the real resistance value of me resistor is taken into account, because it varies with the temperature which itself depends on the current flow time. With that method of calculation we can determine the exact dimensions of the resistor to be buflt for resistors heating adiabadcalh/, masses as high as possible are therefore required. calculation of hot resistance value

(resistance value after rated time) the resistance of resistor element changes to extent with temperature after rated time. The change may be calculated from the temperature coefficient of resistivity. r2 r1 = = hot r (1 resistance + value aae) (q)

r1 = resistance value at ambient temperature (2) d: = temperature coefficient of resistance material as per ieee-32 for neutral earthing resistor made from stainless steel resistance material, the allowable temperature rise for 1030 or 60 sec time rating is 7600k. ,6io"k for extended time rating and 385ck for continous rating

NEUTRAL GROUNDING RESISTORS Neutral Grounding Resistor Panel upto 66 KV PURPOSE : Neutral Grounding Resistor are connected between the neutral & the earth so that it will limit the earth fault current to a safe value [ Normally full load current of the generator, transformer, etc. thereby protecting the transformer, generator system ].

TYPICAL RESISTANCE ELEMENT USED OPERATION: Consider two conditions. 1. No Earth Fault : Continuous current ( 5 % to 10 % of full load current) may pass through the resistor due to system unbalance. 2. Earth Fault Condition: Restricted fault current passes through the resistor protecting the system till automatic protection takes place. The earth pressure (Rated Voltage) is absorbed by the resistor protecting the winding etc. IMPORTANT PARAMETERS & CONSTRUCTIONS :

Rated Voltage : For neutral grounding resistor rated voltage means line-to neutral voltage ( System Voltage divided by 1.732). Rated Current : Means initial current that will flow through resistor when it is cold. Normally rated current value is same as full load current. Duty rating or Time Rating : It is length of time for which NGR must tolerate rated voltage. Short Time Rating : Normally it is 10 or 30 or 60 seconds depending on design parameters of protection system. If fault is immediately cleared and system made healthy then chances of fault repetition should be considered. IS-3043 recommends 30 sec. rating.

Continuous Rating : It is normally 10 % of full load current for healthy system neutral grounding resistor to be designed for continuous rating of 5% to 10 % of full load current ( if required). Temperature Rise Allowed : Normally Temp. rise is restricted to 375 deg.c. as per BS 587. It can be 760 deg.c. as per IEEE-32. We can offer NGR of any other temp. rise as per requirement. Enclosure : For outdoors application enclosure designed to give degree of protection of IP 33 is normally used. Enclosure upto IP 65 protection are offered. Enclosure material can be Mild Steel, Aluminium or Stainless Steel. Painting / Galvanising or Hot Dip Galvanising or Powder Coating is offered as per requirement. safety screen enclosure is provided if required. For continous rating enclosure protection is not above IP 43. Material of Resistance Element : we offer resistor elements made from any stainless steel or fecral or cast iron or CU-NI or NI-CR or any other resistance material as per requirement. Normally formed stainless steel element are best and economical for NGRS. Construction : NGR include resistor assembly , plus required insulators, internal connections and hardware. Options/Accesories : Few of the following are usually incorporated. Current Transformers, Potentials Transformers, Grounding Transformers, Two bushing, Elevating Stands, Manual/ Electrical operated/ Motorised Isolator, earth leakage relay, Lightning arrestors, auxiliary control wiring terminal box with cable glands, termination kit, stand off insulator, space heater with thermostat control are also offered. Cabling/ Termination : Suitable arrangement is provided for termination of cable, flats or bus duct as per requirement. Incase of XLPE cable terminal box with suitable clearance and undrilled removable gland plate is provided.

Standards Followed : # IEEE-32, IS-3043 & BS 162 for neutral grounding resistor. # Is 2147 or IS 12063 of 1987 for degree of protection for enclosure. # IS 5 for paint shade. # Any other standard as required. TESTS: A ] ROUTINE TEST : Following tests are conducted. a] Visual and Dimentional

b] Meger test using 1000 V Meger c] Resistance measurement d] High voltage test as per IEEE - 32 B] TYPE TEST : Temperature rise test or ( Heat run test ) of following rating can be conducted in house. a] 2000 AMP, 40/80 Volts, 1 Phase, 60 SEC. b] 415/230 Volts, 100 KW, 3 Phase, Continuous. C] SPECIALS TEST : Our resistors are tested for following tests on prototype unit a. Temperature rise test : C.P.R.I Bangalore, test certificate for temperature rise test for continuous & short time rating. b. Protection Test : ARAI, Pune, test Certificate for IP33, IP 55 and IP 65 protection Test as per IS 2147 or IS 12063 of 1987. c. Tensile strength of resistance material. d. Chemical Composition of resistance material. e. Any other test as required.

NEUTRAL GROUNDING RESISTOR

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