BIO 220 INSTRUCTORS OUTLINE

Microbial Metabolism

Terms: Enzyme Active Site Allosteric Site Allosteric Activation Allosteric Inhibition Role of enzymes increasing rate of reactions Sequester substrates Create microenvironment Lower Activation Energy (EA) of reaction Enzymes do not change G of reaction Enzymes remain chemically unchanged upon completion of reaction Substrate End Product Co-Enzyme Co-Factor Metabolism Catabolism Anabolism Gibbs Free Energy Endergonic reaction Exergonic reaction Activation Energy (EA) Hydrolysis reaction Condensation reaction Redox reactions Oxidation Reduction Short term sources of energy Long term sources of energy Chemoorganotrophs Aerobic Respiration (O2 as terminal electron acceptor) 1

Anaerobic Respiration (Inorganic ions as terminal electron acceptor; NO 32-, Hg2+, etc.) Fermentation (endogenous organic molecule as terminal electron acceptor)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6 CO2 + 6 H20 Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Chemiosmosis

Redox Potential The difference in energy from electron donor to terminal electron acceptor Compare O2 vs NO32Substrate Level Phosphorylation Synthesis of ATP using phosphorylated organic molecule as donor Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic phosphate to produce ATP Catalyzed by ATP Synthase Enzyme located in Plasma Membrane Reaction occurs on cytoplasmic surface Energy for reaction provided by Proton Motive Force

Glycolysis Glucose -> 2 Pyruvate Occurs in cytoplasm Series of 10 reactions 1st 5 reactions- energy investment 2nd 5 reactions- energy payoff 2 net ATP yield via Substrate Level Phosphorylation NADH generated as carbon is oxidized Decarboxylation of Pyruvate yields CO2 + Acetlyl-CoA + NADH

Citric Acid Cycle 2

Acetyl group of Acetyl-CoA donated to a series of redox reactions Ultimate product is CO2 Oxidation of carbon produces NADH and FADH2 ATP via Substrate level Phosphorylation Occurs in cytoplasm + 1 enzyme (Succinate Dehydrogenase) on plasma membrane

Electron Transport Chain Series of enzymes located in Plasma Membrane Oxidizes NADH and FADH2 generated during Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle Ultimately donates electrons to oxygen forming water Decreasing Free Energy and increasing Electronegativity keep electron flow unidirectional Some enzymes accept electrons + hydrogen Hydrogen ions translocated unidirectionally across membrane Some carriers accept electrons only

Proton Motive Force Chemical and electrical component Used for Motility, Transport, ATP Synthesis via Oxidative Phosphorylation Chemiosmosis Link between Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation Uncouplers- 2,4 Dinitrophenol Inhibitors electron transport Cyanide, Carbon Monoxide Inhibitor of ATP Synthase- Oligomycin

Anaerobic Respiration Nitrate Reduction Utilizes Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, ATP Synthase Energy yield slightly less than aerobic respiration due to differences in redox potential Sulfate Reduction H2 Electron donor, oxidized by Hydrogenase Adenosine phosphosulphate + SO32- act as electron acceptors ATP Synthase See figure 17.39

Fermentation 3

Reduction of Pyruvate or other compounds to regenerate NAD +

Biosynthestic Pathways Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle pathways contain precursors to nucleic acids, amino acids See figure 5.25d, 5.26