UNIT -I -AMPLITUDE MODULATION SYSTEMS Part -A 1.1 Define periodic and aperiodic signals. 1.

2 How many broadcast stations can be accomadated in a 100KHz bandwidth if the highest frequency modulating acarrier is 5 KHz. [AU, april / may 2010] [AU, april / may 2010] 1.3 What are the causes of linear distortion. [AU, april / may 2010] 1.4 State the applications of FDM [AU, nov / dec 2010] 1.5 Define modulation 1.6 Why is modulation needed for communication systems? 1.7 Mention the types of analog modulations. 1.8 Define amplitude modulation 1.9 Compare low level modulation and high level modulation. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 1.10 Draw the phasor representation of an AM-SC signal 1.11 Give the mathematical expression for the modulation index of an amplitude modulated wave. 1.12 Define demodulation. 1.13 Define synchronous detection. 1.14 Draw the spectrum of an AM wave and DSB-SC modulated wave 1.15 How is DSB-SC signal converted into AM signal? 1.16 What is the advantage of SSB-SC modulation over AM? [AU, May / June -2007] 1.17 Give the applications of SSB SC AM. [AU, Nov / Dec -2008] 1.18 SSB is suitable for speech signals and not for video signals. Why? [AU, April / May -2008] 1.19 Write down the advantages of SSB over DSB-SC 1.20 Name any two methods used for the generation of SSB-SC signal 1.21 What are the limitation when filter method is used for the generation of SSB-SC? 1.22 Name any two methods in the generation of VSB signal.

1.23 For television signal transmission vestigial sideband modulation is selected. Justify your answer. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] PART - B 1

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 1.24 Name the scheme that is preferred over SSB for image and justify the same [AU, May / June 2007] 1.25 With a neat block diagram, explain the principle of operation of a basic communication system. 1.26 Explain generation of AM wave.Explain the operation of envelope detector circuit. [AU, Nov / Dec 2010] 1.28 Explain AM detection using square law detectors and envelope detectors [AU, May / June 2010,april/may 2011]] 1.27 Explain AM detection using rectifier detector and synchronous or coherent detector 1.28 Compare AM and FM [AU, APRIL 2010] 1.29 Explain the concept of frequency translation. [AU, Nov / Dec 2010] 1.30 Discuss the method of demodulation of DSBSC signal using Costas loop. [AU, April / May 2008] 1.31 Explain the generation of DSB-SC-AM by (1) coherent detection method i) balanced modulators [AU, Nov / Dec 201] 1.32 With a neat block diagram, explain the SSB transmissions. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 1.33 Explain the operation of a ring modulator. State its advantages. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 1.34 Give the spectra of SSB, DSBSC and AM (with carrier) for the message spectrum and carrier frequency of your choice. 1.35 What do you understand by carrier synchronization? [AU, April / May 2008] 1.36 Explain the generation of SSB-SC-AM using frequency discrimination, phase shift method. balanced modulator 1.37 Give the method for generation of AM, DSBSC and SSB waves. [AU, May / June 2009] 1.38 Discuss the operation of Costas loop in detail. [AU, May / June 2009]

1.39 Draw the block diagram for FDM and explain. [AU, May / June [April/May 2011,2010] 2

2009]

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 1.40 Compare AM (with full carrier) with DSBSC and SSB in terms of the various parameters of relevance in communication. [AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec -2009] 1.41 Explain the principle of operation of a square law modulator. Mention its merits and demerits. 1.42 Explain vestigial sideband modulation 1.43 Draw the block diagram of a superheterodyne receiver. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 1.44 List the advantages of superheterodyne receiver. 1.45 Explain AM super heterodyne receiver. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 1.46 With a block diagram, explain the operation of a superheterodyne radio receiver. Also discuss its merits over tuned radio frequency (TRF) receivers. [AU, May / June 2007] 1.47 Draw the block diagram of a superheterodyne receiver and explain the function in detail. 1.48 Define sensitivity, selectivity and image frequency of a receiver system. [AU, May / June 2007] 1.49 Explain frequency translation , FDM . [AU, Nov / Dec 2010] [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 1.50 Explain time division multiplexing. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 1.51 Draw and explain the concept of frequency division multiplexing 1.52 Give the method of generation and detection for SSB waves[AU, May / June 2007,2011] Problems 1.53 An SSB signal is generated by modulating an 800 kHz carrier by the signal m(t) =cos 2000 pt +2 sin 1200 pt. The amplitude of the carrier is AC = 10. Obtain the magnitude spectrum of the lower sideband SSB signal. [AU, April / May 2008]

1.54 (i) In a superheterodyne receiver the input AM signal has a centre frequency of 1425 KHz and bandwidth 10 KHz. The input is down

converted to 455 KHz (single stage of down conversion). What is the image frequency? 3

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 (ii) Draw the magnitude response of the various filters of the superheterodyne receiver that could be used for receiving the signal specified in Part (i). 1.55 Compute the bandwidth of the amplitude modulated signal. C(t) =23 x cos( 230000 pt)[1+0.8x cos( 310 pt)] [AU, May / June 2009] [AU, May / June 2009] 1.56 A carrier is amplitude modulated to a depth of 75 percent. Calculate the total power in the modulated wave, if the carrier power is 40 watt. [AU, May / June 2007] 1.57 Calculate the percentage of power saving when the carrier and one of the sidebands are suppressed in an AM wave modulated to a depth of 100 percent [AU, May / June 2007] 1.58 A commercial AM station is broadcasting with an average transmitted carrier power of 10KW. The modulation index is set at 0.707 for a sinusoidal message signal. Find the transmission power, efficiency and the average power in the carrier component of the transmitted signal. 1.62. Determine the percentage efficiency and percentage of total power carried by the sidebands of the AM wave for tone modulation when ma = 0.5 and ma = 0.3 1.63. The total power content of an AM signal is 1000 W. Determine the power being transmitted at the carrier frequency and at each of the sidebands when the percentage of modulation is 100. 1.64. An amplitude modulated signal is given by ; VAM (t) = 10 cos (2p 106t) + 5 cos 2p 106t cos 2p 103t + 2cos 2p 106 t cos4p 103 t Find the various frequency components and the corresponding modulation indices. Draw the spectrum bandwidth, modulated power, sideband power and modulation index 1.67. In AM system, the transmitter gives an output power of 5 KW when modulated to a depth of 1.68. 4

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 1.69. A message signal given by m(t) = 2 cos (100 t) + 3 sin (240 t) modulates a carrier of frequency 12 MHz. Give the time domain expression of the DSBSC wave and plot the spectrum of the same. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009]

UNIT -II -ANGLE MODULATION Part A 2.1 Define angle modulation 2.2 How many types of angle modulation exist? What are they? 2.3 Acarrier wave frequency 100 MHz is frequency modulated by a signal 2.4 20 sin(200 pi *10^3 t).what is the BW of FM signal if the frequency sensitivity of the modulation is 25 KHz [AU, april 2010] 2.5 Compare the transmission BW required for narrowband and wideband FM KHz [ AU, april 2010] 2.6 Define frequency modulation. 2.7 What are the types of frequency modulation? 2.8 Define narrowband FM 2.9 Define wideband FM 2.10 Give the mathematical expression for modulation index of FM and bandwidth of FM 2.11 State the disadvantages of FM. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 2.12 Give the mathematical expression for narrow band single tone FM 2.13 Draw the phasor diagram of narrow band FM 2.14 Write Carson s rule applied for FM bandwith calculation [AU, May / June 2007] 2.15 What are the primary classification of generating FM? Write the advantages of FM 2.16 Give the mathematical expression for frequency modulation. 2.17 Define FM demodulation and FM detection. 2.18 Define frequency discriminators. 2.19 Deduce an expression for modulation index 2.20 What is phase modulation? Give its mathematical expression. 5

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 2.21 How is FM generated using PM? 2.22 What is diversity reception? [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 2.23 Define frequency deviation. 2.24 Define phase deviation. 2.25 Differentiate phase and frequency modulation. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 2.26 Define voltage controlled oscillator. 2.27 Draw the block diagram of PLL. [AU, May / June 2007] 2.28 Outline the principles of FM stereo receivers. [AU, April / May 2008] 2.29 What do you understand by FM stereo multiplexing? [AU, May / June 2009] Part B 2.30 Differentiate narrow band and wide band FM KHz [AU, NOV 2010] [AU, May / June 2007] 2.31 Explain narrowband and wideband FM 2.32 Derive the expression for single tone frequency modulation [AU, NOV 2010] 2.33 Derive the expression for frequency modulated output [AU, april 2010] 2.34 How can you generate FM from PM and PM from FM KHz [AU, april 2010] 2.35 Compare wide band FM and narrow band FM. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 2.36 Describe the transmission bandwidth of FM signals 2.37 Explain direct method of FM wave generation (varactor diode modulator) 2.38 Explain indirect method of FM wave generation (Armstrong) 2.39 Describe Foster Seely discriminator 2.40 Describe FM demodulation using frequency discriminator in detail. [AU, April / May 2008] 2.41 What is the principle of FM detection? Explain how the modulation signal isextra cted from frequency modulation wave. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 2.42 Explain FM generation using VCO [AU, May / June 2007] 6

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 2.43 How do you demodulate the FM wave using frequency discriminator? [AU, May / June 2007] 2.44 Explain FM demodulation using PLL [AU, May / June 2007] 2.45 Explain in detail about non-linear model and linear model of PLL. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 2.46 Compare AM, FM and PM 2.47 With a suitable block diagram, explain a method of FM signal generation. [AU, April / May -2008] 2.48 Derive an expression for the spectrum of FM signal assuming single tonemodulatio n. [AU, April / May 2008, Nov / Dec -2009] 2.49 How would you differentiate between wideband FM and narrow band FM? [AU, April / May 2008] 2.50 Discuss the effects of non linearities in FM systems. [AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec -2009] 2.51 Explain FM stereo multiplexing [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 2.52 Explain the principle of AGC with neat block diagram used in receivers. Problems 2.53 A 80 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal of 1-V amplitude and the frequency sensitivity is 100Hz/V. Find the approximate bandwidth of the FM waveform if the modulating signal has a frequency of 10 KHz [AU, April / May 2008] 2.54 Obtain the bandwidth of the FM signal C(t) =10 x cos[ 2 X 10 7 x pt +8cos( 1000 x pt)] [AU, May / June 2009]

2.55 When the modulating frequency in a FM system is 400 Hz and the modulating voltage is 2.4 V, the modulation index is 60. Calculate the maximum frequency deviation. What is the modulation index when the modulation frequency is reduced to 250 Hz and the modulating voltage is raised to 3.2 V? 2.56 A FM signal is generated through a narrow band FM and is obtained in combination of DSB-SC-AM and 90 phase shift. The depth of modulation in

this combined signal corresponds to 0.1 and m=400 Hz. It is the required to obtain a FM signal with 50 KHz deviation. Suggest a suitable frequency multiplier chain stating the frequency deviation of each step in the chain. 2.57 A carrier wave of frequency 100 MHz is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal wave of amplitude 2 volts and frequency 100 KHz. The 7

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 frequency sensitivity of the modulator is 2.5 KHz/volt. Determine the bandwidth of FM signal. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] UNIT -III -NOISE THEORY Part -A 3.1 Define noise 3.2 What is thermal noise? 3.3 What is shot noise? 3.4 Give the characteristics of shot noise. [AU, May / June 2009] 3.5 Give the mathematical expression for shot noise 3.6 Define random variable.what is white noise. [AU, NOV 2010] 3.7 Define thermal noise. Give the expression for the thermal noise voltage across a resistor. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 3.8 Differentiate thermal noise and shot noise 3.9 Mention the characteristics of white noise. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 3.10 Define noise factor. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 3.11 Define noise figure of an AM receiver. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 3.12 Why are thermal noise sometimes called white noise? 3.13 When is random process called deterministic. [AU, NOV 2010] 3.14 A receiver connected to an antenna of a resistance 50 ohm has an equivalent nois e resistance of 30 ohm.find the receiver noise figure [AU, NOV 2010] 3.15 Give the mathematical expressions for power spectral density of thermalnoise 3.16 Draw the auto correlation function and power spectral density of whitenoise. [AU, April / May 2008] 3.17 Define noise equivalent bandwidth. [AU, April / May 2008] 3.18 What is threshold effect with respect to noise? [AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec -2009] 3.19 Define narrowband noise 8

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 Part -B 3.20 Write notes on (i) shot noise (ii) thermal noise (iii) white noise [AU, NOV 2010] 3.18. Write short notes on internal noise and external noise 3.19. Explain the following term noise temperature 3.20. Derive the Friis formula. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 3.21. Explain noise effect on bandwidth. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 3.22. What is noise temperature? Deduce the expression for effective noisetemperature for a cascaded system. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 3.23. Explain narrow band noise. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 3.24. Discuss noise equivalent bandwidth 3.25. Discuss noise power spectral density [AU, May / June 2007] 3.26. Derive an expression for the canonical form of a noise n(t) produced at the output of a narrow band filter. Also explain any three properties of the narrowband noise. [AU, May / June 2007] 3.27. Define narrow band noise. List the properties of narrowband noise andgive a brie f explanation of each of them. [AU, May / June 2009, Nov / Dec -2009] 3.28. Discuss the properties of the in-phase and quadrature components ofnarrow band n oise. [AU, April / May 2008] 3.29. Obtain the expression for the envelope and phase of the narrowbandnoise. [AU, April / May 2008] 3.30. Explain noise performance in a DSB-SC receiver [AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec -2009] 3.31. Give the detailed noise analysis of a SSB receiver using coherent

detection. [AU, May / June , Nov /Dec

2009]

3.32. Explain noise performance in SSB receiver [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 9

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 Problems 3.33. A white noise has a power spectral density of 170 dBm/Hz. Calculate the power at the output of a band pass filter of centre frequency 120 MHz and bandwidth 20 KHz if white noise is fed as the input. [AU, May / June 2009] 3.34. Calculate the thermal noise power available from any resistor at room temperature (290 K) for a bandwidth of 1 MHz . Calculate also the corresponding noise voltage, given that R = 50W 3.35. A receiver equivalent resistance equivalent connected to an antenna whose resistance is 50 O has an noise of 30 O. Calculate the receiver s noise figure in dB and its noise

temperature. [AU, May / June 2007] 3.36. The average noise power per unit bandwidth measured at the front end ofan AM receiver is 10-3 Watt/Hz The modulating wave is sinusoidal with a carrier power of 80 KW and a sideband power of 10 KW/side band the message bandwidth is 4 KHz. Assuming the use of an envelope detection in thereceiver, de termine the output SNR of the system. By how many db is this system inferior to the DSB-SC modulation system? 3.37. Two resistors of 20 KW and 50 KW are at room temperature 17 C for a bandwidth of 100 KHz . Calculate the thermal noise voltagegenerated by each resi stor, when the a) resistors are in series and b) resistors are in parallel 3.38. Calculate the noise equivalent bandwidth of LPF with the bandwidth of 2 MHz. [AU, Nov / Dec UNIT -IV Part A 2009]

PERFORMANCE OF CW MODULATION SYSTEMS

4.1 Define radio receiver. 4.2 Define selectivity of a receiver. 4.3 Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. [AU, NOV 2010]

4.4 Define threshold effect in AM receiver [AU, NOV 2010] 10

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 4.5 What are the characteristics of superheterodyne receiver [AU,april 2010] 4.6 What are the methods to improve the FM threshold reduction [AU, april 2010] 4.7 Define sensitivity of a receiver 4.8 Define fidelity of a receiver 4.9 State the need of figure of merit of a receiver. 4.10 Define figure of merit and give its mathematical expression 4.11 Write the expression of SNR for a synchronous detector. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 4.12 Draw a pre-emphasis circuit 4.13 What is the need for pre-emphasis circuit? [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 4.14 What is the use of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM system? [AU, May / June 2007] 4.15 Draw the circuit diagram of de-emphasis and give its transfer function 4.16 Give the transfer function of a de-emphasis circuit. 4.17 Define capture effect 4.18 Compare AM and FM systems 4.19 Draw the model of an AM receiver 4.20 Draw the model of a FM receiver 4.21 Define Hilbert transform with a suitable example [AU, May / June 2007] Part B 4.22 Obtain the expression for SNR of coherent reception of DSB [AU, May / June 2010] SCmodulated wave.

4.23 Discuss noise performance of square law detetion. 4.24 Derive the expression for SNR at input and output of a coherentdetector[AU, apri l 2010]. 4.25 Describe FM threshold reduction. 4.26 Explain how threshold extension is achieved by FMFB technique. [AU, Nov / Dec ,20092008]

4.27 Discuss the noise performance of the different types of AM receivers indetail. [AU, April / May 2008] 11

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 4.28 Explain the noise in AM receiver using its noisy model block diagram. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 4.29 Explain the figure of merit of AM receiver using envelope detector [AU, Nov / Dec 2010] 4.30 Explain noise in AM receiver threshold effect 4.31 Write a note on the following: (i) FM threshold effect (ii) FM threshold reduction. [AU, April / May 2008] 4.32 Explain noise in FM receiver-capture effect [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 4.33 Describe FM threshold effect 4.34 Derive the expression for the power spectral density at the output of a FMdiscri minator when the received signal is corrupted by additive whiteGaussian noise(AW GN). [AU, May / June 2009] 4.35 Explain how threshold improvement is done through de-emphasis. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] Explain pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM [AU, Nov / Dec April / May 2011] 2009] [AU,

4.36 Compare the performance of noise in AM and FM systems[AU, Nov / Dec 2010] UNIT -V INFORMATION THEORY Part A 5.1 Define entropy [AU, april 2010] 5.2 Define entropy for a discrete memoryless source [AU, May / June 2007] 5.3 State the properties of entropy 5.4 Define rate bandwidth and bandwidth efficiency [AU, april 2010] 5.5 If three coins are tossed in succession or three coloured coins are tossed at once, determine the entropy 5.6 Define channel capacity and give its mathematical expression 5.7 Define mutual information 5.8 Define redundancy of the channel and give its mathematical expression 5.9 What are two types of source? 5.10

State source coding theorem. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 5.11 State channel coding theorem. [AU, May / June 2007] 5.12 Define Shannon-Hartley theorem [AU, May / June 2007] 12

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 5.13 Define channel efficiency and give its mathematical expression 5.14 Deduce the expression for efficiency of coding in terms of its entropy 5.15 How is coding efficiency calculated? 5.16 Define information rate and give its expression 5.17 Define symmetric channel 5.18 Give the channel matrix for a binary symmetric channel 5.19 Why is Huffman coding said to be optimum? 5.20 What are the steps involved in Shannon Fanco encoding? 5.21 Define mutual information and channel capacity. 2008, Nov / Dec -2009] [AU, April / May 5.22 State source coding theorem. 5.23 Define differential entropy. 5.24 Define mutual information. 5.25 What is the relation between mutual information and channel capacity? [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] Part B

5.26 Give the expressions for channel capacity of a Gaussian channel. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 5.27 Prove that the entropy of a discrete memoryless source is maximized whenthe symb ols are equiprobable. [AU, May / June 2007] 5.28 State the properties of entropy and describe it 5.29 Give the advantage and disadvantage of channel coding in detail [AU, May / June 2007] 5.30 Discuss the data compaction [AU, May / June 2007] 5.31 Define entropy and discuss its properties. [AU, April / May 2008] 5.32 Discuss the different conditional entropies. [AU, April / May 2008] 5.33 Write short notes on differential entropy. [AU, May / June 2007] 5.34

Derive the channel capacity theorem [AU, May / June 2007] 5.35 Discuss the implication of the information capacity theorem [AU, May / June 2007] 13

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 5.36 Describe the properties of mutual information[AU, May / June 2011] 5.37 Explain the channel capacity of Gaussian channel [AU, May / June 2011] 5.38 Briefly explain about channel coding theorem and describe how it isapplied to 5.39 Binary symmetric channel (BSC) [AU, Nov / Dec 2010] 5.40 List the properties of prefix codes and give an example (set) of prefixcodes. [AU, April / May 2008] 5.41 Write a note on rate distortion theory. [AU, April / May 2008] 5.42 Discuss the various techniques used for compression of information. [AU, May / June 2009] 5.43 Give the (Shannon-Hartley) information capacity theorem and discuss theimplicati on of the same in detail. [AU, May / June 2009] 5.44 Explain (i) BSC (ii) BEC [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] Problems 5.45 Calculate the entropy of the source with a symbol set containing 64 symbols each with a probability pi =1/ 64 . [AU, April / May 2008] 5.46 Calculate the entropy of the source if the symbol set is {s1, s2, s3, s4} and the corresponding probabilities are {0.2,0.3,0.05,0.45}. [AU, May / June 2009] 5.47 Encode the source symbols with the following set of probabilities using Huffman coding m={0.4, 0.2,0.12, 0.08, 0.08, 0.08, 0.04} [AU, May / June 2007] 5.48 A source has five outputs denoted by [m1, m2, m3, m4, m5] with respective probabilities [0.41, 0.19, 0.16, 0.15, 0.09]. Determine the code words to represent the source outputs Shannon Fano encoding technique and determine its efficiency. 2007]

[AU, May / June 5.49

Consider a discrete memoryless source with source alphabet Z ={ x0 ,x1 ,x2} and source 14

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 statistics { 0.7, 0.15, 0.15} a) Calculate the entropy of the source b) Calculate the entropy of the second

order extension of the source

5.48 A source emits one of four symbols S0 , S1 , S2 and S3 with probabilities 1 /3, 1/6,1/4 and 1/4 respectively. The successive symbols emitted by the source are statistically independent Calculate the entropy of the source. 5.49. A discrete memoryless source has a alphabet given below. Compute the two different Huffman codes for this source. Hence for each of the two codes, find the (i) average code-word length. (ii) variance of the average code-word length over the ensemble ofsource symbol. Symbol S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 Probabilit y 0.5 5 0.1 5 0.1 5 0.1 0 0.0 5 [AU, Nov / Dec 2008] 5.50. Calculate the entropy of the source with symbol probabilities , and . [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 5.51. A high resolution black-and-white TV picture consists of about 2 x 106 picture elements and 16 different brightness levels pictures are repeated at the rate of 32 per second. All picture elements are assumed to be independent, and all level have equal likelihood of occurrence. Calculate the average rate of information conveyed by this TV picture source. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] 5.52. i) A binary symmetric channel is shown in figure below. Find the rate of information transmission over this channel when P = 0.9, 0.8 and 0.6. assume that the symbol (or) bit rate is 1000 per sec. 0 P0 1- P P (x=0) =

X Y 1- P P (x=1) = 1 1 P 1 15

MAGNA COLLEGE OF ENGG / AQ / R8-EC2252 / IV / EC / DEC 2009 -MAY 2010 ii) Calculate the entropy of an unbiased dice. [AU, Nov / Dec 2009] ***** 16