LIFE PROCESS HUMAN RESPIRATION

The air is taken into body through two nostrils. Nostrils contain hairs and mucus for air filtration. The air passes through throat and then into lungs .Our throat contains rings of cartilage that ensures that the air passage does not collapse. In lungs passage divided into smaller- smaller tubules and finally end in balloon like structures which are called as alveoli

MECHANISM OF BREATHING INSPIRATION: When we breathe in, the diaphragm and muscles attached to the ribs contracts. This contraction increases volume and decreases pressure in chest cavity and due to this air enters into the lungs. EXPIRATION: During expiration, diaphragm and muscles attached to the ribs relaxes. This relaxation decreases the volume and increases the pressure of the chest cavity, which results in exhalation of air.

TRANSPORTATION
Blood transports all the requirement of the different parts. Components of Blood : (a) Plasma -> It is the fluid part of the blood It carries digested food , CO2 and nitrogenous waste in dissolved form. (b) RBC -> i.e. Red Blood Cells It transports oxygen with the help of Hemoglobin (a red color pigment in blood that carries O2) (c) WBC -> i.e. White Blood Cells It fights against the diseases and foreign agents in the body. (d) Platelets -> It helps in blood clotting. BLOOD VESSELS: The tubes which carry the blood are known as blood vessels. They are of three types as follow: (A) Artery : The blood vessels which carries the blood from the heart to other parts of the body (B) Veins: The blood vessels which carries blood from other parts of the body to heart. (C) Capillaries : These are thin walled blood vessels which interconnects the arteries and veins HUMAN HEART Human heart is a muscular organ which helps on transport of oxygenated as well as deoxygenated blood. Heart Contains 4 chambers i.e. two atria and two ventricles. These chambers help to prevent the intermixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Heart is composed of cardiac tissue and the outer muscle covering of heart is called as Pericardium. The left part contains the oxygenated blood and right part contains de-oxygenated blood. The left and right part of the heart is separated by Septum.

Blood always enters into atria and leaves through ventricles.

MECHANISM OF DOUBLE CIRCULATION When all the four chambers of heart relaxed Pulmonary Vein Brings the oxygenated blood in heart. When left atrium contracts, the oxygenated blood pushed into the left ventricles. When the left ventricle contracts the blood forced into the main artery (AORTA). After that blood travel through whole body parts. [NOTE : The left ventricles chamber have strongest part because it exerts very high pressure to push the blood into whole blood]

The blood becomes deoxygenated after giving all its oxygen to various body parts. The deoxygenated blood enters the heart through venacava (Main Vein) . When the right atrium contracts the blood pushed into the right ventricles and when the right ventricles contracts the blood forced into the lungs through the Pulmonary Artery.

Why double circulation? A circulatory system in which the blood travels twice the heart during one complete cycle of the body is called double circulation. LYMPH Lymph is another type of fluid that help in circulation Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra-cellular space back into blood

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
In highly organised plants there are two types of vascular bundles present in for transportation. (a) Xylem : Xylem tissue transports water and minerals in plants (b) Phloem: Phloem tissue transports food materials in plants. MECHANISM OF TRANSPORTATION OF WATER IN PLANTS: The water and mineral are absorbed from soil by the roots of the plants and transported to various parts of the plant like stem, leaves and flower. MECHANISM 1: Root Pressure Theory The cells of the roots in contact with soil actively take up ions which creates a difference in the ion concentration between the root and the soil So, Due to osmosis there is a steady movement of water into the xylem from the soil creating a column of water that is pushed upwards.

MECHANISM 2 : Transpirational Pull Theory The water which is lost through stomata is replaced by the water from xylem vessels of the leaf Evaporation of water from the leaf creates a suction which pulls the water from the xylem cells of roots In this way water get transported in various parts of the plant

Transpiration: The process by which plants loose water in the vapor form from the aerial part of the plants IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPIRATION (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) It helps in the movement of water in the plants. It helps to remove excess water from the plant body It helps to regulate the temperature of the plant. It help on the process of absorption of different salts from the roots

FOOD TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS The transport of food material in Plants in known as TRANSLOCATION Mechanism:

The translocation of food material take place in sieve tubes with the help of the companion cells, both upward and downward direction. The transport of food material needs energy in the form of ATP. The food then reaches to various parts of plants through the network of phloem tubes. This process is necessary because every part of the plant needs food for energy building its parts and maintaining life etc.

EXCRETION
It is the process of removal of toxic wastes from the body of organisms. Unicellular organisms remove their waste through diffusion process.

Excretion in Human Beings Kidney removes nitrogenous wastes from the blood. Therefore it is known as main excretory organ of human being. Kidney contains capillary cluster which is associated with the cup shaped end called nephron. Nephron is also known as excretory unit of Kidney. The amount of water absorbed by the kidney depends on how much excess water is present in the blood. The urine formed in each kidney enters a long tube, the ureter which connects the kidney with the urinary bladder. The Urine stores In the Bladder.

Artificial Kidney: A device/mechanism to remove nitrogenous waste from blood through dialysis Excretion in Plants: The main waste products of plants are CO2, O2 and water vapors. Some wastes of the plants are useful for the humans e.g. natural rubber, clove oil and lavender oil etc.