Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Seminar Report
Bachelor of Technology
IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING AT
MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Chaitanya Bharathi P.O., Gandipet, Hyderabad 500 075
2012
Chaitanya Bharathi P.O., Gandipet, Hyderabad-500 075 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM is being submitted by D.MANOJ(09261A0215) in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL & ELCTRONICS ENGINEERING to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad during the academic year 2012-13 is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under our guidance and supervision . The results embodied in this report have not been submitted by the student to any other University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Dr.P.Ram kishore Kumar reddy, Professor & Head, Dept. of EEE, MGIT, Hyderabad.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my beloved Principal Dr. G Chandra Mohan Reddy, for the valuable guidance and for permitting us to carry out this project.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my beloved professor Dr. P.Ram Kishore Kumar Reddy, Professor and Head, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering for the valuable guidance and suggestions, keen interest and through encouragement extended throughout period of project work. I express my deep sense of gratitude to my beloved project guide Mr.V.Ramakrishna for the valuable guidance and suggestions, keen interest and through encouragement extended throughout period of project work. I take immense pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to our beloved Guide Dr.P.Chandrasekhar,Associate professor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for his valuable suggestions and rare insights, for constant source of encouragement and inspiration through out my project work. I express my thanks to all those who contributed for the successful completion of my project work.
With gratitude,
1 D.MANOJ
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE ABSTRACT ACKNOLEDGEMENT 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM---------------------------1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION 1.4 IR TRANSMITTER & IR RECEIVER 1.5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 1.6 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM EXPLANATION 1 2 3 3 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 20 20 21 22 23 23 23 24
PAGE NO ii iii
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
2.1 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER 2.1.1 DISCRIPTION 2.1.2 FEATURES 2.1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 2.1.4 PIN DIAGRAM 2.1.5 PIN DISCRIPTION 2.2 POWER SUPPLY 2.3 REGULATOR 2.4 TRANSFORMER 2.5 CAPACITOR FILTER 2.6 LEDS 2.6.1 FUNCTION 2.6.2 CONNECTING AND SOLDERING 2.6.3 TESTING AN LED
2.7 IR LED 2.7.1 DESCRIPTION 2.7.2 FEATURES 2.8 LCD INTEERFACING 2.8.1 INTRODUCTION 2.8.2 PIN DISCRIPTION
24 24 25 25 25 25 30 31 32 32 33 34
REFERENCES
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ABSTRACT
DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM Traffic is formally organized in many jurisdictions, with marked lanes, junctions, intersections, interchanges, traffic signals, or signs. Traffic is often classified by type: heavy motor vehicle (e.g., car, truck); other vehicle (e.g., moped, bicycle); and pedestrian. Different classes may share speed limits and easement, or may be segregated. Some jurisdictions may have very detailed and complex rules of the road. One of the main problems in our citys is traffic, this project proposed new solution to traffic control. The main design accept of this project is to control the traffic automatically and adding human inelegancy to that automatic controller. "Four-way" intersection is the most common configuration for roads that cross each other, and the most basic type. If signals do not control a 4-way intersection, signs or other features are typically used to control movements and make clear priorities. In this project we are going to use IR communication to analyze traffic density. IR signals from IR receiver are given to microcontroller and microcontroller gives appropriate result according to traffic. For better result we are going to use some bunch of IR transmitters and IR receivers in all directions. When there is a more traffic in one side more no. of IR receivers will not get the signals and result will compare with all other directions and microcontroller gives green signals at one side where more no of IR receivers will not get the signals. For IR communication we are using an IR transmitter and IR receiver. Here IR LED will acts as a transmitter. As we know microcontroller having inbuilt I/O ports and we are interfacing IR receivers to those I/O ports. For controlling of traffic we are using red, green and yellow color LEDs. These LEDs are connected to different I/O ports of microcontroller. When there is a more traffic microcontroller gives signal to green LED and it will glow. So by using this project we can control the traffic automatically like a human being. (ii)
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG 1.1.a: A JUNCTION WITH LED & IR SENSORS--------------------------------------- 1 FIG 1.2.a: BLOCK DIAGRAM------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 FIG 1.4.a: CIRCUIT OF IR TRANSMITTER--------------------------------------------------- 4 FIG 1.4.b: CIRCUIT OF IR RECEIVER--------------------------------------------------------- 4 FIG 1.5.a : SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF CIRCUIT------------------------------------------- 6 FIG 2.1.a: AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER--------------------------------------------------- 9 FIG 2.1.b: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER------------------10
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FIG 2.1.e: EXTERNAL CLOCK DRIVE CONFIGURATION------------------------------ 19 FIG 2.2.a: REGULATED POWER SUPPLY--------------------------------------------------- 20 FIG 2.3.a: EXAMPLE CIRCUIT SHOWING 5V DC OUTPUT ----------------------------------------------------------21 22 23 23 24 24 30 FIG 2.4.a: AN ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER--------------------------------------------FIG 2.6.a: LED-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FIG 2.6.b: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF LED----------------------------------------------------FIG 2.7.a: IR LED---------------------------------------------------------------------------------FIG 2.7.b: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF IR LED-------------------------------------------FIG 3.1.a: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WORKING OF PROJECT----------------------------
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1.A: PORTS SHOWING THE ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS AT PORT 1----- 12 TABLE 2.1.B: PORTS SHOWING THE ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS AT PORT 3----- 14
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM:
The project intelligent traffic management system for metro cites, is based on the microcontroller which will provide the controlling of the traffic depending upon the density. According to the signaling i.e. continuity between the IR transmitter and IR receiver the Timing of the green, red lights will be glown for the particular time depending upon the density. The micro controller will monitor the all control functionalities. According to the controller signalling the density will be monitored by lights. Microcontroller based traffic control system is an application specific project, which is used to control the traffic. An embedded system is developed which consists of a microcontroller, IR transmitter and receiver, LEDs This project is implemented by placing IR transmitters, receivers and leds at the 4 way junction, the four paths are represented as R1,R2,R3,R4
FIG 1.1.a A JUNCTION WITH LED & IR SENSORS Transmitters and receivers are placed at either sides of the four paths, and 4 leds at corner of the junction When there is a traffic along the paths,value of R would be 000 which are the values of IR sensors and if there is no traffic the value is 111 1
RED
GREEN
ROAD 4
RED
GREEN
RED
ROAD 1
GREEN
RED
GREEN
IR TRANSMITTER:
FIG 1.4.a CIRCUIT OF IR TRANSMITTER The IR transmitter part consists of an Infra red light emitting diode that can capable of sending modulated data within infra red band. To match the receiver frequency the the data is modulated at 38.7 KHZ by configuring 555 timer at astable mode of operation, which generates frequency using the components R2 and C2 as shown in above fig. This frequency can be varied over a long range just by varying the preset R1 and C1.
IR RECEIVER:
The IR receiver consists of TSOP 1738 module which is a simple yet effective IR proximity sensor built around the TSOP 1738 module. The TSOP module is commonly found at the receiving end of an IR remote control system; e.g., in TVs, CD players etc. These modules require the incoming data to be modulated at a particular frequency and would ignore any other IR signals. It is also immune to ambient IR light, so one can easily use these sensors Outdoororunderheavilyconditions. Such modules are available for different carrier frequencies from 32 kHz to 42kHz. In this particular proximity sensor, we will be generating a constant stream of square wave signal using IC555 centered at 38 kHz and would use it to drive an IR led. So whenever this signal bounces off the obstacles, the receiver would detect it and change its output. Since the TSOP 1738 module works in the active-low configuration, its output would normally remain high and would go low when it detects the signal (the obstacle). Basically an ir sensor is used for detecting an obstacle, there are some areas where valuable things are placed, an IR transmitter and receiver is placed there, an infrared path is established and if any person comes into that path the buzzer gets on which gives out a long beep Similarly a fire sensor is used to detect fire The sensed data is given to the microcontroller, processing is done according to the logic in the microcontroller and then writes onto GSM which will further send sms to the mobile at the user A buzzer is interfaced to microcontroller to give out a beep sound whenever an obstacle and fire is detected
IR LED:
The IR LED is arranged with a resistor ,in such a way that Vcc is applied to the positive terminal of the IR LED.These are connected to the port 1 of the microcontroller.
IR RECEIVER:
The IR receivers are arranged with the transistor logic as shown in the diagram. The two transistors are connected in such a manner that collector terminal is connected to the base terminal of the other. The photo diode is connected to the base of the transistor along with the combination of the resistor. The IR Receivers are connected to the port 2 P2.0,,P2.1,P2.2,P2.3 pins of the microcontroller.
2.1.1 DESCRIPTION:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
2.1.2 FEATURES :
Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer 9
Power-off Flag Fast Programming Time Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode) Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option
2.1.3BLOCKDIAGRAM:
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PIN DESCRIPTION: VCC :Supply voltage. GND: Ground. PORT 0 :Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin
can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes dur-ing program verification.
PORT 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the follow-ing table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
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PORT 2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the highorder address byte during fetches from external program memory and dur-ing accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash program-ming and verification.
PORT 3:
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the fol-lowing table.
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RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode 14
PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.When
the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped
XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
DATA MEMORY: The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper
128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.
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UART :The UART in the AT89S52 operates the same way as the UART in the AT89S52
and AT89C52.
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Timer 0 and 1:
Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 and AT89C52.
Timer 2:
Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 5-2). Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 10-1. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscil-lator frequency.
TABLE2.1.C: TIMER 2 OPERATING MODES In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corre-sponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the
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transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.
OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS:
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 16-1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in Figure 16-2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clock-ing circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
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PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM:
Before programming the AT89S52, the address, data, and control signals should be set up according to the Flash Programming Modes (Table 22-1) and Figure 22-1 and Figure 22-2. To program the AT89S52, take the following steps: 1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines. 2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines. 3. Activate the correct combination of control signals. 4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V. 5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 50 s. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.
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use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.
2.4 TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency. Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage. 21
FIG 2.4.a: An Electrical Transformer Turns ratio = Vp/ VS = Np/NS Power Out= Power In VS X IS=VP X IP Vp = primary (input) voltage Np = number of turns on primary coil Ip = primary (input) current
multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the properties mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier. 22
Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output. Filtering significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 RMS value). To calculate the value of capacitor(C), C = *3*f*r*Rl Where, f = supply frequency, r = ripple factor, Rl = load resistance Note: In our circuit we are using 1000F. Hence large value of capacitor is placed to reduce ripples and to improve the DC component.
Example:
Circuit symbol:
2.6.1 FUNCTION:
LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.
LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs.
FIG2.7.A: IR LED
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2.7.2 FEATURES:
Lambda= 940 nm Chip material =GaAs with AlGaAs window Package type: T-1 3/4 (5mm lens diameter) Matched Photo sensor: QSD122/123/124 Medium Emission Angle, 40 High Output Power Package material and color: Clear, untinted, plastic Ideal for remote control applications
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Pin No. Pin no. 1 Pin no. 2 Pin no. 3 Pin no. 4
Description Power supply (GND) Power supply (+5V) Contrast adjust 0 = Instruction input 1 = Data input 0 = Write to LCD module
Pin no. 5
R/W
EN D0 D1 D2
Enable signal Data bus line 0 (LSB) Data bus line 1 Data bus line 2 Data bus line 3 Data bus line 4 Data bus line 5 Data bus line 6 Data bus line 7 (MSB)
Pin no. 10 D3 Pin no. 11 D4 Pin no. 12 D5 Pin no. 13 D6 Pin no. 14 D7
BF - Busy Flag:
Busy Flag is a status indicator flag for LCD. When we send a command or data to the LCD for processing, this flag is set (i.e. BF =1) and as soon as the instruction is executed 27
successfully this flag is cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful in producing and exact amount of delay for the LCD processing.To read Busy Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must be met and The MSB of the LCD data bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is busy and will not accept next command or data and BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next command or data to process.
Wait for about 20mS Send the first init value (0x30) Wait for about 10mS Send second init value (0x30) Wait for about 1mS Send third init value (0x30) Wait for 1mS Select bus width (0x30 - for 8-bit and 0x20 for 4-bit) 28
The busy flag will only be valid after the above reset sequence. Usually we do not use busy flag in 4-bit mode as we have to write code for reading two nibbles from the LCD. Instead we simply put a certain amount of delay usually 300 to 600uS. This delay might vary depending on the LCD you are using, as you might have a different crystal frequency on which LCD controller is running. So it actually depends on the LCD module you are using. In 4-bit mode, we only need 6 pins to interface an LCD. D4-D7 are the data pins connection and Enable and Register select are for LCD control pins. We are not using Read/Write (RW) Pin of the LCD, as we are only writing on the LCD so we have made it grounded permanently. If you want to use it, then you may connect it on your controller but that will only increase another pin and does not make any big difference. Potentiometer RV1 is used to control the LCD contrast. The unwanted data pins of LCD i.e. D0-D3 are connected to ground.
Mask lower 4-bits Send to the LCD port Send enable signal Mask higher 4-bits Send to LCD port Send enable signal
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IR TRANSMITTER
FIG 3.1.a: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WORKING OF PROJECT This project is mainly designed to reduce traffic problems. i.e. in general the four sides of the road at a signal point are controlled at regular intervals of time with a certain time delay. But in order to reduce the time at one side of the signal point with respect to the other side where there is more traffic we use IR sensors. It mainly consists of a microcontroller. IR transmitter placed nearer to the signal point and when it detects more density of traffic at any side it and it transmits signal to the receiver. The receiver receives this signal to the microcontroller. 30
Thus accordingly the LCD displays the time depending on the density of traffic. Here the regulated power supply is used to drive the microcontroller. Hence with the help of IR transmitter we can easily control traffic.
3.3 SOFTWARE:
Software used is: *Keil software for C programming *Express PCB for lay out design *Express SCH for schematic design
EXPRESS PCB: Express PCB is a Circuit Design Software and PCB manufacturing service. One can learn almost everything you need to know about Express PCB from the help topics included with the programs given. Details: Express PCB, Version 5.6.0 The Express SCH schematic design program is very easy to use. This software enables the user to draw the Schematics with drag and drop options. A Quick Start Guide is provided by which the user can learn how to use it. Details: Express SCH, Version 5.6.0 32
EXPRESS SCH:
3.3.2 EMBEDDED C:
The programming Language used here in this project is an Embedded C Language. This Embedded C Language is different from the generic C language in few things like a) Data types b) Access over the architecture addresses. The Embedded C Programming Language forms the user friendly language with access over Port addresses, SFR Register addresses etc.
Data Types unsigned char signed char unsigned int signed int sbit Bit sfr
Data Range/Usage 0-255 -128 to +127 0 to 65535 -32,768 to +32,767 SFR bit addressable only RAM bit addressable only RAM addresses 80-FFH only
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3.4 CONCLUSION:
The project density based traffic control system has been successfully designed and tested. Integrating features of all the hardware components used have developed it. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented.
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REFERENCES:
[1]. The 8051 Micro controller and Embedded Systems-Muhammad Ali Mazidi,Janice Gillispie Mazidi [2]. The 8051 Micro controller Architecture Programming & Applications-Kenneth J.Ayala [3]. Fundamentals Of Micro processors and Micro computers -B.Ram [4]. Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications [5]. Electronic Components [6]. Wireless Communications [7]. Mobile Tele Communications -D.V.Prasad - Theodore S. Rappaport - William C.Y. Lee -Ramesh S.Gaonkar
REFERENCE ON WEB:
www.national.com www.nxp.com www.8052.com www.microsoftsearch.com www.geocities.com
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