How to Cite References

The purpose of citing a reference is to acknowledge the source of a piece of information. Correct citing is important if readers are to be able to trace the information for themselves. Whatever method of citation is used, the following basic principles apply:

The information given should be sufficiently precise and detailed to allow for no ambiguity. The style should be consistent throughout.

References are cited in the text of the document and then listed in full at the end.

NAME AND DATE (HARVARD) SYSTEM Citing in the text

The author's (or originator's) name and the year of publication are given in brackets. However, if the author's name occurs naturally in the text, only the date need be included in brackets. Where only part of a document is required, the page numbers should follow the date and be included in brackets. If there is no named originator, use "Anon".

Example:
Productivity and work satisfaction are functions of the "person-environment fit". Person-environment fit represents the congruence between characteristics of individuals, their needs and abilities, and the "supplies and demands of environment as expressed in role expectations and prerequisites" (Kahn, 1979, p.78). Motivation is heightened by conditions that "pull" (Cummings and Schwab, 1973) individuals toward a particular behaviour (extrinsic incentives). In the third case, needs that exist within a person (intrinsic incentives) "push" him to behave in ways that will satisfy those needs. Baldwin (1979) has suggested that faculty vitality and institutional well-being can be enhanced by moving faculty members to different roles as their developmental needs (intrinsic incentives) change. Baldwin and Blackburn's model of faculty career development (1981) assumes people move through initial phases in which...

Arrangement of reference list

In the Harvard system, references are listed in a single list at the end of the essay, alphabetically by author (or Originator) and subdivided if necessary by year and letter.

Example:
BALDWIN, R., 1979. The faculty career process: continuity and change. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan. BALDWIN, R.L. and BLACKBURN, R.T., 1981. The academic career as a developmental process: implications for higher education. Journal of Higher Education, 52 (6), pp.598-614. ISSN: 0022-1546

THE

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KAHN, R.L., 1979. Aging and social support. In: M. RILEY, ed. Aging from birth to death. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979.

2. CUMMINGS, L. and SCHWAB, D. Performance in organizations: determinants and appraisals. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman, 1973. ISBN: 0673076271. 3. BALDWIN, R.L. The faculty career process: continuity and change. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1979.

NUMERIC SYSTEM Citing in the text

Numerals only, either in brackets or superscript, are given in the text. If the same document is cited again later, it is given the same number. If a direct quote is to be included in the text, page numbers should be given after the numeral.

ELEMENTS OF A REFERENCE Source of data

The details of a reference should be taken directly from the document itself in the form in which they appear on the title page. The elements should be cited in the following order: a) author (or editor, compiler etc. as appropriate) b) year (if using the Harvard system) c) title d) material type (if necessary) e.g. Ph.D thesis, software. e) edition (if not first) f) place of publication and publisher g) year (if using numeric system) h) numeration e.g. volume number, issue number, pagination etc. (if part only) i) ISBN (International Standard Book Number) or ISSN (International Standard Serial Number)

Examples: (a) Superscript

"Productivity and work satisfaction are functions of the "person-environment fit". Person-environment fit represents the congruence between characteristics of individuals, their needs and abilities, and the "supplies and demands of environment as expressed in role expectations and prerequisites" 1 p.78. Motivation is heightened by conditions that "pull" 2 individuals toward a particular behaviour (extrinsic incentives). In the third case, needs that exist within a person (intrinsic incentives) "push" him to behave in ways that will satisfy those needs. Baldwin 3 has suggested that faculty vitality and institutional well-being can be enhanced by moving faculty members to different roles as their developmental needs (intrinsic incentives) change. Baldwin and Blackburn's model of faculty career development 4 assumes people move through initial phases in which...

Titles
The title of the main document, not the part contained within it, should be distinguished typographically i.e. in italics or underlined. You should distinguish between two periodicals with the same name by including the place of publication in brackets e.g. Nature (London). Further examples of references are given below.

(b) Brackets
Productivity and work satisfaction are functions of the "person-environment fit". Person-environment fit represents the congruence between characteristics of individuals, their needs and abilities, and the "supplies and demands of environment as expressed in role expectations and prerequisites" (1 p.78). Motivation is heightened by conditions that "pull" (2) individuals toward a particular behaviour (extrinsic incentives). In the third case, needs that exist within a person (intrinsic incentives) "push" him to behave in ways that will satisfy those needs. Baldwin (3) has suggested that faculty vitality and institutional wellbeing can be enhanced by moving faculty members to different roles as their developmental needs (intrinsic incentives) change. Baldwin and Blackburn's model of faculty career development (4) assumes people move through initial phases in which...

FURTHER EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES

The following examples have all been cited using the numeric system. If you wish to use the Harvard system, the year should follow the author's name: (a) Monograph PERRY, R. Shetland sanctuary. London: Faber and Faber, 1984. (b) Series

Arrangement of reference list References are listed in numerical order.

Example:
1. KAHN, R.L. Aging and social support. In: M. RILEY, ed. Aging from birth to death. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979.

HERRING, J. Teaching information skills in school. London: Bowker Saur, 1997. Education and Librarianship Series. (c) Contribution in a monograph SMITH, C. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.

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(d) Contribution in a serial STEIG, M.F. The information needs of historians. College and Research Libraries, 1981, 42(6), pp.549-560. (e) Newspaper TRUELAND, Jennifer. Scots doctors set to heal the world. The Scotsman, 7 May 1998, p2. (f) Newspaper supplement LEACH Andrew. J Sainsbury's chairman set to step down. The Scotsman (Business Daily), 7 May 1998, p.23. (g) Conference paper MEIJERINK, D.T. et al. Towards a more effective parallel reservoir simulation. In: Proceedings Eleventh SPE Symposium on Research Simulation, Anaheim, California, February 17-20, 1991. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1991. (h) Thesis RENCKEN, D.W. A quantitative model for adaptive task allocation in human-computer interfaces. D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. (i) Report Hennessey, Peter. The great and the good: an enquiry into the British establishment. London: Policy Studies Institute, 1986. Research Report no. 654. (j) Patent document PHILIP & MORRIS INC. Optical perforating system. European patent application 0021165 A1. 1981-01-07. (k) Films, videos, broadcasts Films

Contributions within a programme

THATCHER, Margaret. Interview. In: Six O'Clock News. TV, BBC1. 1986 Jan 29. 1823 hrs ELECTRONIC SOURCES The elements of the reference and the order in which they appear are similar to those for print and AV media as set out in the previous examples. However, when citing electronic sources, the type of medium should be included in square brackets e.g. [online], [CD-ROM]. Also, if the source document is likely to change, the date on which it was accessed should appear in square brackets at the end e.g. [17 October 2000]. Please follow the examples provided below. (a) WWW Website / WWW Document W3C [World Wide Web Consortium]. HyperText Markup Language Home Page [online] http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/ [25 August 2000]. YEATES, R. NewsAgent for Libraries: Overview, 1996. [online] http://www.sbu.ac.uk/litc/newsagent/overview.html [20th January 1997]. (b) WWW Article in electronic journal MACCOLL, J. Information strategies get down to business. Ariadne, Issue 6, November 1996. [online] http:// www.ukoln.ac.uk/ariadne/issue6/cover/ [20th January 1997]. (c) E-mail Smith, J. Information on Forth Bridge history, 1996. [Email] Personal email to Jones, T. [12th January 1996]. (d) E-mail discussion list MACLEOD, R. Internet Resources Newsletter - latest issue on LIS-LINK, 1997. [Email] mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk [19th January 1997]. (e) FTP RANKIN, B. Accessing the Internet by Email, 1997, 6th Ed. [FTP] ftp://ftp.mailbase.ac.uk/pub/lists/lis-iis/filers/e-access-inet.txt [20th January 1997]. (f) Gopher MIT Center for Space Research. Space Shuttle News, 20th Jan '97 [Gopher] gopher://gopher.umds.ac.uk:70/00/ technical/space-shuttle-news [20th January 1997]. (g) Telnet US Bureau of Statistics. Consumer Expenditure Surveys 1980 -1989 Study 3638. ESRC Data Archive, 1994. [Telnet] telnet biron.essex.ac.uk R N L 1 (Recent deposits/Not indexed/List titles/Item 1)

Macbeth. Film. Directed by Orson WELLES. USA: Republic Pictures, 1948. Location of 35mm viewing copy. London: National Film Archive.
Videos

The adventures of Winnie the Pooh. Video. Walt Disney Productions. Running time 71 mins.
Radio broadcasts (N.B. Director is preferred as originator) HENDERSON, David. 1985 Reith Lectures. BBC Radio 3 and 4. 1985 Nov - Dec. TV broadcasts

Programme within a series

Yes, Prime Minister, Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. TV, BBC2. 1986 Jan 16.

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(h) Usenet Newsgroups HARRIS, R. Dried pesto mix. rec.food.cooking. [Usenet] [13th January 1997]. (i) CD-ROM databases

FAME (Financial Analysis Made Easy) [CD-ROM]. (November, 2000). London: Bureau Van Dijk.

REFERENCES
1. British Standard recommendations for references to published materials. London: British Standards Institution, 1989. BS 1629 : 1989 (1996) ISBN:0580162036 2. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. London: British Standards Institution, 1990. BS 5605 : 1990 (1997) ISBN: 0580189724 3. ISO 690-2, Bibliographic references to electronic documents. URL:http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/standard/ 690-2e.htm [13 October 2000]. 4. LI, Xia and CRANE, Nancy B. Electronic styles: an expanded guide for citing electronic information. 2nd ed. Medford, NJ:Information Today, 1996. ISBN: 1573870277 11/01

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