You are on page 1of 67

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.

com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM is designed to collect and manage students attendance records from RFID devices installed in a class rooms. Based on the verification of student identification at the entrances system, the RFID tag can be embedded in the ID card of the individual. First to activate a new session(hour) the teacher swipes her RFID tag this marks a new attendance session during which the students can swipe once to increment their attendance. The RFID module operate in 125Khz range, when a tag passes through its vicinity, the module senses its presence and extracts its unique serial number and passes this code into microcontroller which matches the code to the correct person and increments the attendance of the particular person.

Page | 1

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

CONTENTS
Chapter No TOPIC Page

1. Introduction.. 2. Block Diagram and Description. 3.Circuit Circuit Diagram ............ Circuit Description 4.Software.................. 5.Printed Circuit Board .... PCB Layout . 24

04 05 09 10 11

30 43

6.Estimate. 7.Conclusion ... 8.Bibpiography

44 46 48

APPENDIX Data Sheets..

50

Page | 2

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

Page | 3

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
The two major problems faced by organizations are time consuming manual attendance and wastage of electrical power. Our project is going to solve these problems by using RFID technology. The project is designed to store up to 50 card IDs but it is easily scalable up to 65000 card IDs but for that it requires external memory. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. So the RFID is a wireless identification. Normally the RFID system comprises of two main parts: RFID Reader and RFID Tag. RFID Reader is an integrated or passive network which is used to interrogate information from RFID tag. The RFID Reader may consist of antenna, filters, modulator, demodulator, coupler and a micro processor.

Page | 4

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Page | 5

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

BLOCK DIAGRAM
LCD

MAX232

RFID READER

MICROCONTROLLER

Computer

Power supply

Page | 6

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

BLOCK CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION


COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM
The figure below shows the basic block diagram of the AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE USING RFID. It contains the following blocks: 1. RFID reader 2. RFID tags 3. LCD display 4. Microcontroller 5.MAX232 6. Power supply unit

RFID READER
A reader (now more typically referred to as an RFID interrogator) is basically a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver, controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal processor. The reader, using an attached antenna, captures data from tags, then passes the data to the controller for processing. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tags integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the microcontroller for processing

RFID TAGS

Page | 7

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Tags also sometimes are called transponders. RFID tags can come in many forms and sizes. Some can be as small as a grain of rice. Data is stored in the IC and transmitted through. The antenna to a reader. The two commonly used RFID Transponders are Active (that do contain an internal battery power source that powers the tags chip) and Passive (that do not have an internal power source, but are externally powered typical from the reader) RFID Transponders.

LCD DISPLAY
The display support 2X16 characters, which means, the LCD can support 2 lines on the display and each line can display up to 16 characters which is relevant as the only essential output to be displayed is the students name and ID. Besides LCD Display, the output is displayed on LCD. The diagram of LCD display is shown in Figure and the detailed connections of the LCD is shown in table

MICROCONTROLLER
The microcontroller used is PIC 16F877A. Microcontroller is a general-purpose device, but one that is meeting to read performs limited calculations on data, and contained is its environ based on these calculations. The prime use, of Microcontroller is to control the operation of a machine using a fixed program that is stored in and does not change over the lifetime of the system.

MAX232
The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.

Page | 8

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

POWER SUPPLY
These form an important equipment of any Electronics laboratory. Power supplies are essential for the testing and implementation of any useful electronic circuit. If power supplies are not available then the only way to provide power to a circuit is the battery. For long-term use and frequent manipulation these are not feasible. More over these are not as flexible as modern day power supplies. They do not provide for overload protection and thermal protection.

CIRCUIT

Page | 9

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Page | 10

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION


The circuit below shows the AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE USING RFID. It contains 1. RFID reader 2. RFID tags 3. LCD display 4. Microcontroller 5.MAX232 6. Power supply unit

RFID READER
A reader (now more typically referred to as an RFID interrogator) is basically a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver, controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal processor. The reader, using an attached antenna, captures data from tags, then passes the data to the controller for processing. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tags integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the microcontroller for processing.

FEATURES OF RFID READER


a. Low cost solution for reading passive RFID transponder tags. b. Industrial grade casing for better outlook and protection. c. Integrated RFID reader, antenna, LED, power cable and data cable. d. Every reader has been tested before is being shipped.

Page | 11

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

e. 9600 baud RS232 serial interface (output only) to PC. f. Fully operation with 5VDC power supply. g. Buzzer as sound indication of activity. h. Bi-colour LED for visual indication of activity. i. Standard RS232 serial cable (female) ready to plug to desktop PC or Laptop. j. 2m reading range. k. 0.1s response time. l. Operating frequency: 125KHz

FIGURE 4.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF RFID READER

RFID TAGS
Tags also sometimes are called transponders. RFID tags can come in many forms and sizes. Some can be as small as a grain of rice. Data is stored in the IC and transmitted through. The antenna to a reader. The two commonly used RFID Transponders are Active (that do contain an internal battery power source that powers the tags chip) and Passive (that do not have an internal power source, but are externally powered typical from the reader) RFID Transponders.

Page | 12

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

WORKING OF RFID
Information is sent to and read from RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In passive systems, which are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field that wakes up the tag and provides the power for the tag to respond to the reader. Data collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to PIC16F877A in the same manner that data scanned from bar code labels is captured and passed to computer systems for interpretation, storage, and action.

LCD DISPLAY
The display support 2X16 characters, which means, the LCD can support 2 lines on the display and each line can display up to 16 characters which is relevant as the only essential output to be displayed is the students name and ID. Besides LCD Display, the output is displayed on LCD. The diagram of LCD display is shown in Figure and the detailed connections of the LCD is shown in table

DIAGRAM OF LCD DISPLAY Table Pin connections of LCD Display.

Page | 13

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

EEPROM
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed. In PIC16F877A, the data EEPROM is readable and writable during normal operation (over the full VDD range). This memory is not directly mapped in the register file space. Instead, it is indirectly addressed through the Special Function Registers.

MICROCONTROLLER
The microcontroller used is PIC 16F877A. Microcontroller is a generalpurpose device, but one that is meeting to read performs limited calculations on data, and contained is its environ based on these calculations. The prime use, of Microcontroller is to control the operation of a machine using a fixed program that is stored in and does not change over the lifetime of the system. The Microcontroller design uses a much more limited set of single and double byte instructions that are used to move code and data from internal memory to the ALU. Many instructions are coupled with pins on the IC package; the pins are programmable that is, capability of having several different functions dispending on the wishes of the programmer. The Microcontroller is concerned with getting data from and its own pins; the architecture and instruction set are optimized to handle data in bit and byte size. Microcontroller will have much type of bit handling instructions. It may have operational code for moving data from external memory to CPU. Microcontroller may have one or two concerned with rapid movement of code and data from external address. The Microcontroller can function as a compiler with the addition of No external digital parts. Modules vary in data size 4 to 32 bits. For four bit units in huge volume for very simple, and 8 bit units are most versatile.16 and 32 bits are used in high-speed control and signal

Page | 14

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

processing applications. Many modules feature a programmable pin that allows external memory to be addressed with the loss of I\O capability.

PIC MICROCONTROLLER
PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, Derived from the PIC 1640 originally developed by General Instruments Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to Peripheral Interface Controller. It is available in different configuration via 8 bit, 16 bit,32 bit with instruction set as given below: Under 8 bit instruction set) comesPIC10xxxx,PIC12xxxx,PIC16xxxx,PIC18xxxx,(12 bit

Under 16 bit comes-PIC24h,DSPIC30,DSPIC33.(14 bit instruction set) Under 32 bit comes-PIC32xxxx.(16 bit instruction set) PICs are popular with developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost ,wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability Of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming(and reprogramming With flash memory) capability.

Special Microcontroller Features


High performance RISC CPU. Only 35 single word instructions to learn. All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are twocycle. Operating speed: DC- 20 MHz clock input DC-200 ns instruction cycle. Up to 8Kx 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368x 8 bytes of Data Memory(RAM). Interrupt capability(up to 12 sources). Eight level deep hardware stack. Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes.

Page | 15

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Processor read access to program memory. Power-on Reset(POR). Power-up Timer(PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST). Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation. Programmable code protection Power saving SLEEP mode Selectable oscillator options In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins.

Peripheral Features

Timer0:8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler. Timer1:16-bit timer/counter with prescaler ,can be incremented during SLEEP via external crystal/clock. Timer2:8-bit timer/ counter with 8bit period register, prescaler and postscaler. Two Capture ,Compare, PWM modules -Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns -Compare is 16-bit , max . resolution is 200 ns -PWM max. resolution is 10-bit. 8-bit, upto 8-channel Analog-to-Digital converter. Synchronous Serial Port(SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and 12C(slave). Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI). Parallel Slave Port (PSP), 8-bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls(40/44-pin only). Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset(BOR)

Page | 16

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

DEVICE STRUCTURE

Features
Page | 17

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Microchips PIC micro 8bit MCUs offer a price/ performance ratio that allows them to be considered for any traditional 8 bit MCU application as well as some traditional 4 bit application, dedicated logic replacement and low end DSP applications. These features and price performance mix make PIC micro MCUs an attractive solution for most applications.

TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE


There are two types of Microcontroller architecture designed for embedded system development. These are: 1. RISC-Reduced instruction set computer 2. CISC-Complex instruction set computer

Page | 18

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CISC AND RISC:


CISC stands for Complex instruction Set Computer. Most PCs use CPU based on this architecture. For instance Intel and AMD CPUs are based on CISC architectures. Typically CISC chips have a large amount of different and complex instructions. In common CISC chips are relatively slow (compared to RISC chips) per instruction, but use little (less than RISC) instructions MCS-51

Page | 19

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

family microcontrollers based on CISC architecture. RICS stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. The philosophy behind it is that almost no one uses complex assembly language instructions as used by CISC, and people mostly use compilers which never use complex instructions. Therefore fewer, simpler and faster instructions would be better, than the large, complex and slower CISC instructions. However, more instructions are needed to accomplish a task.

MAX232
The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V. The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but may operate at higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors 0.1 F in place of the 1.0 F capacitors used with the original device. The newer MAX3232 is also backwards compatible, but operates at a broader voltage

range, from 3 to 5.5

Page | 20

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

POWER SUPPLY

Page | 21

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

These form an important equipment of any Electronics laboratory.

Power supplies are essential for the testing and implementation of any useful electronic circuit. If power supplies are not available then the only way to provide power to a circuit is the battery. For long-term use and frequent manipulation these are not feasible. More over these are not as flexible as modern day power supplies. They do not provide for overload protection and thermal protection.

The following units form the backbone of any modern day power supply

1. 2. 3.

Full wave bridge rectifier Filter circuit Voltage regulator

Page | 22

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

In the case if modern power supplies, the required power is derived from the AC mains. For this at first the 230V/50 Hz is step down using a step down transformer. Then The AC voltage is converted to DC using a rectifier circuit. The bridge rectifier is considered the apt choice since it avoids the center-tapped transformer. The ripples from the rectifiers output are removed by filtering. The filter can be any of the following:

1. 2. 3. 4.

L filter C filter LC filter CRC filter

And we use capacitive filtering. The function of the voltage regulator is to provide a stable DC voltage for powering other electronic circuits. The voltage regulator must be capable of providing substantial output current. They must provide a constant voltage regardless of changes in load current, temperature, and AC line voltage. Although voltage regulators can be designed using opamps, it is quicker and easier to use IC Voltage regulators. Further more, IC voltage regulators are versatile and relatively inexpensive and are available with features such as programmable output, current / voltage boosting, internal short circuit current limiting, thermal shut down, and floating operation for high voltage applications.

Page | 23

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 24

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

SOFTWARE

Software

Page | 25

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

char rfid[17],i=0,n=0,attn[10]={0},sel[10]={0}; void main() { UART1_Init(9600); baud rate 9600 Lcd_Init(); Delay_ms(1000); down Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR ); Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); Lcd_Out(1,6,"WELCOME"); column TRISD0_bit=0; TRISD1_bit=1; RD0_bit=0; if(RD1_bit==0) { for(i=0;i<2;i++) EEPROM_Write(i,0); attendance of 'i'th student } for(i=0;i<2;i++) attn[i]=EEPROM_Read(i); //Read the current attendance of students from EEPROM at power ON time while(1) { n=0; while(1) //UART loop //Main infinite loop //Save the current data to EEPROM //Save to 'i'th EEPROM position //Initializes USART module with //Initializes LCD //Wait till the modules settles //Clear Screen //Switch off cursor from screen //Print welcome at 1st row & 6th

Page | 26

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

if(UART1_Data_Ready()) //Check if data is sent by Reader { i=UART1_Read(); //Get the data

if(i==13) //If data is stop byte then place terminating character on the string { rfid[n]='\0'; break; } else if(i==10){} the string else { rfid[n]=i; from Reader to the string n++; } } } if(!strcmp(rfid,"3F00EDA52B")) string { Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); Lcd_Out(1,2,"Arun display the name if(sel[0]==0) incremented :"); //Clear LCD //If match found //If attendance not //Compare the RFID //Add each character received //Remove starting character from

Page | 27

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

{ attn[0]++; of the selected person sel[0]=1; person's attendance as incremented } Lcd_Out(1,13,attn[0]); UART1_Write_Text("Arun"); to computer UART1_Write_Text (attn[0]); } if(!strcmp(rfid,"3F00ED6845")) string { Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); Lcd_Out(1,2,"Anson display the name if(sel[1]==0) incremented { attn[1]++; the selected person sel[0]=1; attendance as incremented } Lcd_Out(1,13,attn[1]); UART1_Write_Text("Anson"); data to computer UART1_Write_Text (attn[0]); } //Display Attendance //Send the student //Send attendance //Increase attendance of //Marks current person's :"); //Clear LCD //If match found //If attendance not //Compare the RFID //Display Attendance //Send the student data //Send attendance //Increase attendance //Marks current

Page | 28

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

if(!strcmp(rfid,"3F00ED7512")) teachers RFID tag {

//Check then for

for(i=0;i<2;i++) //If teacher's tag found then allow students to register again sel[i]=0; of attendance Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); Lcd_Out(1,1,"Welcome Sir "); note } for(i=0;i<2;i++) data to EEPROM EEPROM_Write(i,attn[i]); postion attendance of 'i'th student } } //Save the current //Save to 'i'th EEPROM //Starts new session //Clear LCD //Displays welcome

Page | 29

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Software description

The software is developed in the high level language MikroC.In the beginning, the array to store RFID code is declared. The attendance and selection arrays are declared and initialized to 0.USART module is initialized with baud rate 9600.The LCD is initialized and it waits for a time of 1 second to settle down. Then the screen is cleared and the cursor is switched off.Welcome message is displayed. For the initialization purpose pin RD0 is made input pin and RD1 is made output pin using TRIS bit.RD0 is set as 0, when RD0 and RD1 is shorted the system resets. If RD1=0, the attendance of ith student is stored at ith position of EEPROM. Read the current attendance of students from EEPROM at power ON time and enters the main infinite loop. Enters the UART loop and checks whether any data is received. If the received data is stop bit, i.e., 13 terminating character is placed on the RFID string. Else the starting character 10 is detected and removed to accept the 10 bit data and stored in rfid array. Compare the received string, i.e., the code with code of tag holder, if match is found the name of the individual is displayed. Checks whether attendance is incremented earlier in the same session using selection array. If selection variable for the student is 0 which is initialized so, the attendance in attn array is incremented by 1.And makes the value of selection variable of the student whose attendance is incremented as 1,so that he can use the tag once in the same session. The attendance is displayed in LCD and sent to the computer for storage with corresponding students details. In this program this is done for 2 students, whose attendance can be incremented by showing their tags. In this system it is arranged in such a way that, if the card holder is a teacher his/her unique code will be identified and the selection variable of all students are made 0 by assigning value 0 to sel array. This marks the starting of a new session in which students can increment their attendance once. And displays a welcome message to teacher. The data is sent to save in the EEPROM at ith position, where i is the number of students

Page | 30

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

Page | 31

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

PCB DESIGNING
PCB PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
You need to generate a positive (copper black) UV translucent artwork film. You will never get a good board without good artwork, so it is important to get the best possible quality at this stage. The most important thing is to get a clear sharp image with a very solid opaque black. Nowadays, artwork is drawn using either a dedicated PCB CAD program or a suitable drawing/graphics package. It is absolutely essential that your PCB software prints holes in the middle of pads, which will act as center marks when drilling. It is virtually impossible to accurately hand-drill boards without these holes. If youre looking to buy PCB software at any cost level and want to do hand-prototyping of boards before production, check that this facility is available. If youre using a general-purpose CAD or graphics package, define pads as either a grouped object containing a black-filled circle with a smaller concentric white-filled circle on top of it, or as an unfilled circle with a thick black line (i.e. a black ring). When defining pad and line shapes, the minimum size recommended for vias (through-linking holes) for reliable results is 50 mil, assuming 0.8mm drill size; 1 mil = (1/1000)th of an inch. You can go smaller with smaller drill sizes, but through-linking will be harder. 65mil round or square pads for normal components and DIL ICs, with 0.8mm hole, will allow a 12.5 mil, down to 10 mil if you really need to.
Page | 32

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Centre-to-centre spacing of 12.5mil tracks should be 25 milslightly less may be possible if your printer can manage it. Take care to preserve the correct diagonal track-track spacing on mitered corners; grid is 25 mil and track width 12.5 mil. The artwork must be printed such that the printed side is in contact with the PCB surface when exposing, to avoid blurred edges. In practice, this means that if you design the board as seen from the component side, the bottom (solder side) layer should be printed the correct way round, and the top side of a double-sided board must be printed mirrored.

Media
Artwork quality is very dependent on both the output device and the media used. It is not necessary to use a transparent artwork mediumas long as it is reasonably translucent to UV, its fine-less translucent materials may need a slightly longer exposure time. Line definition, black opaqueness and toner/ink retention are much more important. Tracing paper has good enough UV translucency and is nearly as good as drafting film for toner retention. It stays flatter under laser-printer heat than polyester or acetate film. Get the thickest you can find as thinner stuff can crickle. It should be rated at least 90 gsm; 120 gsm is even better but harder to find. It is cheap and easily available from office or art suppliers.

Output devices
Laser printers offer the best all-round solution. These are affordable, fast, and good-quality. The printer used must have at least 600dpi resolution for all but the simplest PCBs, as you will usually be working in multiples of 0.06cm (40

Page | 33

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

tracks per inch). 600 dpi divides into 40, so you get consistent spacing and line width. It is very important that the printer produces a good solid black with no toner pinholes. If youre planning to buy a printer for PCB use, do some test prints on tracing paper to check the quality first. If the printer has a density control, set it to the blackest. Even the best laser printers dont generally cover large areas well, but usually this isnt a problem as long as fine tracks are solid. When using tracing paper or drafting film, always use manual paper feed and set the straightest possible paper output path to keep the artwork as flat as possible and minimize jamming. For small PCBs, you can usually save paper by cutting the sheet in half. You may need to specify a vertical offset in your PCB software to make it print on the right part of the page. Some laser printers have poor dimensional accuracy, which can cause problems for large PCBs. But as long as any error is linear, it can be compensated by scaling the printout in software. Print accuracy is likely to be a noticeable problem when it causes misalignment of the sides on double-sided PCBsthis can usually be avoided by careful arrangement of the plots on the page to ensure the error is the same on both layers; for example, choosing whether to mirror horizontally or vertically when reversing the top-side artwork.

Photo resist PCB laminates


Always use good-quality, pre-coated photo resist fiberglass (FR4) board. Check carefully for scratches in the protective covering and on the surface after peeling off the covering. You dont need darkroom or subdued lighting when handling boards, as long as you avoid direct sunlight, minimize unnecessary exposure, and develop immediately after UV exposure. Instagraphic Microtrak board develops really quickly, gives excellent

Page | 34

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

resolution, and is available in thin (0.8mm) and heavy copper flavors. On using spray-on photoresist, you will always get dust settling on the wet resist. So it is not recommended unless you have access to a very clean area or drying oven, or you only want to make low-resolution PCBs.

Exposure
The photo resist board needs to be exposed to UV light through the artwork, using a UV exposure box. UV exposure units can easily be made using standard fluorescent lamp ballasts and UV tubes. For small PCBs, two or four 8-watt, 30.5cm tubes will be adequate. For larger (A3) units, four 38cm tubes are ideal. To determine the tube-to-glass spacing, place a sheet of tracing paper on the glass and adjust the distance to get the most even light level over the surface of the paper. Even illumination is a lot easier to obtain with 4-tube units. The UV tubes you need are sold as replacements for UV exposure units, black light tubes for disco lighting, etc. These look white, occasionally black/blue when off, and light up with a light purple. Do not use short-wave UV lamps like EPROM eraser tubes and germicidal lamps that have clear glass, because these emit short-wave UV which can cause eye and skin damage. A timer that switches off the UV lamps automatically is essential, and should allow exposure times from 2 to 10 minutes in 15- to 30-second increments. It is useful if the timer has an audible indication when the timing period has completed. A timer from a scrap microwave oven would be ideal. Use glass sheet rather than plastic for the top of the UV unit, as it will flex less and be less prone to scratches. A combined unit, with switchable UV and white tubes, doubles as an exposure unit and a light-box for lining up double- sided artworks. If you do a lot of double-sided PCBs, it may be worth making a double-sided exposure unit, where the PCB can be sandwitched between two light sources to expose both sides simultaneously. To find the required exposure time for a particular UV unit and laminate type, expose a test piece in 30-second increments from 2 to 8 minutes, develop, and use the time which gave the best image. Generally speaking, overexposure is better than underexposure. For a single-sided PCB, place the artworks toner side up on the UV box glass, peel off the protective film from the laminate, and place its sensitive side down on top of the artwork.

Page | 35

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

The laminate must be pressed firmly down to ensure good contact all over the artwork. To expose double-sided PCBs, print the solder-side artwork as normal and the component side mirrored. Place the two sheets together with the toner sides facing, and carefully line them up, checking all over the board area for correct alignment, using the holes in the pads as a guide. A light box is very handy here, but exposure can also be done with daylight by holding the sheets on the surface of a window. If printing errors have caused slight misregistration, align the sheets to average the errors across the whole PCB, to avoid breaking pad edges or tracks when drilling. When these are correctly aligned, staple the sheets together on two opposite sides, about 10 mm from the edge of the board, forming a sleeve or envelope. The gap between the board edge and staples is important to stop the paper distorting at the edge. Use the smallest stapler you can find, so that the thickness of the staple is not much more than that of the PCB. Expose each side, covering up the top side with a reasonably light-proof soft cover when exposing the underside. Be very careful when turning the board over, to avoid the laminate slipping inside the artwork and ruining the alignment. After exposure, you can usually see a faint image of the pattern in the photosensitive layer.

Developing
Do not use sodium hydroxides for developing photo resist laminates. It is a completely and utterly dreadful stuff for developing PCBs. Apart from its causticity, it is very sensitive to both temperature and concentration, and madeup solution doesnt last long. When its too weak it doesnt develop at all, and when too strong it strips all the resist off. It is almost impossible to get reliable and consistent results, especially when making PCBs in an environment with large temperature variations. A much better developer is a silicate-based product that comes as a liquid concentrate. You can leave the board in it for several times the normal developing time without noticeable degradation. This also means that it is not temperature criticalno risk of stripping at warmer temperatures. Made-up solution also has a very long shelf-life and lasts until its used up. You can make the solution up really strong for very fast developing. The recommended mix is 1 part developer to 9 parts water. You can check for correct development by dipping the board in the ferric chloride very briefly the exposed copper should turn dull pink almost instantly. If any shiny coppercolored areas remain, rinse and develop for a few more seconds. If the board is under-exposed, you will get a thin layer of resist which isnt removed by the

Page | 36

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

developer. You can remove this by gently wiping with dry paper towel, without damaging the pattern. You can either use a photographic developing tray or a vertical tank for developing.

Etching
Ferric chloride etchant is a messy stuff, but easily available and cheaper than most alternatives. It attacks any metal including stainless steel. So when setting up a PCB etching area, use a plastic or ceramic sink, with plastic fittings and screws wherever possible, and seal any metal screws with silicone. Copper water pipes may get splashed or dripped-on, so sleeve or cover them in plastic; heat-shrink sleeving is great if youre installing new pipes. Fume extraction is not normally required, although a cover over the tank or tray when not in use is a good idea. You should always use the hex hydrate type of ferric chloride, which should be dissolved in warm water until saturation. Adding a teaspoon of table salt helps to make the etchant clearer for easier inspection. Avoid anhydrous ferric chloride. It creates a lot of heat when dissolved. So always add the powder very slowly to water; do not add water to the powder, and use gloves and safety glasses. The solution made from anhydrous ferric chloride doesnt etch at all, so you need to add a small amount of hydrochloric acid and leave it for a day or two. Always take extreme care to avoid splashing when dissolving either type of ferric chloride, as it tends to clump together and you often get big chunks coming out of the container and splashing into the solution. It can damage eyes and permanently stain clothing. If youre making PCBs in a professional environment, where time is money, you should get a heated bubble-etch tank. With fresh hot ferric chloride, a PCB will etch in well under five minutes. Fast etching produces better edge-quality and consistent line widths. If you arent using a bubble tank, you need to agitate frequently to ensure even etching. Warm the etchant by putting the etching tray inside a larger tray filled with boiling water.

Tin plating
Tin-plating a PCB makes it a lot easier to solder, and is pretty much essential for surface mount boards. Unless you have access to a roller tinning machine, chemical tinning is the only option. Unfortunately, tin-plating chemicals are expensive but the results are usually worth it. If you dont tinplate the board, either leave the photo resist coating on (most resists are

Page | 37

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

intended to act as soldering fluxes) or spray the board with rework flux to prevent the copper from oxidizing. Room-temperature tin-plating crystals produce a good finish in a few minutes. There are other tinning chemicals available, some of which require mixing with acid or high-temperature use. Ensure that the temperature of the tinning solution is at least 25oC, but not more than 40oC. If required, either put the bottle in a hot water bath or put the tinning tray in a bigger tray filled with hot water to warm it up. Putting a PCB in cold tinning solution will usually prevent tinning, even if the temperature is subsequently raised. For a good tinned finish, strip the photoresist thoroughly. Although you can get special stripping solutions and hand applicators, most resists can be dissolved off more easily and cleanly using methanol (methylated spirit). Hold the rinsed and dried PCB horizontal, and dribble few drops of methanol on the surface, tilting the PCB to allow it to run over the whole surface. Wait for about ten seconds and wipe off with a paper towel dipped in methanol. Rub the copper surface all over with wire wool until it is bright and shiny. Wipe with a paper towel to remove the wire wool fragments and immediately immerse the board in the tinning solution. Dont touch the copper surface after cleaning, as finger marks will impair plating. The copper should turn silver in colour within about 30 seconds. Leave the board for about five minutes, agitating occasionally; do not use bubble agitation. For double-sided PCBs, prop the PCB at an angle to ensure the solution gets to both sides. Rinse the board thoroughly and rub dry with paper towel to remove any tinning crystal deposits. If the board isnt going to be soldered for a day or two, coat it with either a rework flux spray or a flux pen.

Drilling
If you have fibreglass (FR4) board, you must use tungsten carbide drill bits. Fibreglass eats normal high-speed steel (HSS) bits very rapidly, although HSS drills are all right for odd larger sizes (>2 mm). Carbide drill bits are expensive and the thin ones snap very easily. When using carbide drill bits below 1 mm, you must use a good vertical drill standyou will break drill very quickly without one. Carbide drill bits are available as straight-shank or thick (sometimes called turbo) shank. In straight shank, the whole bit is the diameter of the hole, and in thick shank, a standard-size (typically about 3.5 mm) shank tapers down to the hole size. The straight-shank drills are usually preferred because they break less easily and are usually cheaper. The longer thin section provides more flexibility. Small drills for PCB use usually come with either a

Page | 38

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

set of collets of arious sizes or a 3-jaw chuck. Sometimes the 3-jaw chuck is an optional extra and is worth getting for the time it saves on changing collets. For accuracy, however, 3-jaw chucks arent brilliant, and small drill sizes below 1 mm quickly form grooves in the jaws, preventing good grip. Below 1 mm, you should use collets, and buy a few extra of the smallest ones, keeping one collet per drill size, as using a larger drill in a collet will open it out and it no longer grips smaller drills well. You need a good strong light on the board when drilling, to ensure accuracy. A dichroic halogen lamp, under-run at 9V to reduce brightness, can be mounted on a microphone gooseneck for easy positioning. It can be useful to raise the working surface about 15 cm above the normal desk height for more comfortable viewing. Dust extraction is nice, but not essentialan occasional blow does the trick! A foot-pedal control to switch the drill off and on is very convenient, especially when frequently changing bits. Avoid hole sizes less than 0.8 mm unless you really need them. When making two identical boards, drill them both together to save time. To do this, carefully drill a 0.8mm hole in the pad near each corner of each of the two boards, getting the centre as accurate as possible. For larger boards, drill a hole near the centre of each side as well. Lay the boards on top of each other and insert a 0.8mm track pin in two opposite corners, using the pins as pegs to line the PCBs up. Squeeze or hammer the pins into the boards, and then into the remaining holes. The two PCBs are now nailed together accurately and can be drilled together.

Cutting
A small guillotine is the easiest way to cut fibreglass laminate. Ordinary saws (bandsaws, jigsaws, and hacksaws) will be blunted quickly unless these are carbide-tipped, and the dust can cause sink irritation. A carbide tile-saw blade in a jigsaw might be worth a try. Its also easy to accidentally scratch through the protective film when sawing, causing photoresist scratches and broken tracks on the finished board. A sheet-metal guillotine is also excellent for cutting boards, provided the blade is fairly sharp. To make cut-outs, drill a series of small holes, punch out the blank, and file to size. Alternatively, use a fretsaw or small hacksaw, but be prepared to replace blades often. With practice its possible to do corner cutouts with a guillotine but you have to be very careful that you dont over-cut!

SOLDERING

Page | 39

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Soldering is the joining together of two metals to give physical bonding and good electrical conductivity. It is used primarily in electrical and electronic circuitry. Solder is a combination of metals, which are solid at normal room temperatures and become liquid at between 180 and 200C. Solder bonds well to various metals, and extremely well to copper. Soldering is a necessary skill you need to learn to successfully build electronics circuits. It is the primary way how electronics components are connected to circuit boards, wires and sometimes directly to other components. To solder you need a soldering iron. A modern basic electrical soldering iron consists of a heating element, a soldering bit (often called the tip), a handle and a power cord. The heating element can be either a resistance wire wound around a ceramic tube, or a thick film resistance element printed onto a ceramic base. The element is then insulated and placed into a metal tube for strength and protection. This is then thermally insulated from the handle. The heating element of soldering iron usually reaches temperatures of around 370 to 400C (higher than needed to melt the solder). The soldering bit is a specially shaped piece of copper plated with iron and then usually plated with chrome or iron. The tip planting makes it very resistant to aggressive solders and fluxes. The strength or power of a soldering iron is usually expressed in Watts. Irons generally used in electronics are typically in the range 12 to 25 Watts. Higher powered iron will not run hotter, but it will have more power available to quickly replace heat drained from the iron during soldering. Most irons are available in a variety of voltages, 12V, 24V, 115V, and 230V are the most popular. Today most laboratories and repair shops use soldering irons, which operate at 24V (powered by isolation transformer supplied with the soldering iron or by a separate low voltage outlet). You should always use this low voltage where possible, as it is much safer. For advanced soldering work (like very tiny very sensitive electronics components), you will need a soldering iron

Page | 40

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

with a temperature control. In this type of soldering irons the temperature may be usually set between 200 degC and 450 degC. Many temperature-controlled soldering irons designed for electronics have a power rating of around 40-50W. They will heat fast and give enough power for operation, but are mechanically small (because the temperature controller stops them from overheating when they are not used). You will occasionally see gas-powered soldering irons which use butane rather than the mains electrical supply to operate. They have a catalytic element which, once warmed up, continues to glow hot when gas passes over them. Gaspowered soldering irons are designed for occasional "on the spot" use for quick repairs, rather than for mainstream construction or assembly work. You need to be careful in soldering because most electronic components are fragile, and heat sensitive. Usually our biggest concern is heat. Low enough soldering temperature and short enough soldering time keeps components in good shape. Electronics components are designed so that they can take high temperatures on their contacts/wires for some time without damage (to withstand the soldering). Prolonged exposure to high temperature will heat up when inside of the component can cause damage to it. Currently, the best commonly available, workable, and safe solder alloy is 63/37. That is, 63% lead, 37% tin. It is also known as eutectic solder. Its most desirable characteristic is that its solids ("pasty") state, and its liquid state occur at the same temperature -- 361 degrees F. The combination of 63% lead and 37% tin melts at the lowest possible temperature. Nowadays there is tendency to move to use lead free solders, but it will takes years until they will catch on normal soldering work. Lead free solders are nowadays available, but they are generally more expensive and/or harder to work on than traditional solders that have lead in then,

Page | 41

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

The metals involved are not the only things to consider in a solder. Flux is vital to a good solder joint. Flux is an aggressive chemical that removes oxides and impurities from the parts to be soldered. The chemical reactions at the point(s) of connection must take place for the metals to fuse. RMA-type flux (Rosin Mildly Active) is the least corrosive of the readily available materials, and provides an adequate oxide removal. In electronics a 60/40 fluxed core solder is used. This consists of 60% Lead and 40% Tin, with flux cores added through the length of the solder. There are certain safety measures which you should keep in mind when soldering. The tin material used in soldering contains dangerous substances like lead (40-60% of typical soldering tins are lead and lead is poisonous). Also the various from the soldering flux can be dangerous. While it is true that lead does not vaporize at the temperatures at which soldering is typically done, particulate matter is just as dangerous as fumes would be in terms of poisoning and there is particulate lead present to some extent in the fumes from your flux. When soldering keep the room well ventilated and use a small fan or fume trap. A proper fume trap or a fan will keep the most pollution away from your face. Professional electronics workshops use expensive fume extraction systems to protect their workers (needed for working safety reasons). Those fume extraction devices have a special filter, which filters out the dangerous fumes. If you can connect a duct to the output from the trap to the outside, that would be great. Always wash hands prior to smoking, eating, drinking or going to the bathroom. When you handle soldering tin, your hands will pick up lead, which needs to be washed out from it before it gets to your body. Do not eat, drink or smoke whilst working with soldering iron. Do not place cups, glasses or a plate of food near your working area.

Page | 42

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Wash also the table sometimes. As you solder, at times there will be a bit of spitting and sputtering. If you look you'll see tiny balls of solder that shoot out and can be found on your soldering table. The soldering iron will last longer with proper care. Before and during use wipe the bit on a damp sponge. Most bench stands incorporate a sponge for this purpose. When using a new bit, apply solder to it as it heats up. Always keep a hot iron in a bench stand, or suspended by the hook, when not in use. Turn of the iron when you do not use it. Periodically remove the bit and clear away any oxide build up. Regularly check the mains lead for burns or other damage (change mains lead if necessary).

Page | 43

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

PCB LAYOUT

Page | 44

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 45

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

ESTIMATE

COST ESTIMATION

Item RFID READER RFID TAG PIC 16F877A MAX 232 DIODES CAPACITORS LCD RESISTORS

No 1 3 1 1 4 8 1 2

Price Rs.2000 Rs.225 Rs.220 Rs.30 Rs.1.60 Rs.0.80 Rs.250 Rs.2

Page | 46

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
PCB TRANSFORMER CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR IC BASES WIRE 9 PIN D CONNECTOR TOTAL AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM 1 Rs.180 1 1 2 1 1 Rs.110 Rs.5.50 Rs.40 Rs.35 Rs.20 Rs.3090.20

CONCLUSION

Page | 47

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

CONCLUSION

This project is based on microcontrollers. As this is based on AT89S51 which is a commonly used microcontroller, the control and programming is quite easy. This is just a humble effort to produce a prototype for a device which helps in keeping an exact record of student attendance using RFIDs module. Using this device, we can easily detect the difference in power

Page | 48

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

withdrawal of RFID tags and it is user friendly. This system can be easily installed any location where a 220 v power supply is available. Our project has been a humble effort to produce a prototype for a device which helps in keeping an exact record of student attendance using RFIDs module , and we believe our device will find use in various day to day fields.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page | 49

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.efymag.com www.alldatasheets.com Electronics For You Magazine

Page | 50

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 51

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

APPENDIX

Data sheet of RFID

Page | 52

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 53

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 54

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

DATA SHEET OF PIC

Page | 55

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 56

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 57

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 58

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 59

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 60

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 61

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 62

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 63

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 64

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 65

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 66

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

www.electronicsengineeringprojects.com
AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Page | 67

www.engineeringminiprojects.com

You might also like