I.

INTRODUCTION

Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection usually caused by bacteria that have traveled to the kidney from an infection in the bladder. It most often occurs as a result of urinary tract infection, particularly in the presence of occasional or persistent backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters or kidney pelvis (vesicoureteric reflux). There are two types of Pyelonephritis: Acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis. They differ primarily in their clinical picture and long-term effects. Acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis is a sudden development of kidney inflammation while chronic pyelonephritis is a long-standing infection that does not clear. Acute pyelonephritis is a potentially organ- and/or lifethreatening infection that characteristically causes some scarring of the kidney with each infection and may lead to significant damage to the kidney (any given episode), kidney failure, abscess formation (Eg; nephric, perinephric), sepsis or sepsis syndrome/shock/multiorgan system failure. Wide variation exists in the clinical presentation, severity, options, and disposition of acute pyelonephritis. Diagnosing and managing acute pyelonephritis is not always straightforward. In the age range of 5-65 years, it typically presents in the context of a symptomatic (eg; dysuria, frequency, urgency, gross hematuria, suprapubic pain) urinary tract infection (UTI) with classic upper urinary tract symptoms (eg; flank pain, back pain) with or without systemic symptoms (eg; fever, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting) and signs (eg; fever, costovertebral angle tenderness) with or without leukocytosis. However, it can present with nonspecific symptoms. The estimated annual incidence of pyelonephritis was 27.6 cases per 10,000 persons. Only 7% of cases required hospitalization. Escherichia coli caused 85% of cases, including 6 of 7 cases among inpatients for which data were available. Of E. coli isolates, 85% were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while 99% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The main reason why we chose this case study is for us to fully understand the nature of the said disease and the risks involving it. We certainly hope as well to contribute something to lessen its occurrence through educating others about its etiology and treatment. History of Present Illness: One day prior to admission, the patient experienced pain right

after taking a cup of coffee. The pain shifted to the right lower quadrant with undocumented low-grade fever associated with chills. But then, there is no vomiting noted or change in bowel habits. There is no chest pain or chest heaviness as well.