Type

1. Pulley - Ho w Stuff Works

Example

Activity

A pulley is a simple machine that uses grooved wheels and a rope to raise, lower or move a load. 2. Lever - Enc hanted Learning animations
A lever is a stiff bar that rests on a support called a fulcrum which lifts or moves loads.

Any 4 simple machine

Pulleys

Levers

4 methods of separation:1) Filtration when

the mixture contains a liquid & a solid component, then we filter the liquid component out

3. Wedge pictures using LEGO bricks A wedge is an object with at least one slanting side ending in a sharp edge, which cuts material apart. 4. Wheel & Axle - Activity using pencils and thread spools
A wheel with a rod, called an axle, through its center lifts or moves loads.

Wedges

2) Crystallization : when 2 materials crystallize at different temperatures then we condense the mixture to extract the component which crystallizes first 3) Distillation: when 2 liquids have different

Wheels

boiling points. we boil the liquid mixture. liquid with lower boilling point evaporates out. it can be condensed on a cool surface & the 2 liquids separated. 4) Chromatography : This technique is called paper chromatography. The mixture is put on a filter paper which is placed in a suitable solvent

Components separated by this method

Decantation-Decantation is a very quick method for separating a mixture of a liquid and a heavier solid. Filtration-This is a method which is the most especially effective for separating suspensions, for example mud in water. We pour the mixture into a funnel fitted with a piece of filter paper. There are tiny holes in the filter paper for the liquid to pass through, the solid particles are too large to do so, therefore the solid particles will stay on the paper as what we called a solid residue. We called the liquid which pass through the FILTRATE. Centrifugation-Centrifugation is used when we want to separate small amounts of suspension. The suspension of solid in liquid is poured into a centrifuge tube, then spin around very fast in a centrifuge. The spinning motion forces the solid to the bottom of the tube. Then the liquid can be poured off from the solid. Evaporation-We cannot separate a mixture which is a solution using filtration or centrifugation. Since it is spread all through the solvent in tiny particles. The solution is heated so that the solvent evaporates, and just leave the solid behind. Crystallization -It is a process of forming crystals. It is also a method for separating dissolved solids from a solution. Distillation -When a solution of solid in liquid is heated, the liquid will evaporates. The hot vapor that formed can de condensed back to liquid again on a cold surface. We called this method DISTILLATION. Distillation is used for separating a solvent from a solution. We called the liquid collected a distillate. Separating Funnel -Immiscible liquids,such as oil and water can be separated by using a separating funnel. The mixture is put into a separating funnel, shaken and allowed to settle. The oil and water from two separate layer. The liquid with higher density, in this case water forms the lower layer. Remove the stopper and open the tap after standing. The water runs out through the tap. The oil remains in the funnel and can be run out into another beaker. Fractional Distillation -Miscible liquids are much more difficult to separate. Mixtures of miscible liquids can be separated by fractional distillation. It will provide the boiling points of the liquids are not too close. Sublimation -Some solids can change to vapor state without melting when heated. We called it SUBLIMATION. When the vapor is cooled, the solid forms again. We often use sublimation to separate a mixture of two solids in which one sublimes, but the other does not. For example, iodine from a mixture of sand and iodine by sublimation. When heated, only iodine changes to vapor. The vapor changes back to solid on the side of the funnel.

Types of waste generated at home Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood,

glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g. bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous waste
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. All wastes materials, whether they are solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive fall within the remit of waste management Waste management practices can differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management for non-hazardous waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local governmentauthorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator subject to local, national or international controls.

Proper method of disposal 1] resource recovery 2]landfill 3]Incineration 4]recycling 5]sustainability 6]biological reprocessing 7]enerfy recovery 8]avoidance and reduction methods