Radioactive Isotopes Used in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy

Name and Symbol Americium 241Am Principal Nuclear Properties Half-life 432.7y (5.49, 5.44) (0.060) Half-life 4.53d (0.67, 1.98) (1.297) Half-life 30.0y (1.176, 0.514) Half-life 2.552min (0.662) Half-life 2.645y (6.217) Half-life 27.704d K; (0.32) Form Encapsulated source Use Diagnostic: External radiation source for bone mineral analyzer Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (intracavitary radiation source) Calcium chloride Diagnostic: Calcium metabolism studies

Calcium 47Ca Cesium 137 Cs Daughter 137m Ba Californium 252Cf Chromium 51 Cr

Cesium chloride or cesium sulfate (encased in needles or applicator cells)

Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (teletherapy source, intracavitary or interstitial radiation source)

Sealed source Chromic chloride Chromium disodium edetate Labeled human serum albumin Sodium chromate labeled red blood cells

Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (intracavitary or interstitial radiation source) Diagnostic: Determn of serum protein loss into the gastrointestinal tract Diagnostic: Determn of glomerular ltration rate Diagnostic: Placenta localization; gastrointestinal protein loss Diagnostic: Determn of red cell volume or mass; red cell survival time; evaluation of blood loss; spleen imaging; placenta localization Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (teletherapy source, intracavitary or interstitial radiation source) Diagnostic: In Schilling test for absence of intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia) or other defects of intestinal vitamin B12 absorption Diagnostic: In Schilling test for absence of intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia) or other defects of intestinal vitamin B12 absorption Diagnostic: In Schilling test for absence of intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia) or other defects of intestinal vitamin B12 absorption Diagnostic: Brain scan Diagnostic: Study of Wilsons disease Diagnostic: Functional brain imaging Diagnostic: Bone scan Diagnostic: External radiation source for bone mineral analyzer Diagnostic: Detection of neoplastic and inammatory lesions; tumor seeking agent Diagnostic: Liver imaging Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (radiation source) in treatment of widespread abdominal carcinomatosis with ascites; carcinomatosis of pleura with effusion; lymphomas; interstitially in metastatic tumors

Cobalt 60 Co

Half-life 5.271y (0.318, 1.48) (1.173, 1.332)

Metallic cobalt Radioactive vitamin B12

57

Co

Half-life 271.77d K; (0.122) Half-life 71.91d K; +(0.48) (0.811) Half-life 12.701h (0.571), + (0.657), (1.34) Half-life 1.8295h +(0.635) Half-life 241.6d K; (0.70, 0.097, 0.103) Half-life 3.261d K; (0.093, 0.184, 0.300, 0.393) Half-life 2.6935d (1.371, 0.962) (0.412)

Radioactive vitamin B12

58Co

Radioactive vitamin B12

Copper 64Cu

Copper versenate Copper acetate Fludeoxyglucose (FDG) Sodium uoride (reactor produced) Sealed source

Fluorine 18F Gadolinium 153 Gd Gallium 67 Ga Gold 198Au

Gallium citrate

Colloidal gold Colloidal gold or seeds

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Radioactive Isotopes Used in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy (Continued)

Name and Symbol Indium 113mIn Principal Nuclear Properties Half-life 1.658h (0.393) Form Indium colloid Indium Fe(OH)3 Indium labeled red blood cells Indium pentetate (DTPA) Indium transferrin Use Diagnostic: Liver and spleen imaging Diagnostic: Pulmonary perfusion imaging; cardiac output Diagnostic: Determn of blood volume Diagnostic: Brain scan; renal function studies Diagnostic: Static cardiovascular blood pool imaging; hepatic and placenta blood pool imaging; placenta localization Diagnostic: Tumor detection Diagnostic: Tumor detection for prostate cancer Diagnostic: Hematopoietic bone marrow imaging; tumor detection Diagnostic: Detection of abscesses, infections and inammation Diagnostic: Detection of deep vein thrombosis; cardiac thrombosis; renal transplant rejection Diagnostic: Detection of gastrointestinal bleeding Diagnostic: Gastric emptying studies; cardiac output; renal scintigraphy; cisternography Diagnostic: Neuroendocrine tumor detection Diagnostic: Tumor detection Diagnostic: Brain scan Diagnostic: Adrenomedullary imaging and tumor detection Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (radiation source) in treatment of neuroendocrine tumors Iodinated fats and fatty acids, e.g. oleic acid, triolein Iodinated brinogen Iodinated human serum albumin (IHSA) Diagnostic: Pancreatic function; intestinal fat absorption Diagnostic: In vitro determn of brinolytic enzymes Diagnostic: Plasma volume determn; peripheral vascular ow; cardiac output; circulation time; cerebral vascular ow. Brain scan; placenta localization. Cisternography Diagnostic: Pulmonary perfusion imaging Diagnostic: Hepatic blood pool imaging Diagnostic: Metabolic study of endogenous thyroxine. In vitro determn of thyroid function Diagnostic: In vitro determn of thyroid function Diagnostic: Protein-loss enteropathy Diagnostic: Liver function in hepatic excretion studies Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (radiation source) in treatment of non-Hodgkins lymphoma Diagnostic: Determn of renal function, renal blood ow, urinary tract obstruction; renal imaging Diagnostic: Thyroid function studies; thyroid imaging Therapeutic: Hyperthyroidism; antineoplastic (radiation source) in treatment of thyroid cancer

111In

Half-life 2.807d K; (0.172, 0.247)

Indium bleomycin Indium capromab pendetide Indium chloride Indium oxyquinoline (oxine) labeled leukocytes Indium oxyquinoline (oxine) labeled platelets Indium oxyquinoline (oxine) labeled red blood cells Indium pentetate (DTPA) Indium pentetreotide Indium satumomab pendetide

Iodine 131 I

Half-life 8.040d (0.607, 0.81, 0.336) (0.080, 0.284, 0.364, 0.637, 0.723)

Diiodouorescein Iobenguane (MIBG)

Iodinated human serum albumin (macroaggregated) Iodinated human serum albumin (microaggregated) Iodinated levothyroxine Iodinated liothyronine Iodinated povidone Iodinated rose bengal Iodinated tositumomab Iodohippurate sodium Sodium iodide

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Radioactive Isotopes Used in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy (Continued)

Name and Symbol Iodine 125I Principal Nuclear Properties Half-life 60.14d K; (0.035) Form Iodinated fats and fatty acids Iodinated brinogen Use Diagnostic: Pancreatic function; intestinal fat absorption Diagnostic: Localization of deep vein thrombosis; study of brinogen metabolism. In vitro determn of brinolytic enzymes Diagnostic: Determn of blood or plasma volume; circulation time; cardiac output Diagnostic: Metabolic study of endogenous thyroxine. In vitro determn of thyroid function Diagnostic: In vitro determn of thyroid function Diagnostic: Protein-loss enteropathy Diagnostic: Liver function in hepatic excretion studies Diagnostic: External radiation source for bone mineral analyzer Diagnostic: Thyroid function studies; thyroid imaging Diagnostic: SPECT cerebral imaging Diagnostic: Adrenomedullary imaging and tumor detection Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (radiation source) in treatment of neuroendocrine tumors Iodohippurate sodium Iofetamine hydrochloride (IMP) Ioupane (I-FP-CIT) Sodium iodide Iridium 192Ir Half-life 73.831d (0.67) (0.296, 0.308, 0.317, 0.468, 0.589, 0.604, 0.612) Half-life 44.496d (0.273, 0.475) (1.095, 1.292) Half-life 2.73y K Half-life 10.72y (0.67) (0.517) Half-life 13s (0.19) Half-life 22.3y (0.017) (0.047) Half-life 5.013d (1.16) Half-life 2.6725d K; (0.077) Chlormerodrin Merisoprol Diagnostic: Brain scan; renal imaging Diagnostic: Determn of renal function Seed encased in nylon ribbon Diagnostic: Determn of renal function, renal blood ow, urinary obstruction; renal imaging Diagnostic: Cerebral imaging Diagnostic: SPECT cerebral imaging Diagnostic: Thyroid function studies; thyroid imaging Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (interstitial radiation source)

Iodinated human serum albumin (IHSA) Iodinated levothyroxine Iodinated liothyronine Iodinated povidone Iodinated rose bengal Sealed source Sodium iodide
123I

Half-life 13.2h K; (0.159)

IACFT Iobenguane (MIBG)

Iron 59 Fe

Ferric chloride Ferrous citrate Ferrous sulfate Labeled red blood cells Labeled red blood cells Gas

Diagnostic: Ferrokinetics

Diagnostic: Red cell maturation studies Diagnostic: Red cell maturation studies Diagnostic: Cardiac abnormalities; skeletal muscle, coronary or cerebral blood ow Diagnostic: Lung ventilation studies Therapeutic: See Strontium (90Sr)

55

Fe

Krypton 85 Kr
81m

Kr

Gas Beta ray applicator

Lead RaD(210Pb) Daughter RaE(210Bi) Mercury 197Hg

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Radioactive Isotopes Used in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy (Continued)

Name and Symbol Mercury 203Hg Phosphorous 32P Principal Nuclear Properties Half-life 46.60d (0.214) (0.279) Half-life 14.282d (1.71) Form Chlormerodrin Use Diagnostic: Brain scan; renal imaging

Chromic phosphate

Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (radiation source) in treatment of peritoneal or pleural effusions caused by metastatic disease Diagnostic: Blood volume determn Diagnostic: Study of peripheral vascular disease; localization of ocular, brain and skin tumors; study of breast carcinomas Therapeutic: Polycythemia vera; chronic myelocytic leukemia; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; skeletal metastases; antineoplastic (radiation source)

Labeled red blood cells Sodium phosphate

Potassium 43 K

Half-life 22.3h (0.83, 0.46, 1.22, 1.82) (0.618, 0.373, 0.39, 0.59, 0.22) Half-life 12.360h (3.52) (1.524) Half-life 1600y (4.78, 4.60) (0.187)

Potassium chloride

Diagnostic: Myocardial scan; determn of total exchangeable potassium

42

Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Radium bromide; and particles ltered by platinum

Diagnostic: Localization of brain tumors; determn of intracellular uid space Diagnostic: Tumor detection; renal blood ow; determn of total exchangeable potassium Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (radiation source) in interstitial treatment of malignancies such as cancer of uterine cervix and fundus, oral pharynx, urinary bladder, skin and metastatic cancer of lymph nodes Therapeutic: See Radium (226Ra)

Radium 226Ra

Radon (Radium Emanation) 222 Rn (Daughter of 226 Ra) Ruthenium 106 Ru Daughter (106 Rh)

Half-life 3.825d (5.49) (0.510)

Gaseous radon; and particles ltered by 0.3 mm of gold

Half-life 1.020y (0.039) Half-life 29.80s (3.53, 3.1, 2.4) (0.512, 0.622, 1.128) Half life 1.946d (0.81,0.71, 0.64) (0.103, 0.070) Half-life 119.77d K; (0.265, 0.136, 0.121, 0.280, 0.401) Half-life 14.659h (1.389, 4.17) (1.369, 2.754) Half-life 2.602y +(0.545, 1.83) K; (1.275) Half-life 64.84d K; (0.514) Half-life 2.795h (0.388)

Beta ray applicator

Therapeutic: See Strontium (90Sr)

Samarium 153Sm

Sm-lexidronam (EDTMP)

Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (radiation source) in treatment of bone cancer

Selenium 75 Se

Selenomethionine

Diagnostic: Imaging of pancreas and parathyroid glands

Sodium 24 Na
22Na

Sodium chloride

Diagnostic: Determn of circulation times, sodium space, total exchangeable sodium Diagnostic: Determn of sodium space and total exchangeable sodium Diagnostic: Bone imaging

Sodium chloride

Strontium 85 Sr
87mSr

Strontium chloride Strontium nitrate

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Radioactive Isotopes Used in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy (Continued)

Name and Symbol Strontium 90Sr Daughter 90Y Sulfur 35S Technetium 99mTc Principal Nuclear Properties Half-life 28.5y (0.546) Half-life 2.671d (2.288) (2.186) Half-life 87.51d (0.167) Half-life 6.006h IT; (0.141) Sodium sulfate Sodium pertechnetate Form Beta ray applicator Use Therapeutic: External irradiation for treatment of benign conditions of eye such as pterygia, traumatic corneal ulceration, corneal scars, vernal conjunctivitis, hemangioma of eyelid, vascularization of cornea and in preparation for a corneal transplant Diagnostic: Determn of extracellular uid volume Diagnostic: Brain imaging. Cerebral angiography; thyroid imaging; salivary gland imaging; placenta localization; blood pool imaging; gastric mucosa imaging; cardiac function studies; renal blood ow studies. Urinary bladder imaging. Nasolacrimal drainage system imaging Diagnostic: Determn of red blood cell volume, short-term survival studies. In vitro compatibility studies Diagnostic: Blood pool imaging; cardiovascular studies; placenta localization; determn of blood or plasma volumes Diagnostic: Pulmonary perfusion imaging Diagnostic: Liver imaging Diagnostic: Acute venous thrombosis imaging Diagnostic: Tumor detection for colorectal cancer Diagnostic: Brain imaging Diagnostic: Brain imaging Diagnostic: Tumor detection for lung cancer Diagnostic: Hepatobiliary imaging Diagnostic: Bone imaging Diagnostic: Cerebral perfusion imaging Diagnostic: Imaging and diagnosis of infections Diagnostic: Brain imaging; renal imaging; assess renal and brain perfusion Diagnostic: Determn of red cell volume; short-term red cell survival studies Diagnostic: Hepatobiliary imaging Diagnostic: Hepatobiliary imaging Diagnostic: Bone imaging Diagnostic: Renal imaging Diagnostic: Bone imaging Diagnostic: Brain imaging; renal imaging; assess renal and brain perfusion; estimate glomerular ltration rate. Lung ventilation studies Diagnostic: Bone imaging; myocardial imaging; blood pool imaging; detection of gastrointestinal bleeding Diagnostic: Bone imaging; cardiac imaging; blood pool imaging; detection of gastrointestinal bleeding Diagnostic: Myocardial perfusion imaging Diagnostic: Renal imaging Diagnostic: Detection of infections and inammation

Sodium pertechnetate labeled red blood cells Tc-albumin

Tc-albumin (aggregated) Tc-albumin (microaggregated) Tc-apcitide Tc-arcitumomab Tc-bicisate Tc-butedronate (DPD) Tc-depreotide Tc-disofenin (DISIDA) Tc-etidronate (EHDP) Tc-exametazine (HM-PAO) Tc-fanolesomab Tc-gluceptate Tc-labeled red blood cells Tc-lidofenin (HIDA) Tc-mebrofenin Tc-medronate (MDP) Tc-mertiatide (MAG3) Tc-oxidronate (HDP) Tc-pentetate (DTPA)

Tc-polyphosphates

Tc-pyrophosphate

Tc-sestamibi (HEXAMIBI) Tc-succimer Tc-sulesomab

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Radioactive Isotopes Used in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy (Continued)

Name and Symbol Technetium 99mTc (Contd) Principal Nuclear Properties Form Tc-sulfur colloid Use Diagnostic: Liver, spleen and bone marrow imaging. Esophageal transit studies; gastro-esophageal reux scintigraphy; determn of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents; detection of intrapulmonary and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Lung ventilation imaging Diagnostic: Myocardial perfusion imaging Diagnostic: Myocardial perfusion imaging Diagnostic: Myocardial perfusion imaging; localization of sites of parathyroid hyperactivity Diagnostic: Pulmonary perfusion imaging; cerebral blood ow; lung ventilation studies Diagnostic: Pulmonary perfusion imaging; regional blood ow; lung ventilation studies Diagnostic: Pulmonary perfusion imaging; lung ventilation studies Diagnostic: Cisternography; brain scan

Tc-teboroxime Tc-tetrofosmin Thallium 201 Tl Xenon 133 Xe Half-life 3.046d K; (0.135, 0.167) Half-life 5.245d (0.346) (0.081) Half-life 36.41d K; (0.172, 0.203) Half-life 32.022d K; (0.063, 0.100, 0.313, 0.177, 0.198, 0.308) Half life 2.671d (2.288) (2.186) Thallous chloride

Gas Gas in saline solution Gas

127Xe

Ytterbium 169 Yb

Yb-pentetate (DTPA)

Yttrium 90 Y

Y-edotreotide Y-epratuzumab Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan

Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (radiation source) in treatment of neuroendocrine tumors Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (radiation source) in treatment of non-Hodgkins lymphoma Therapeutic: Antineoplastic (radiation source) in treatment of non-Hodgkins lymphoma

References 1. S. Baum, R. Bramlet, Basic Nuclear Medicine (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1975). 2. C. Behrns et al., Atomic Medicine (Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 5th ed., 1969). 3. H.M. Chilton, R. L. Witcofski, Nuclear Pharmacy (Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986). 4. CRC Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, Y. Wang, Ed. (Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 1969). 5. Diagnostic and Investigational Uses of Radiolabeled Blood Elements, R. J. Davey, M. E. Wallace, Eds. (Am. Assoc. of Blood Banks, Arlington, Va., 1987). 6. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, S. C. Sweetman, Ed. (Pharmaceutical Press, London, 34th ed., 2005) pp. 1522-1526. 7. Physicians Desk Reference for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, L. M. Freeman, M. D. Blaufox, Editorial Consultants (Medical Economics Co., Oradell, N.J., 4th ed., 1974/75, 5th ed., 1975/76.). 8. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, A. R. Gennaro, Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 20th ed., 2000) pp. 469-482. 9. D. P. Swanson et al., Pharmaceuticals in Medical Imaging (Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1990). Notes 1. The following abbreviations for time units are used: y = years, d = days, h = hours, min = minutes, s = seconds. 2. The column for Principal Nuclear Properties lists the principal modes of disintegration and energies of the radiation in million electronvolts (MeV) for the individual isotopes. Symbols used to represent the modes of decay are: = alpha particle emission, = beta particle, + = positron, = gamma ray, K = electron capture.

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