Henri Lefebvre

Henri Lefebvre (French: [l!fv]; 16 June 1901 29 June 1991) was a French Marxist philosopher and sociologist, best known for pioneering the critique of everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the right to the city and the production of social space, and for his work on dialectics, alienation, and criticism of Stalinism and structuralism. In his prolific career, Lefebvre wrote more than sixty books and three hundred articles.[1]

Biography
Lefebvre was born in Hagetmau, Landes, France. He studied philosophy at the University of Paris (the Sorbonne), graduating in 1920. By 1924 he was working with Paul Nizan, Norbert Guterman, Georges Friedmann, Georges Politzer and Pierre Morhange in the Philosophies group seeking a "philosophical revolution".[2] This brought them into contact with the Surrealists, Dadaists, and other groups, before they moved towards the French Communist Party (PCF). Lefebvre joined the PCF in 1928 and became one of the most prominent French Marxist Intellectuals during the second quarter of the 20th century, before joining the French resistance.[3] From 1944 to 1949, he was the director of Radiodiffusion Franaise, a French radio broadcaster in Toulouse. Among his works was a highly influential, anti-Stalinist, text on dialectics called Dialectical Materialism (1940). Seven years later, Lefebvre published his first volume of The Critique of Everyday Life, which would later serve as a primary intellectual inspiration for the founding of COBRA and, eventually, of the Situationist International.[4] His early work on method was applauded and borrowed centrally by Sartre in The Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960). During Lefebvres thirty year stint with the PCF, he was chosen to publish critical attacks on opposed theorists, especially existentialists like Sartre and Lefebvre's former colleague Nizan,[5] only to intentionally get himself expelled from the party for his own heterodox theoretical and political opinions in the late 1950s. Ironically, he became one of Frances most important critics of the PCFs politics (e.g. immediately, the lack of an opinion on Algeria, and more generally, the partial apologism for and continuation of Stalinism) and intellectual thought (i.e. Structuralism, especially the work of Louis Althusser).[6] In 1961, Lefebvre became professor of sociology at the University of Strasbourg, before joining the faculty at the new university at Nanterre in 1965.[7] He was one of the most respected professors, and he had influenced and analysed the May 1968 stu-

dents revolt.[8] In response to the events of 1968, he introduced the concept of The Right to the City in his 1968 book Le Droit la ville.[9][10] Following the publication of this book, Lefebvre wrote several influential works on cities, urbanism, and space, including The Production of Space (1974), which became one of the most influential and heavily cited works of urban theory. By the 1970s, Lefebvre had also published some of the first critical statements on the work of post-structuralists, especially Foucault.[11] During the following years he was involved in the editorial group of Arguments, a New Left magazine which largely served to enable the French public to familiarize themselves with Central European revisionism.[12] Lefebvre died in 1991. In his obituary, Radical Philosophy magazine honored his long and complex career and influence: "the most prolific of French Marxist intellectuals, died during the night of 2829 June 1991, less than a fortnight after his ninetieth birthday. During his long career, his work has gone in and out of fashion several times, and has influenced the development not only of philosophy but also of sociology, geography, political science and literary criticism."[13]

The Critique of everyday life

One of Lefebvre's most important contributions to social thought is the idea of the "critique of everyday life," which he pioneered in the 1930s. This work was influential in French theory, particularly for the Situationists, as well as in politics (e.g. for the May 1968 student revolts).[14] While the theme presented itself in many works, it was most notably outlined in his eponymous 3 volume study, which came out in individual installments, decades apart, in 1947, 1961, and 1981. Lefebvre defined everyday life dialectically as the intersection of illusion and truth, power and helplessness; the intersection of the sector man controls and the sector he does not control,[15] and is where the perpetually transformative conflict occurs between diverse, specific rhythms: the bodys polyrhythmic bundles of natural rhythms, physiological (natural) rhythms, and social rhythms (Lefebvre and Rgulier, 1985: 73.[16] The idea was that through autocritique, people could understand and then revolutionize their everyday lives. This was essential to Lefebvre because everyday life was where he saw capitalism surviving and reproducing itself. Without revolutionizing everyday life, capitalism would continue to diminish the quality of everyday life, and inhibit real self expression.

The (social) production of space

Lefebvre dedicated a great deal of his philosophical writings to understanding the importance of (the production of) space in what he called the reproduction of social relations of production. This idea is the central argument in the book The Survival of Capitalism, written as a sort of prelude to La Production de lespace (1974) (The Production of Space). These works have deeply influenced current urban theory, mainly within human geography, as seen in the current work of authors such as David Harvey, Dolores Hayden, and Edward Soja, and in the contemporary discussions around the notion of Spatial justice. Lefebvre is widely recognized as a Marxist thinker who was responsible for widening considerably the scope of Marxist theory, embracing everyday life and the contemporary meanings and implications of the ever expanding reach of the urban in the western world throughout the 20th century. The generalization of industry, and its relation to cities (which is treated in La Pense marxiste et la ville), The Right to the City and The Urban Revolution were all themes of Lefebvre's writings in the late 1960s, which was concerned, among other aspects, with the deep transformation of "the city" into "the urban" which culminated in its omni-presence (the "complete urbanization of society"). In his book The Urban Question, Manuel Castells criticizes Lefebvre's Marxist Humanism and approach to the city influenced by Hegel and Nietzsche. Castells' political criticisms of Lefebvre's approach to Marxism echoed the Structuralist Scientific Marxism school of Louis Althusser of which Lefebvre was an immediate critic. Many responses to Castells are provided in The Survival of Capitalism, and some may argue[who?] that the acceptance of those critiques in the academic world would be a motive for Lefebvre's effort in writing the long and theoretically dense The Production of Space. Lefebvre contends that there are different modes of production of space (i.e. spatialization) from natural space ('absolute space') to more complex spatialities whose significance is socially produced (i.e. social space).[17] Lefebvre analyses each historical mode as a three-part dialectic between everyday practices and perceptions (le peru), representations or theories of space (le conu) and the spatial imaginary of the time (le vcu).[18] His conception of "imaginary" draws from the work Cornelius Castoriadis. Lefebvre's argument in The Production of Space is that space is a social product, or a complex social construction (based on values, and the social production of meanings) which affects spatial practices and perceptions. This argument implies the shift of the research perspective from space to processes of its production; the embrace of the multiplicity of spaces that are socially produced and made productive in social practices; and the focus on the contradictory, conflictual, and, ultimately, political character of the processes of production of space.[19] As a Marxist theorist (but highly criti-

cal of the economic structuralism that dominated the academic discourse in his period), Lefebvre argues that this social production of urban space is fundamental to the reproduction of society, hence of capitalism itself. The social production of space is commanded by a hegemonic class as a tool to reproduce its dominance (see Gramsci). "(Social) space is a (social) product [...] the space thus produced also serves as a tool of thought and of action [...] in addition to being a means of production it is also a means of control, and hence of domination, of power."[20] Lefebvre argued that every society - and therefore every mode of production - produces a certain space, its own space. The city of the ancient world cannot be understood as a simple agglomeration of people and things in space - it had its own spatial practice, making its own space (which was suitable for itself - Lefebvre argues that the intellectual climate of the city in the ancient world was very much related to the social production of its spatiality). Then if every society produces its own space, any "social existence" aspiring to be or declaring itself to be real, but not producing its own space, would be a strange entity, a very peculiar abstraction incapable of escaping the ideological or even cultural spheres. Based on this argument, Lefebvre criticized Soviet urban planners, on the basis that they failed to produce a socialist space, having just reproduced the modernist model of urban design (interventions on physical space, which were insufficient to grasp social space) and applied it onto that context: "Change life! Change Society! These ideas lose completely their meaning without producing an appropriate space. A lesson to be learned from soviet constructivists from the 1920s and 30s, and of their failure, is that new social relations demand a new space, and vice-versa."[21]

Bibliography
1925 Positions d'attaque et de dfense du nouveau mysticisme, Philosophies 5-6 (March). pp. 471506. (Philosophy. Pt. 2 of the "Philosophy of Consciousness" project on being, consciousness and identity originally proposed as a thesis topic to Leon Brunschvicg). 1934 with Norbert Guterman, Morceaux choisis de Karl Marx, Paris: NRF. (numerous reprintings). 1936 with Norbert Guterman, La Conscience mystifie, Paris: Gallimard (new ed. Paris: Le Sycomore, 1979). 1937 Le nationalisme contre les nations (Preface by Paul Nizan), Paris: Editions sociales internationales (reprinted, Paris: Mridiens-Klincksliek, 1988, Collection "Analyse institutionnelle", Prsentation M. Trebitsch, Postface Henri Lefebvre).

1938 Hitler au pouvoir, bilan de cinq annes de fascisme en Allemagne, Paris: Bureau d'Editions. 1938 with Norbert Guterman, Morceaux choisis de Hegel, Paris: Gallimard (3 reprintings 1938-*1939, reprinted Collection "Ides", 2 vols. 1969). 1938 with Norbert Guterman, Cahiers de Lnine sur la dialectique de Hegel , Paris: Gallimard. 1939 Nietzsche, Paris: Editions sociales internationales. 1946 L'Existentialisme, Paris: Editions du Sagittaire. 1947 Logique formelle, logique dialectique, Vol. 1 of A la lumire du matrialisme dialectique, written in 1940-41 (2nd volume censored). Paris: Editions sociales. 1947 Descartes, Paris: Editions Hier et Aujourd'hui. 1950 Knowledge and Social Criticism, Philosophic Thought in France and the USA Albany N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 281300 (2nd ed. 1968). 1958 Problmes actuels du marxisme, Paris: Presses universitaires de France; 4th edition, 1970, Collection "Initiation philosophique" 1958 (with Lucien Goldmann, Claude Roy, Tristan Tzara) Le romantisme rvolutionnaire, Paris: La Nef. 1961 Critique de la vie quotidienne II, Fondements d'une sociologie de la quotidiennet, Paris: L'Arche. 1963 La valle de Campan - Etude de sociologie rurale, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 1965 Mtaphilosophie, foreword by Jean Wahl, Paris: Editions de Minuit, Collection "Arguments". 1965 La Proclamation de la Commune, Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Trente Journes qui ont fait la France". 1968 Le Droit la ville, Paris: Anthropos (2nd ed.); Paris: Ed. du Seuil, Collection "Points". 1968 La vie quotidienne dans le monde moderne, Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Ides". .; John Sturrock (translator) (1968. Reprinted 2009), Dialectical Materialism, Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 978-0-8166-5618-9, retrieved 26 September 2010 First published 1940 by Presses Universitaires de France, as Le Matrialisme Dialectique. First English translation published 1968 by Jonathan Cape Ltd. ISBN 0-224-61507-6 1968 Sociology of Marx, N. Guterman trans. of 1966c, New York: Pantheon. 1969 The Explosion: From Nanterre to the Summit, Paris: Monthly Review Press. Originally published 1968. 1970 La rvolution urbaine Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Ides". 1971 Le manifeste diffrentialiste, Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Ides". 1971 Au-del du structuralisme, Paris: Anthropos. 1972 La pense marxiste et la ville, Tournai and Paris: Casterman.

1973 La survie du capitalisme; la re-production des rapports de production. Trans. Frank Bryant as The Survival of Capitalism. London: Allison and Busby, 1976. 1974 La production de l'espace, Paris: Anthropos. Translation and Prcis available online. 1974 with Leszek Koakowski Evolution or Revolution, F. Elders, ed. Reflexive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind, London: Souvenir. pp. 199267. ISBN 0-28564742-3 1975 Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, ou le royaume des ombres, Paris: Tournai, Casterman. Collection "Synthses contemporaines". ISBN 2-203-23109-2 1975 Le temps des mprises: Entretiens avec Claude Glayman, Paris: Stock. ISBN 2234-00174-9 1978 with Catherine Rgulier La rvolution n'est plus ce qu'elle tait, Paris: Editions Libres-Hallier (German trans. Munich, 1979). ISBN 2-264-00849-0 1978 Les contradictions de l'Etat moderne, La dialectique de l'Etat, Vol. 4 of 4 De 1'Etat, Paris: UGE, Collection "10/18". 1980 La prsence et l'absence, Paris: Casterman. ISBN 2-203-23172-6 1981 Critique de la vie quotidienne, III. De la modernit au modernisme (Pour une mtaphilosophie du quotidien) Paris: L'Arche. 1981 De la modernit au modernisme: pour une mtaphilosophie du quotidien, Paris: L'Arche Collection "Le sens de la march". 1985 with Catherine Rgulier-Lefebvre, Le projet rythmanalytique Communications 41. pp. 191199. 1986 with Serge Renaudie and Pierre Guilbaud, "International Competition for the New Belgrade Urban Structure Improvement", in Autogestion, or Henri Lefebvre in New Belgrade, Vancouver: Fillip Editions. ISBN 978-0-9738133-5-7 1988 Toward a Leftist Cultural Politics: Remarks Occasioned by the Centenary of Marx's Death, D. Reifman trans., L.Grossberg and C.Nelson (eds.) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, Urbana: University of Illinois Press; New York: Macmillan. pp. 7588. ISBN 0-252-01108-2 1991 The Critique of Everyday Life, Volume 1, John Moore trans., London: Verso. Originally published 1947. ISBN 0-86091-340-6 1991 with Patricia Latour and Francis Combes, Conversation avec Henri Lefebvre P. Latour and F. Combes eds., Paris: Messidor, Collection "Libres propos". 1991 The Production of Space, Donald Nicholson-Smith trans., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Originally published 1974. ISBN 0-631-14048-4 1992 with Catherine Regulier-Lefebvre Elments de rythmanalyse: Introduction la connaissance des rythmes, preface by Ren Lorau, Paris: Ed. Syllepse, Collection "Explorations et dcouvertes". English translation: Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life, Stuart Elden,

Gerald Moore trans. Continuum, New York, 2004. 1995 Introduction to Modernity: Twelve Preludes September 1959-May 1961, J. Moore, trans., London: Verso. Originally published 1962. ISBN 1-85984-961-X 1996 Writings on Cities, E. Kofman and E. Lebas, trans. and eds., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19187-9 2003 Key Writings, Stuart Elden, Elizabeth Lebas, Eleonore Kofman eds. London/New York: Continuum. 2009 State, Space, World: Selected Essay, Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden, eds. Gerald Moore, Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden trans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Books on Lefebvre
Rob Shields, Love and Struggle - Spatial Dialectics (London: Routledge 1999) Stuart Elden, Understanding Henri Lefebvre: Theory and the Possible (London/New York: Continuum, 2004) Andy Merrifield, Henri Lefebvre: A Critical Introduction (London: Routledge, 2006) Goonewardena, K., Kipfer, S., Milgrom, R. & Schmid, C. eds. Space, Difference, Everyday Life: Reading Henri Lefebvre. (New York: Routledge, 2008) Stanek, L. Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011) Andrzej Zieleniec: Space and Social Theory, London 2007, p. 6097.

References
1. Shields, Rob (1999). Lefebvre Love and Struggle. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09370-8. 2. Michel Trebitsch: Introduction to Critique of Everyday Life Vol 1 3. Mark Poster, 1975, Existential Marxism in Postwar France: From Sartre to Althusser, Princeton University Press, ISBN 101-574-917. 4. October magazine interview with Lefebvre, 1983 5. Radical Philosophy obituary, Spring 1992 6. Henri Lefebvre and Leszek Koakowski Evolution or Revolution, F. Elders ed. Reflexive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind, London: Souvenir. pp. 199 267. ISBN 0-285-64742-3 7. Michel Trebitsch: preface to Critique of Everyday Life Vol 3, 1981 8. Vincent Cespedes, May 68, Philosophy is in the Street! (Larousse, Paris, 2008). 9. Mark Purcell, Excavating Lefebvre: The right to the city and its urban politics of the inhabitant, GeoJournal 58: 99108, 2002. 10. Right to the City as a response to the crisis: Convergence or divergence of urban social movements?, Knut Unger, Reclaiming Spaces

11. Radical Philosophy obituary, 1991 12. Gombin, Richard (1971). The Origins of Modern Leftism. Penguin. ISBN 0-14021846-7., p40 13. Radical Philosophy obituary, 1991. 14. Ross, Kristin (2005). May 68 and its afterlives. University of Chicago. ISBN 0226727998. 15. Lefebvre, Henri (1947). The Critique of Everyday Life. Verso. ISBN 1844671941., p40 16. Lefebvre, Henri and Regular, Catherine (2004). Rhythmanalysis. Continuum. ISBN 0826472990. 17. "Place, A Short Introduction", Tim Cresswell 18. Shields, Rob Places on the Margin, Routledge, 1991, ISBN 0-415-08022-3 pp. 50-58. 19. Stanek, Lukasz Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory, University of Minnesota Press, 2011, p. ix. 20. Lefebvre, Henri, The Production of Space, Blackwell, 1991, ISBN 0-631-18177-6. p. 26. 21. Lefebvre, Henri The Production of Space, Blackwell, 1991, ISBN 0-631-18177-6. p. 59

External links
The Ignored Philosopher and Social Theorist: The Work of Henri Lefebvre by Stanley Aronowitz, in: Situations, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 133155 (PDF available). Henri Lefebvre, Urban Research and Architecture Today Review of The Production of Space in Not Bored Review of The First Situationist Symphony in Not Bored "La Somme et la Reste" Newsletter (in French) "Henri Lefebvre: Introduction" (Slideshow) by Rob Shields "Henri Lefebvre: Philosopher of Everyday Life" (2001) by Rob Shields Lefebvre, Love and Struggle - Spatial Dialectics (London: Routledge 1999) by Rob Shields Includes largely complete bibliography of Henri Lefebvre's work. Review of Lefebvre, Love and Struggle "An English Prcis of Henri Lefebvre's La Production de l'Espace" Urban and Regional Studies Working Paper (Sussex University 1986) by Rob Shields "Bioinformatic Alignments" by Jordan Crandall "Central Europe and the Nationalist Paradigm" (University of Texas at Austin 1996) by Katherine Arens "La Mthode d'Henri Lefebvre" in Multitudes by Rmi Hess (in French) Henri Lefebvre's relation to Critiques of Everyday Life (Situas, CoBrA etc) "Homage to Lefebvre" in Jornal a Pgina da Educao by Guilhermino Monteiro (in

Portuguese) Stadt, Raum und Gesellschaft: Henri Lefebvre und die Theorie der Produktion des Raumes by Christian Schmid (in German) "Postmodern Spacings" in Postmodern Culture by Mark Nunes et al. "Taken for Granted - The Representation of Space and Place" by Sam Appleby "Towards a Heuristic Method: Sartre and Lefebvre" by Michael Kelly in Sartre Studies International, vol. 5, no. 1, 1999, pp. 115. Henri Lefebvre on Space Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory by Lukasz Stanek