Lecture 14

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions The Chain Rule and Parametric Equations

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

3.4
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Many natural phenomena are approximately periodic e.g. electromagnetic fields, heart rhythms, tides, weather Derivatives of sine and cosines play a role in describing periodic changes.

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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Exercise: By using identity sin (x+h)=sin x cos h + cos x sin h, show that d/dx (sin x) = cos x.

Eg.
y = x2 - sin x y = 2x cos x b) y = ex sin x y = ex sin x + ex cos x = ex (sin x + cos x) c) y = sin x / x y = (x cos x sin x )/x2
a)

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Eg.
a) y = 5ex + cos x y = 5ex sin x b) y= sin x cos x y = cos2 x sin2 x c) y = cos x / (1 - sin x) y = 1/(1- sin x)

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E.g. Simple harmonic motion

It is stretched down 5 units beyond its rest position and released at time t=0. It position at any time t later is s = 5 cos t. What are its velocity and acceleration at time t?

What are the amplitude and period of the motion? The amplitude is 5 and period is 2. What is the greatest velocity and at what position does it occur? v = -5 sin t, the greatest velocity with magnitude of 5 occurs when cos t =0, i.e. when s=0 (the rest position).

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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At which position is acceleration zero and at which position is the acceleration the largest in magnitude? Acceleration value is always exact opposite of position value. When weight is above rest position, gravity is pulling it back down, when the weight is below the rest position, the spring is pulling it back. Acceleration, a= -5 cos t, is zero only at rest position, where cos t =0 and force of gravity =force from spring. Acceleration is greatest in magnitude at points farthest from the rest position, where cos t = 1.

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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Example
Find d(tan x)/dx
d (tan x) dx d sin x ( ) dx cos x d d cos x (sin x) sin x (cos x) dx dx cos2 x

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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Find y if y=sec x. y= sec x tan x y == sec3x + sec x tan2 x

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3.5
The Chain Rule and Parametric Equations

Example

Differentiate y=sin (x2+ex) with respect to x. Let u= x2+ex, du/dx = 2x + ex dy/du = cos u y = [cos (x2+ex)] (2x + ex)

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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Ex.
Differentiate a) y = ecos x
b) g(t) = tan (5 - sin 2t) c) y=(5x3-x4)7

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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Eg.
d x dx d x2 dx d 2 x 2 dx 2 x 1 1 2x 2x x ,x0 x

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Example
Formula for derivatives of both sin x and cos x were obtained under the assumption that x is measured in radians, not degrees. Since 180o= rad, xo= x/180, sin (xo)= sin x/180 d/dx [sin (xo)] = d/dx sin x/180 = (/180) cos (xo)

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Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Parametric equations
Convenient to describe the curve by expressing both coordinates as a function of a third variable t. So, path of motion of a particle is described by a pair of equations, x=f(t) and y=g(t).

t is a parameter for the curve, its domain I is the parameter interval.

If I is a t b, (f(a), g(a)) is the initial point and (f(b), g(b)) is the terminal point.

E.g.
Graph the parametric curves, x=cos t and y=sin t for 0t 2.

Example:
Given P(x,y) where x=t and y=t, t0. Identify the path traced by the particle and describe the motion.

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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Example
Describe motion of a particle whose position P(x,y) at time t is given by x = a cos t, y = b sin t for 0 t 2. Find the line tangent to the curve at the point (a/2, b/2) where t=/4. a and b both positive. Cartesion equation for the particles coordinates: cos t = x/a, sin t=y/b cos2t+sin2 t =1 (x/a)2+(y/b)2=1 i.e ellipse. t=0, x=a, y=0, so motion starts at (a, 0). As t increases the particle rises & moves toward the left, moving anticlockwise. It traverses the ellipse once, returning to its starting position at t=2 .

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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The slope of the tangent line to the ellipse when t=/4 is

dy dx t dy dt dx dt b 2 a 2 b a

The tangent line is

b 2

b (x a

a ) 2

b 2

b (x a

a ) 2

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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Example
Find d2y/dx2 as a function of t if x=t-t2, y=t-t3. Express y in terms of t. Differentiate wrt t. Divide dy/dt by dx/dt.

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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Solution
dy y' dx dy dt dx dt 1 3t 2 1 2t

dy' dx
d y dx 2
2

d 1 3t 2 ( ) dt 1 2t
dy' dt dx dt

2 6t 6t 2 (1 2t ) 2
2 6t 6t 2 (1 2t ) 3
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(2 6t 6t 2 ) /(1 2t ) 2 1 2t

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley