BC Pool Design Guidelines

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design V1.
Health Protection Branch Population Health and Wellness Division Ministry of Health
April 2011
B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

INTRODUCTION
The B.C. Pool Regulation, B.C. Reg. 296/2010 replaced the existing Swimming Pool, Spray Pool and Wading Pool Regulation, B.C. Reg. 289/72, and the Pool Exemption Regulation, B.C. Reg. 256/98. The regulation came into effect on October 8, 2010. The regulation modernizes the requirements for the design, construction, alterations to, and operation of swimming and bathing facilities offered for use by the public. The new regulation is a shift from a prescriptive to an outcome based regulation, and the Design Guidelines document is to assist operators and regulators in interpreting the B.C. Pools Regulation with respect to the design of pools. These guidelines represent generally accepted minimum standards of safe practices. The guidelines were developed with input from a number of key stakeholders including British Columbias health authorities, BC Parks and Recreation Association, the Lifesaving Society, Canadian Institute of Public Health Inspectors, Architects Institute of B.C., WorkSafe BC and the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of B.C. Where there is a discrepancy between the B.C. Pool Regulation and these guidelines, the Pool Regulation shall prevail. The design guidelines may be reviewed and updated from time to time. Please visit www.health.gov.bc.ca/protect/ehp_recreational_water_quality.html for updates.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. POOL DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS ............................................... 4 Deck and Walkway Design .................................................................................. 4 Reduced Walkways ............................................................................................. 6 Surfaces and Other Deck Considerations ............................................................ 6 Depth Markings ................................................................................................... 8 Lighting................................................................................................................ 9 Electrical Requirements ..................................................................................... 10 Lifeguard Stands ............................................................................................... 10 Pool Enclosure / Fences, Decorative Rocks and Landscaping .......................... 11 Pool Basin ......................................................................................................... 15 Steps, Stairs and Ladders ................................................................................. 17 Diving Boards and Platforms ............................................................................. 18 Handrails and Guardrails ................................................................................... 19 Change Rooms, Plumbing Fixtures and Other Considerations .......................... 20 Temperature of Shower Water........................................................................... 22 Spectator Seating .............................................................................................. 23 Air Quality, Humidity, HVAC Systems ................................................................ 23 B. CIRCULATION SYSTEM .................................................................................. 24 Cross Connection Control.................................................................................. 24 General Circulation Requirements, including Water Quality............................... 25 Gutters and Skimmers ....................................................................................... 28 Main Drain ......................................................................................................... 30 Suction Hazards ................................................................................................ 31 Entrapment Hazards.......................................................................................... 33 Maximum Bathing Load ..................................................................................... 34 Surge Capacity .................................................................................................. 34 Measurement of Circulation, Automatic Disinfection and Chemical Feed .......... 35 Gas Chlorination ................................................................................................ 36 Other Disinfectants and Considerations............................................................. 37 Mechanical Rooms, Equipment Rooms and Chemical Storage Areas ............... 38 Filtration ............................................................................................................ 39 Wave Pools ....................................................................................................... 40 Play Equipment ................................................................................................. 41 Pool Slides ........................................................................................................ 42 Waterslides .................................................................................................... 43 Wading and Spray Pools General Requirements ............................................ 44 Winter Hazards.................................................................................................. 45 APPENDIX .............................................................................................................. 46 Swimming Pool Data Sheet ............................................................................... 46

A. POOL DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS
Deck and Walkway Design
Pools must have sufficient room surrounding them, designed and maintained in a manner to allow for patrons, including those with disabilities, to pass safely and allow for staff and emergency workers access to all areas of the pool. There should be sufficient room for an ambulance gurney to pass easily. Guideline A continuous apron or walkway should extend completely around the pool and provide: (a) a minimum walkway width of 1.22 m (4 ft) beyond the edge of the pool: internal pool walls or walls that divide pools into one or more sections that are not intended for walking on may be allowed to be less than 1.22 m (4 ft) wide (signage should be placed indicating no bather access, as appropriate). Consideration should be given to capping such dividing walls with such a finish that discourages patrons form standing or walking on these surfaces (i.e. decorative rocks). where the pool incorporates features adjacent to the pool (slides, columns, play features) that obstruct access to the pool at that point, 1.22 m (4 ft) wide deck should extend around such obstruction, provided adequate emergency access can be attained. (b) drainage away from the pool edge in a manner that will not create muddy, hazardous or objectionable conditions with the pool enclosure and will facilitate washing and drainage without obstructions to the drains (c) when required, drains, that are at least 10 cm (4 in) across (or perimeter trench drains) and covered with a grating where openings do not cause toe entrapment (approx. 8mm (3/8 in)); (d) drains and covers should be designed and installed to present no sharp edges that could harm bare wet ft; (d) drains spaced at not more than 7.62 m (25 ft) so that no more than 37.2 m2 (400 sq ft) of apron area is tributary to any one drain; (e) drainage systems that are designed in accordance with good engineering
practice and the B.C. Building Code (current edition); and

(f) for decorative features that may be used to direct ft traffic in a manner that does not interfere with deck drainage or impede emergency access.

In addition, all continuous aprons or walkways should:
(a) be made of durable material which:

(i) is impervious to moisture; (ii) is designed to minimize bacterial growth; and (iii) allows for thorough cleaning; and (b) retain a texture which is non-slip (slip-resistant) and causes no discomfort to bare ft; and (c) be designed to: (i) slope to drain with a minimum uniform slope of 2 per cent and a maximum slope of 4 per cent, except for wheelchair (accessible) ramps; (ii) be free of tripping hazards such as uneven surfaces or changes in elevation; and (iii) be free from physical hazards that could cause injury to bare ft. Further consideration may be given to: (a) wheelchair access to pool and change facilities; (b) storage space for mobility aids near pool entrance (i.e. areas where walkers, canes and wheelchairs can be stored without creating a trip hazard for others while those who own them are in the pool; (c) seating areas along stretches of walkways for those who may easily tire when walking long distances; and (d) limiting the use of contrasting colours or textures to the edges of stairs, ledges, drop offs, etc. Use of contrasts may pose challenges for those with impaired cognition or limited vision.

Reduced Walkways
As per previous section, pools must have sufficient room surrounding them, designed and maintained in a manner to allow for patrons, including those with disabilities, to pass safely and allow for staff and emergency workers access to all areas of the pool. In some cases this may be reduced without significantly increasing risk. Guideline For hot tubs and therapeutic pools, pools less than 10 m2 (107 sq ft) in area may have a reduced walkway width of 60 cm (2 ft) for up to 75 per cent of the pool perimeter. The access to the pool shall be from a walkway 120 cm (4 ft) or greater in width. In such a case, there is no reason for two people to need to pass on one side of the pool, but still allows for cleaning and maintenance.
Surfaces and Other Deck Considerations

Due to the wet environment of a pool, slip and falls can cause injury. Slip resistant surfaces can help reduce this risk. Background In North America, the tile industry uses the ASTM Standard C1028-96 (Standard Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter Method). The ASTM C1028 test method for measuring the coefficient of friction (wet) is based on either a rubber or leather sample. The ASTM C1028 is a TEST METHOD and not a safety standard. The interpretation of the test results are found in Standard 69-5 of the Ceramic Tile Institute (Tile Manual, CTI of America, 1991), for skid resistance. intile must achieve a wet and dry value of not less than 0.60. When coefficient of friction values are lower (.20, .30 or .40) it indicates the surface is more slippery. When coefficient of friction values are higher (.60, .70 or .80) it indicates the surface is more slip-resistant. in These tests are not performed on bare wet ft; therefore there is an element of subjectivity in determining which tiles will provide an adequate non-slip surface upon installation. Other slip resistance test methods from Germany and Australia provide a wet bareft rating (e.g. DIN 51097 Slipperiness Classification; Standards Australia & CSIRO Handbook HB 197 - An Introductory Guide to the Slip Resistance of Pedestrian Surface Materials).

These wet bareft ratings are not inabsolute in. For example, the Standards Australia HB:197 recommends swimming pool surrounds receive a inB in slip resistant surface, however some facilities have found unsatisfactory performance from their B surface in regards to the number of slip-related accidents. The Royal Life Saving Society of Australia has published under their Guidelines for Safe Pool Operation Manual a complete section on Facility Design. This includes specific recommendation that Category inC in tiles only should be used for: Pool concourses. Pool edges, stairs, ramps, beach entries. Shallow end floors (where bathers can stand) of competition & lap pools. Toddlers & learners pool floors. The selection of tiles requires the designer to consider the suitability of the tile for the application.
Guideline General Floors in dressing rooms, shower stalls, toilet areas, pool basins, decks, and other walking areas, including stairs, should be: (d) made of durable material which: (i) is impervious to moisture; (ii) is designed to minimize bacterial growth; (iii) allows for thorough cleaning; and (e) retains a texture which is non-slip (slip-resistant) and causes no discomfort to bare ft; and (f) designed to: (i) slope to drain with a minimum uniform slope of 2 per cent and a maximum slope of 4 per cent, except for wheelchair (accessible) ramps; (ii) be free of tripping hazards such as uneven surfaces or changes in elevation; and (iii) be free from physical hazards that could cause injury to bare ft. Tiles Tiles proposed for all pool areas should be: a) slip-resistant and have a surface which is not conducive to slipping under contact of bare ft; b) designated by the manufacturer as suitable for walking surfaces in wet areas or for use in pool areas, and c) coved at the wall juncture for ease of cleaning.

Test results for one or more of the above methods of determining slip-resistance should be provided with the application. Consider using smaller tile sizes, i.e. less than 10 cm x 10 cm (4 in x 4 in) to help reduce slip hazard as smaller tiles (which by their nature create a greater density of grout lines) provide more slip resistance, than a larger tile of the same material. Check with the local health authority regarding submitting a 1 m (3.2 ft) x 1 m (3.2 ft) mock-up of tile for their review for appropriateness if manufacturers slip resistance data is not available. Consideration may be given to using contrasting colors or textures should be limited to the edges of stairs, ledges, drops offs etc. Use of contrasts on the floors/deck surfaces may pose challenges for those with impaired cognition or limited vision and can lead to a misstep and loss of balance. Hose bibs Hose bibs should be provided in sufficient in number to allow for cleaning throughout the pool area and should be equipped with a CSA or equivalent atmospheric vacuum breaker.
Depth Markings
Diving into shallow water can result in spinal injury, head, brain or other traumatic injury and may result in death. A non-swimmer jumping or falling into deep water may result in drowning. Clear depth markings at poolside help increase patrons awareness of these dangers. Depth markings are to be displayed in metric and imperial measurements. Guideline Depth marks for swimming pools should: a) be visible by swimmers in the pool, as this allows those with limited swimming ability to make themselves aware that they may be moving into deeper water; b) indicate the depth of water in metric and imperial units of measurement; c) be located above the water surface on the pool wall and on the walkway at the pool edge. For deck level pools, depth markers may be located overhead or on another structure as long as the markers are in full view from all locations in the pool and at the pool edge; d) be located at maximum and minimum depth, at 30 cm (1 ft) depth increments between the shallow depth and the point of break inclusive, and at other intermediate points spaced at not more than 7.62 m (25 ft) intervals measured peripherally;

e) be in Arabic numerals of 10 cm (4 in) minimum height; and f) be a colour contrasting with background.
Depth markings may be omitted for hot tubs under 10 m2 (107 sq ft) in surface area where the intent of the regulation is met by other signage, such as inno diving in signs.
Lighting
Sufficient lighting is essential to ensure: a) patrons are able to move safely throughout the facility; b) staff can provide adequate supervision of bathers; c) first aid can be performed; and d) that cleaning and maintenance can be performed. Lighting should be sufficient to illuminate all portions of the swimming pool, including the pool basin and apron to ensure that all areas of the pool basin and apron are clearly visible to patrons, the operator, the lifeguards and supervisory personnel. Underwater lights may be used to help achieve this. Guideline For indoor pools and pools used at night, a complete system of artificial lighting is to be provided, supplying and maintaining at least 200 Lux (15 ft candles) of illumination at all points 76 cm (30 in) above the water surface, the deck, and in areas of the change rooms used by bathers. Illumination drawings should be submitted at the time of application. Once the construction is complete, the illumination levels should be confirmed and signed-off by the project electrical engineer. References Illuminating Engineering Society, IESNA RP 6.01 - Sports and Recreational Area Lighting, (2001).

Electrical Requirements
Reduce risk of injury due to electrocution from underwater lighting or other electrical devices. Guideline All electrical devices, including ground fault circuit interrupters, must be installed in all swimming pools in accordance with the BC Electrical Code (current edition) (Section 68). Existing pools that are unable to comply with this requirement should discontinue the use of underwater lighting by physically severing the circuits. Operators should test ground fault interrupters at least monthly and rectify any problems that are found immediately. Extension cords must not be used in the pool area if they are run from plugs that are not designed to be used in wet areas.
Lifeguard Stands
Consultation with the pool industry, including life guarding agencies, has suggested lifeguard stands are seldom used and are useful only under certain circumstances, and therefore are not required by regulation. Guideline The need for lifeguard chairs or stands should be based on factors such as facility design, bather load, patron age and activity. The important outcome is that the pool is under complete and vigilant surveillance at all times. Whether that is best done from the pool deck, a lifeguard chair/stand or a combination is a matter of best judgment from an experienced lifeguard, supervisor and/or pool manager at that facility. Where they are installed, the number, location and use should be included in the pool safety plan. Lifeguard chairs or stands may be secured to the pool deck, or moveable chairs or stands may be used. Lifeguard stands and chairs must be manufactured by reputable pool equipment companies.
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Pool Enclosure / Fences, Decorative Rocks and Landscaping
Fences or other appropriate barriers around pools designed to restrict access by unauthorized users reduce the likelihood of inadvertent drowning, as well as contamination of water by foreign materials. In the case of a spray pool or wading pool that is drained when not in use and supervised, this need not apply. In the case of a spray pool that re-circulates water, fencing should be in place to keep animals out of the spray pad area. Landscaping within the pool enclosure should be designed and installed for proper drainage as soil can contain bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa which could contaminate the pool water if allowed to drain on the pool deck. Design features, such as decorative rocks, are often included in part of a pool design. The height and location of the decorative rocks may present a safety hazard. The material used to manufacture the rocks should be material that does not encourage bacterial growth. Guideline Fence The following should be considered in the design and installation of a fence or barrier: a) the outside of the pool fence should be 1.5 m (5 ft) high all the way around the perimeter of the pool area so that inhibits access by young children to the pool area; b) the design of the pool fence should be non-climbable with no indents or projections: Avoid fence details that could create a climbing hazard. Avoid decorative fences and walls that provide toe and finger holds. c) the bottom of the pool fence should be less than 10 cm (4 in) above the ground all the way around the pool so that a small child cannot get under it; d) the vertical or near vertical pickets should be less than 10 cm (4 in) apart so that a small child cannot slip between than; e) all horizontal or near horizontal fence rails should be more than 115 cm (45 in) apart so that a small child cannot step from one rail to another;
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f) the pool fence should be 1.5 m (5 ft) away from any objects that could help a small child climb over the fence (e.g. BBQs, trees, rocks, shrubs, deckchairs); See Figure 1 Acceptable installation; Figure 2 Unacceptable installation; Length of the Radius of the Quadrant is equal to the fence height or distance to the nearest climbable object. Avoid locating pool barriers so close to uphill slopes that a person could step or jump onto or over the pool barrier.
Direct access to the pool should be prevented from all buildings including rental units (hotel room, townhouses etc.). Private courtyards cannot be open to the pool deck: either the pool area is fenced or each courtyard is equipped with a fence and gate (selfclosing, self-latching. Solid Barriers A solid barrier, such as brick, concrete or manufactured rock faces, may be considered in lieu of a fence. No indentations or protrusions shall be present, other than normal construction tolerances and masonry joints. The Brick Industry Association has established a maximum tolerance of .64 cm (.25 in) from plumb in 3.05 m (10 ft). This tolerance may be applied to fabricated rock walls. Hedges, Bushes and Plantings Hedges, or other plant materials, do not constitute a fence or solid barrier; and are not acceptable in lieu of a fence.
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Gates Pool fence gates should: a) be self-closing, self-latching; and as deemed necessary, lockable; b) have a latch operating mechanism at least 1.5 m (5 ft) above the ground.
Where entry gate latches are not at 1.52 m (5 ft) above the floor/deck: Door and gate latches should be provided with continually locked, key carded or other equivalent access control system. Or when doors and gates are constructed of materials that may allow children to reach through the fence, a solid material at least 46cm in radius should protect the latch. See Fig.3. Other Considerations a) Fencing structures that provide flexible opening should be evaluated to ensure the dimensions do not exceed standards when light forces are applied to the barrier such as a child could exert (e.g. tempered glass that flexes on its supports, allowing for entrapment of arms and legs between glass sheets and support structures or plants, etc.) The opening cannot exceed 10.16 cm (4 in) when flexed. b) Other factors influencing the height of a fence or barrier which should be considered are: (i) any local by-laws should be consulted to ensure that the minimum local requirements are met; and (ii) the majority of local by-laws recommend a fence height of 1.5 m (5 ft) or greater for backyard (residential) pools. This height may be enforced by the local building department for commercial pools;
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c) A fence height of 1.5 m (5 ft) or greater should be considered where a pool is located: (i) near a (public) pedestrian walkway or thoroughfare; (ii) near a road or parking lot; (iii) adjacent to a bar, restaurant, patio etc.; (iv) where the pool is located in an area that is only accessible through one or more buildings within a complex, such as a courtyard servicing a multi-tower high rise complex, then a fence height compliant with the B.C. Building Code (current edition) guard requirements (1.2 m/3.9 ft) may be considered. All doors that access the courtyard should be equipped with self-closing and self-latching mechanisms. References B.C. Building Code (current edition). Canadian Standards Association - Childrens Playspaces and Equipment Z614.07, March 2007. Adapted from Office of Environmental Health and Safety, Water Recreation Program, Washington State Department of Health, Guidelines for Swimming Pools, Wading Pools, and Spas Barrier Design, May 2006.www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/wr/guidance-barrierdesign.pdf Department of Infrastructure and Planning, Building Codes Queensland, Pool fencing guidelines - Interpreting swimming pool fence requirements, Third edition, March 2008. www.dip.qld.gov.au/poolfencing Decorative Rocks A decorative rock feature may be built at a swim pool or spa pool facility, if the following conditions are met: If located adjacent to shallow swimming pool water, rock features should be set back from the edge of the pool so that pool patrons cannot jump from them into the pool. a) If located at or adjacent to deep swimming pool water levels, it will be considered a diving platform and the adjacent pool area must conform to diving envelope design specified in this document; b) The design has a nonslip surface without sharp or cutting edges in any areas that provide a potential fthold, stepping or standing access; c) The surface can be easily cleaned and maintained; and d) It slopes to drain water away from the pool.
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Landscaping Landscaping should be designed to drain away from the pool deck. No soil or water from the planters or landscaped areas shall be permitted to discharge onto the deck area.
Pool Basin
The pool basin should be designed to reduce risk of injury to users, and reduce risk of bacterial growth in the pool by being easy to clean. Guideline Pool Basin Structure A pool basin should be structurally sound and essentially watertight; constructed of durable, impervious material which will provide a finish free from cracks and open joints. Slope of Pool Floor The pool floor should have a uniform slope not greater than: a) 1:12 where the water depth is less than 1.52 m (5 ft); b) 1: 2 where the water depth is greater than 1.52 m (5 ft). Wading pools and spray pools should have a uniform floor with a maximum slope of 1 in 15 and a minimum slope of 1 in 50. Pool Basin Finish and Surface A swimming pool basin should have a: a) smooth bottom surface where the water depth is more than 1.52 m (5 ft); and b) slip-resistant surface which causes no discomfort to bare ft on the walls and on the bottom surfaces where the water depth is less than 1.52 m (5 ft); c) where water depth is less than 1.52 m (5 ft) all surfaces must be non-slip including lane markers, patterns and other design features;
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d) final finish which is white or light in colour, or otherwise does not obscure steps, changes in depth, underwater patrons, objects or debris: inLight in colour in would generally be considered to be having a light reflectance value of at least 60 per cent. Light Reflectance Value (LRV) is measured using the ASTM C609 - 07 standard test method for measurement of LRV and small color differences between pieces of ceramic tile. Not all manufacturers have LRV data for their tiles. In these situations, the tiles may be compared to the LRV of an equivalent paint colour. Hot tub walls should have smooth vertical surfaces to promote ease of cleaning. Other Considerations a) Where tiles are used in the pool basin, equivalent LRV may be difficult to ascertain, and samples of tiles should be submitted to the health authority for review prior to ordering; b) If a proposed pool basin colour is other than white, or a tile with a measured LRV of greater than 60 per cent, submission of a sample of the proposed colour may be required for approval; c) If the pool basin incorporates a number of different colours, designs or patterns, then a drawing of the pool floor area with the proposed colours, designs or patterns indicated may be required to be submitted for approval; d) Designs or patterns on the pool basin floor must not be of size and shape which could be mistaken for a body; e) A small percentage of the pool bottom can be darker than LRV of 60 per cent - i.e. lane lines, accents on patterns, noses of stairs etc, provided that it will not unreasonably interfere with visibility of patrons in the water; f) If there is question as to whether a final finish colour, or pattern of colours is acceptable, a 150 mm (6 in) diameter black disk at the deepest point of the pool or spa should be clearly and immediately seen by an observer standing on the pool deck at a point closest to the disk.
Wall Fittings and Lifelines Wall fittings and any other necessary fittings should be installed so that a lifeline can be placed at the 1.5 m (5 ft) depth to designate the boundary between the swimming area and the diving area of the pool. Alternatively, a 10 cm (4 in) wide marking strip of contrasting colour should be placed down the sides and across the floor of the pool at the 1.52 m (5 ft) depth to designate the boundary between the two areas. Both wall fittings and lifelines may be installed.
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Lifts and Hoists All lifts and hoists for people with mobility impairments, where used, should be removed when not in use, or designed in such a way that they do not to project in the pool and pose a hazard to swimmers. A 1.2 m (4 ft) deck is required around the lift or hoist. All lifts and hoists supporting features should have industry approval from a reputable health and safety certifying agency. Drop Offs and Projections There should be no abrupt drop off or submerged projection in a pool other than properly marked stairs, safety ledges, seats or benches. Underwater ledges may be provided on vertical walls at the deep end of a swimming pool. It should be a maximum of 15 cm (6 in) wide and at least 122 cm (4 ft) below the water surface. The nose of the ledge should be rounded and marked in a contrasting colour. Seats and benches may be installed in a pool basin. Seats and benches should have a slip-resistant surface and the edges shall be marked in a contrasting colour. The location of the seats and benches should not be inside a waterslide landing area or in other highuse locations which could cause a safety hazard to bathers.
Steps, Stairs and Ladders

By their nature, pools are wet and slippery environments, designing to reduce the risk of slip and fall injuries is important. The design of stairs, steps and ladders are a critical area in this regard. Guideline Steps and Ladders Steps or ladders should: a) be provided at the shallow end of the pool if the vertical distance from the bottom of the pool to the deck or walkway exceeds 122 cm (4 ft); b) be provided at the deep portion of the swimming pool, and, if the pool is over 10 m (32 ft) wide at the deep end, such steps or ladders should be installed on each side; c) be installed so as not to interfere with competitive events; and d) have at least four rungs when placed in water depths greater than 1.5 m (5 ft).
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Ladder Construction Swimming pool ladders should be corrosion resistant and should be equipped with slip-resistant treads at least 7.5 cm (3 in) wide and 33 cm (13 in) long. Steps and Stairs Steps or stairs leading into a pool should: a) be of slip-resistant design; b) have a minimum tread depth of 30.5 cm (12 in) and a maximum rise or height of 25.5 cm (10 in). Hot tubs of surface area less than 10 m2 (107 sq ft) whether prefabricated and cast in place, may have a maximum rise of 32 cm (12.5 in) and minimum tread of 23 cm (9 in); c) have the nose marked in a contrasting colour; and d) be provided with suitable handrails on both sides to allow safe use of the steps or stairs. Hand rails should not be more than 75 cm (2.5 ft) apart.
Diving Boards and Platforms

To reduce the risk of serious injury, diving boards and platforms must have adequate height above the board to the ceiling; provide protection for patrons from slips and falls when accessing the diving board or platform, and adequate depth of water underneath the boards or platforms. Guideline Requirements for Diving Pools of the type wherein diving is permitted should have adequate clearances and depth of water for safe diving. The Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA - www.fina.org/ ) standards should be followed for clearances and water depths for springboards, diving platforms and starter blocks. Surfaces Diving boards and steps leading to diving boards are to have a slip resistant surface. There should be at least 1.22 m (4 ft) of clear deck space surrounding all diving equipment, including stairs and ladders.
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Handrails and Guardrails
By their nature, pools are wet and slippery environments, design to reduce the risk of slip and fall injuries is important. The design of handrails and guardrails are a critical area in this regard, and should provide safety for both children and adult. Handrails should be located so that they do not present a potential entrapment hazard below the water level. Guideline When designing guardrails and handrails, consideration should be given to ensuring: a) handrails on diving boards (i.e. 1 m (3.2 ft), 3 m (10 ft), and 5 m (16.4 ft)) are in accordance with the B.C. Building Code (current edition) for dimensions and structural capacity; b) vertical rails on guardrails for diving platforms are installed to prevent swimmers from falling and becoming entrapped, or Plexiglas or netting may be used to temporarily upgrade older facilities to prevent falls; c) handrails serve all treads; d) railing and underwater exercise bars are less than 9 cm (3.5 in) or greater than 23 cm (9 in) from walls to reduce the risk of entrapment or provide rails inset into the walls. Where a piece of equipment is designed to be used by those under the age of 12, additional considerations should be given: a) the size of the handrails should be of reduced diameter to accommodate smaller hands; b) additional guard rails to prevent falling or becoming entrapped; Designers may have reference to CSA Standards for guidance. Guardrails In Other Areas Consideration should also be given to: a) installing handrails or grab bars in strategic locations where falls are most likely to occur - e.g., on both sides of any stairs or ramps; b) ensuring railings and underwater exercise bars are between 3.8 cm (1.5 in) and 9 cm (3.5 in) from walls to reduce risk of entrapment; or the rails are inset into the wall.
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References Canadian Standards Association, CAN/CSA-Z614-M98 Childrens Playspaces and Equipment. Americans with Disabilities Association, ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities - www.access-board.gov/adaag/html/adaag.htm.
Change Rooms, Plumbing Fixtures and Other Considerations

Change rooms are an integral part of any facility and may provide opportunities to reduce or spread disease such as athletes ft and other infections. High bather load and limited change room space may lead to overcrowding and sanitation challenges in the change areas. Adequate numbers of plumbing fixtures provide patrons an opportunity to use them rather than soiling the pool. The following provides guidance on designing facilities that accommodate ease of maintenance and cleaning to prevent transmission of disease. Guideline General Design Considerations a) Change rooms should be divided into 2 parts (i.e. male and female), with entrances and exits screened with partitions to break line of sight; b) Change rooms, toilets and showers should be arranged so that bathers pass from the toilet or dressing room area through the shower area and thence directly to the pool area; there should be a minimum occasion for patrons in bare ft and those in street shoes to walk in the same area; c) Change rooms and toilet spaces must be ventilated to minimize condensation; d) Lockers and cubby holes, if supplied for use at pools for storage of bathers' clothing, should be well ventilated, raised at least 10 cm (4 in) off the floor and readily cleanable; e) Privacy screens should be of sufficient height off the ground to allow cleaning; f) Floors in change rooms, shower rooms, toilet areas, pool basins and aprons and other paved areas, including stairs, should: be made of durable material which is impervious to moisture. retain a texture which is slip-resistant to bare wet ft. cause no discomfort to bare ft. have a minimum uniform slope to drains of 2 cm per m (3/4 in per ft).
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g) Walls and partitions should be of smooth, durable, impervious material, free from cracks or open joints; h) Junctions between walls and floors should be coved to facilitate easy cleaning; i) Hose bibs of not less than 1.91 cm (.75 in) pipe size should be available to enable thorough hosing down of all walls and floors and appurtenances used by bathers. Hoses should be a maximum length of 23 m (75 ft) and be recessed where possible or located away from traffic areas to avoid injury.
Minimum Change Room Surface Area (Floor Space) a) The overall change room area for the facility is the sum of the change room areas in the male, female and universal change areas. The change room area excludes gang showers, washrooms, halls, exits and entrances; b) The minimum change room area required for each bather should be at least 0.32 m2/bather (3.44 sq ft); c) Change rooms may be omitted in certain situations such as the apartment or condominium pools where users have access to these facilities nearby, however a toilet, hand basin and shower shall be provided conveniently near the pool. Universal Change Area (Family Change Room, Changing Villages) Mixed gender change areas may be provided in addition to separate gender change areas. These areas may consist only of cubicles or have a mixture of cubicles and enclosed rooms. a) To ensure privacy in the universal change area: cubicles in the universal change area should be designed to avoid any gaps between partitions and walls, and partitions and cubicle doors. partition and door height of the cubicle should be a minimum of 2.2 m (7.2 ft) to prevent those standing on the change area benches from seeing over the partition. partition and doors should be sufficiently low to the ground, approximately 10 cm (4 in), to prevent anyone from looking under the partition or door. b) Equivalency credit for plumbing fixtures in the universal change room: The maximum equivalency for general (non-gender specific) plumbing fixtures within the universal change room is counted as a maximum of one type of fixture per gender.
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Plumbing Fixtures Fixtures (water closets, showers, lavatories) shall be provided for each gender assuming that the bather load is equally divided between males and females, unless the proportion of each expected can be determined with reasonable accuracy. The required number of plumbing fixtures is to be as specified in the B.C. Building Code (current edition). Accessible Ammenities Where accessible water closets, urinals, lavatories, or showers are provided for each gender, the fixture count will be included in the overall gender-fixture count on a 1:1 basis. The accessible amentities are to be designed in accordance with the requirements set out in the B. .Building Code (current edition). Drinking Water There should be at least one drinking fountain for each 250 bathers, or portion thereof, to be located in the pool area.
Temperature of Shower Water

Scalds and burns from excessive temperatures of tap water are preventable injuries. Effective measures are to be taken so that water from showers and taps does not cause scalds. The regulation (and the B.C. Building Code) requires that hot water provided in pool facilities does not exceed 49 C (120 F). However, temperatures at shower heads may be preferable at a lower temperature, in the range of 32 C (90 F) and 43 C (109 F). Guideline Thermostatic tempering or mixing valves should be installed to prevent scalding of bathers. In the event that manual valves are used, each should be suitably marked to differentiate between the hot and cold supply. Regardless of the controls used, the water temperatures at the shower head are recommended to be between 32 C (90 F) and 43 C (109 C), and must never be above 49 C (120 F).
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Spectator Seating
A place where non-bathing spectators can observe bathers may be provided outside the pool deck area to avoid having these people track unnecessary dirt and bacteria into the pool area. Spectator seating should allow for at least 1.2 m (4 ft) between the edge of the pool and the seating. Where approved by the health authority, pre-fabricated seating must be installed and maintained according to manufacturers specifications. Consideration should be given to designing a separate exit to the outdoors so spectator traffic does not go through the swimming areas.
Air Quality, Humidity, HVAC Systems

The temperature and humidity of indoor air can influence bacterial and fungal growth and cause excessive condensation. Poor air exchange can result in undesirable accumulation of odors and disinfection by-products in the air. Design considerations can help mitigate these issues. HVAC systems must be designed in accordance with the B.C. Building Code (current edition). Guideline a) Air exchange must be adequate to protect public health and to prevent the accumulation of condensation, odours or hazardous or toxic substances; b) A minimum of 4-6 air changes are required per hour occur (see ASHRAE 2003 Handbook of HVAC Applications); c) Regular air handling unit maintenance must be performed by qualified personnel to ensure optimum operation. Humidity in the pool area is maintained at between 50 per cent and 60 per cent. HVAC units are maintained and filters are checked and replaced according to manufacturers specifications. Regular maintenance (e.g. lubrication and inspection/adjustment of belts) should be undertaken at least every two months. Facilities should be designed so that they do not create a inconfined space in as defined by WorkSafe BC Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, as this may prevent most workers from entering such space. More information on the design of HVAC systems will be provided in the coming months.
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B. CIRCULATION SYSTEM
Cross Connection Control
Cross-connections, are defined as actual or potential connections between a potable and non-potable water supply, and constitute a serious public health hazard. There are numerous, well-documented cases where cross-connections have been responsible for contamination of community drinking water systems leading to outbreaks of disease. Cross-connections between swimming pools and potable water systems can be eliminated by careful design. Guideline The water in a swimming pool must be separated: a) from any potable water supply by an approved backflow preventer to ensure that the water in the pool system does not flow back into the potable water supply; b) from any other pools circulation system; c) the backflow prevention device shall also protect other point of use fixtures within the building; d) auto-fill lines in skimmers or gutters used for the make up water require approvable backflow preventers. The pool filter backwash pipe should discharge to waste through an air gap (air break) that is at least twice the inside diameter of the backwash pipe. Notwithstanding any of the above, the pool must comply with any other requirements of the Drinking Water Protection Act. Other Suggestions/Comments The water supply into the equipment room should be equipped with a Reduced Pressure Backflow Prevention Assembly (RPBA). The AWWA Canadian Cross Connection Control Manual (Edition #1, 2007), Section IV, Table I assigns swimming pools a inmoderate in hazard rating. The Table further notes that: where a higher hazard exists (due to toxicity or health hazard), additional area protection with an RP assembly is required. The potential for a health hazard exists should there be a fecal accident in the pool basin; this increased the hazard rating for this application, therefore an RPBA is strongly advised. References AWWA (Canadian Sections), AWWA Canadian Cross Connection Control Manual, Edition #1, Revised August 2008.
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General Circulation Requirements, including Water Quality
Good engineering practice and design of the pool with resulting lower maintenance and greater efficiency. Guideline Water Quality Water quality used in pools must be acceptable to the health authority.The health authority may require potable water as defined in the Drinking Water Protection Act be used in a pool, including a wading pool or spray pool. Water Circulation All swimming pools, except flow through pools, should be designed to circulate water continuously. The design flow rate for pools should be as follows: a) public pools should have a maximum turnover period of six hours (rate of four or more per 24 hours); b) commercial pools should have a maximum turnover period of 12 hours (rate of two or more per 24 hours); c) despite a & b above, a pool should have a maximum turnover period of two hours (rate of 12 or more per 24 hours) if it: Is designed for play or leisure; Is equipped to generate moving water features such as waves, rapid currents, sprays or water jets; and Has a maximum water depth of 122 cm (48 in) or less. d) hot tubs or other therapeutic pools should have a maximum turnover period of 30 minutes (rate of 48 or more per 24 hours). Flow Through Pools Flow through pools should have water added continuously at the design flow rate (also refer to above section). The quality of water added must be approved by the health authority and maintained to meet requirements of the regulations. Multiple Pools All pools should be on separate and independent circulation systems. This prevents cross contamination between pools, reduces likelihood of rapid water level fluctuations when bather load in adjacent pools suddenly changes, and allows individual pools to be isolated, closed and maintained without affecting the operation of other pools in the complex. Where water from one pool is used to fill another, water quality should be checked to verify that it fits within parameters of the regulation.
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Water Velocity Maximum velocity of water through the drains of any of the circulation systems must be 46 cm/sec (1.5 ft/sec). Pumps Pumps should be either self priming or located below the level of the pool. The pump should be protected from damage. Piping All piping should be designed to minimize friction losses and to carry the required quantity of water at a velocity not to exceed: a) 3 m/sec (10 ft/sec) in supply pipes, and b) 1.82 m/ sec (6 ft/sec) in return pipes. Piping should be of nontoxic material, resistant to corrosion by pool water, able to withstand operating pressures and installed according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Pool Inlets Pool inlet fittings should be: a) submerged at least 60 cm (24 in) below the average operating level and; b) located to produce, in so far as possible, a uniform circulation of water and maintain a uniform disinfectant concentration throughout the entire pool; c) when possible, spaced at least 1.5 m (5 ft) away from any skimmer. Inlet fittings should: a) be of a type whereby the rate of flow and directional angle can be adjusted to improve circulation; and b) when placed in the pool wall, spaced not more than 9 m (30 ft) apart measured peripherally or one fitting for each 45460 L (10000 imperial gallons ) of pool volume, whichever is more.
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When pool sidewalls are more than 13.4 m (44 ft) apart, floor inlets should be used. If floor inlets are used: a) the number of inlet fittings should be at least equal to the number of wall inlets required; and b) arranged to carry surface water to the gutters or skimmers. If the pool water depth is less than 61 cm (2 ft), the inlet fittings must be placed as near to the pool floor as possible. Pool inlet fitting shall be installed under a moveable floor to allow for circulation of water. Vacuum Cleaning System Where automatic vacuum cleaners are installed, the system should be provided capable of cleaning the entire swimming pool floor. When the vacuum cleaning system is an integral part of the circulation system, connections should be located in the walls of the swimming pool at least 8 in below the water level. Vacuum cleaning systems should be designed so as not to create a suction hazard when not in use. A cap or cover is required for the suction fitting to the vacuum cleaning system. Where the vacuum cleaning system is an on-deck pump, the outlet should go to the circulation system or to waste, unless fecal matter is being vacuumed, where it should go only to waste. Electrical outlets for vacuum cleaning systems shall be installed in accordance with the B.C. Electrical Code (current edition).
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Gutters and Skimmers
The surface layer of water tends to accumulate a large proportion of oils, dirt and bacteria. Gutters and skimmers remove the top layer of water from the pool and send it to the circulation system for treatment. Guideline Gutters Subject to the section on inSurface skimming devices in, overflow gutters should extend along the entire perimeter of any pool having a surface area of more than 170 m2 (1,830 sq ft). Gutters may be omitted at: a) b) steps; recessed ladders;
c) at pool wall sections located between the gutter in the floor at beach like edges and the point on the pool wall where the water reaches 91 cm (3 ft). Gutter Drains Gutter drains should be provided at intervals of not more than 4.6 m (15 ft) and should be at least 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. Surface Skimming Devices Surface skimming devices may be used in place of gutters to remove surface water from a pool if the pool: a) has a surface area of 170 m2 (1,830 sq ft) or less; or b) is described by the inSkimmers in section. If the above applies to a pool, the number of surface skimming devices the pool must have is the greater of: a) the number of these devices calculated at the rate of one device for each 42 m2 (452 sq ft) of pool surface area or portion thereof; b) the number of these devices calculated at the rate of one device for each 115-180 liters/min (25 to 40 imperial gallons per minute) of design flow rate (c) one skimmer is required if the design flow rate is less than 115 litres/min (25 imperial gallons per minute).
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Each surface skimming device must have a means to regulate the flow of water through it and must be positioned to remove surface water from the pool. Skimmers should have valves separate from the rest of the circulation system in the mechanical room. Equalizer lines which terminate in the pool basin are considered a suction hazard and are not permitted. Equalizer lines may instead be connected to the main drain. Skimmers Subject to the above section on inSurface skimming devices in, if a pool is designed: a) to imitate a beach-like edge; b) to have a continuous gutter flush with the pool floor extending the entire length of the waterline formed at the beach-like edge; and c) to have the section of pool deck adjacent to the gutter referred to in paragraph (b) confine waves of water from the pool that may travel beyond the gutter and return the water to the gutter; Gutters may be omitted where otherwise required, provided that: a) the water depth in the area where the gutters are omitted does not exceed 91 cm (36 in); b) skimmers are provided in lieu of gutters and the skimmers conform with the section above; and c) a sufficient number of skimmers should be provided so that the theoretical turnover period of the water in the area to which the skimmers relate is less than one hour. Overflow Gutters Overflow gutters should be designed: a) to rapidly remove surface water at a rate equal to or greater than the design flow rate and to avoid the gutters becoming flooded; b) so that the opening into the gutter beneath the coping or deck is not less than 10 cm (4 in) and the interior of the gutter is not less than 7.6 cm (3 in) wide and 7.6 cm (3 in) deep; c) to prevent entrance or entrapment of bathers' arms or legs and designed with easy access for cleaning; d) to serve as a handhold so that their edges or lips are rounded and not thicker than 6.35 cm (2 in) for the top 5.1 cm (2 in); and e) to have a bull nose at the edge of the pool to allow patron to grab the edge.
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Main Drain
The main drain provides for water circulation in the deeper part of the pool, removal of water to the circulation system for filtration and allows for emptying of the pool. A poorly or inadequately designed, installed, or maintained main drain is a potential suction hazard (see section on Suction Hazards). Guideline Pool Main Drain The pool main drain should: a) be at the deepest point in the pool to permit the pool to be completely and easily emptied; b) have more than one drain opening to help prevent a suction hazard; c) have each opening covered by a grating which is not readily removable by bathers; d) have openings in the gratings so that the maximum velocity of the water passing the grate will not exceed 46 cm/sec (1.5 ft/sec) at design flow rate. Pool Main Drain Piping The pool main drain piping should: a) be separately valved from the gutters or skimmers and discharge into the circulation pump suction, surge tank or an approved drain; b) have a capacity equal to 100 per cent of the design flow rate. Hydrostatic Relief Valve Requirement Pools not designed to resist hydraulic uplift should be provided with a hydrostatic relief valve. Balance Between Skimmers and Main Drain When the pool is in operation, it is recommended that up to 75 per cent of water flow should go through skimmers to increase cleaning action on the surface of the water and reduce suction risk at main drain. Drain Connection to Circulation System All pools with overflow gutters systems must have all overflow gutters and main drains connected to a circulation system through a properly designed surge tank.
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Suction Hazards
The Virginia Graeme Baker (VGB) Pool and Spa Safety Act that has been adopted in the United States has resulted in many drain covers that used to be available in Canada being no longer available. Locating exact retrofits may be difficult and some modifications of pools may be required. While the VGB is not law in B.C., we support the efforts to reduce suction hazards. There are a number of VGB compliant drain covers on the market, but it is important to note that compliance with the VGB requirements does not ensure compliance with the Pool Regulation. When considering new or replacement drain covers, bear in mind that: a) flow rates through any drain may not exceed 46 cm/sec (1.5 ft/sec); b) drain covers should be of a low profile design; c) drain covers should not have sharp corners, in order to reduce opportunities for injuries. Check with your local health authority to ensure the drain covers you are considering are acceptable for the intended use of your pool. Poorly designed or malfunctioning outlets (where water leaves pool basin) can cause suction strong enough to entrap body parts or hair, causing a bathers head to be held under water potentially causing serious injury and or death. Drowning deaths have also occurred after the body or a limb has been held against a drain by suction of the circulation pump. Any open drain or flat grating that the body can cover completely, combined with a plumbing layout that allows a build-up of suction if the drain is blocked, presents this hazard. Attention has become focused on preventing accidents from occurring. Strategies should address five areas: 1. pool design 2. pool maintenance 3. training of pool personnel 4. emergency procedures 5. public awareness This section of the guidelines addresses pool design aspects, and other aspects are covered within the pool operation guidelines.
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Guideline Care must be taken to ensure that all outlet and discharge pipes are adequately guarded to prevent a suction situation, such that a person cannot easily extricate themselves. a) Main drains of pools should also have an air line (anti-suction system) which will relieve the suction should the intake become blocked; b) Where a pump exceeds 2 HP, the drain fitting shall be equipped with an air line (antisuction system) which will relieve the suction should the intake become blocked; c) Pool designs should reduce the possibility that all suction openings can be covered up simultaneously (e.g. by spacing them a sufficient distance apart) so as to create a vacuum; d) New pools must not be designed with equalization fittings on the pool basin below the water line to the pump station which terminate in the pool basin; e) All skimmer equalizer lines should be routed through main drain rather than to pool basin; f) Skimmer equalizer lines that end below the water line should be rendered inoperable in existing pools or otherwise modified to prevent an entrapment hazard (contact your local health authority to discuss options);
g) Piping related to pool operation should be properly identified through a standard system of colour coding, flow directional arrows and function labeling. References Guidelines for Entrapment Hazards: Making Pools and Spas Safer, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, March 2005. Washington, D.C. 20207
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Entrapment Hazards
Entrapment is any condition that impedes withdrawal of a body or body part that has penetrated an opening. While suction may be a major cause of entrapment, there are other situations where a person may become trapped and unable to free him or herself resulting in risk of injury, strangulation or drowning. This may happen where younger children may not have the necessary cognitive ability or motor skills to extricate themselves, especially if frightened or panicked. Examples of features that may pose a risk of this include: Moveable bulkheads. Movable floors. Play equipment. Water features. Portable stairs. Lifts. Skimmers in lazy rivers may trap hands. Exits of slides/water slides. Much of this risk can be eliminated through careful design. Equipment proposed for use in pools should be designed to minimize entrapment hazards. The equipment should be installed in accordance with the manufacturers specifications. Equipment should be used only for the purpose for which is designed References CSA standard on Childrens Playspaces and Equipment CAN/CSA-Z614 U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Handbook for Public Playground Safety ASTM Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specifications for Playground Equipment for Public Use, F1487.
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Maximum Bathing Load
The human body will displace a volume of water upon entry into the pool basin. The maximum bathing load must be determined to calculate the surge capacity for the pool. Guideline Imperial: Maximum Bathing Load = (D/27) + (S/10) Where D = area of swimming pool in sq ft where the water depth is more than 5 ft, and Where S = area of swimming pool in sq ft where the water depth is less than 5 ft. Pool depths of less than 2 ft shall not be considered in the calculations. Metric: Maximum Bathing Load = (D/2.5) + (S/0.93) Where D = area of swimming pool in m2 where the water depth is more than 1.5 m, and Where S = area of swimming pool in m2 where the water depth is less than 1.5 m. Pool depths of less than 60 cm shall not be considered in the calculations. Bather load for hot tubs may be determined at a rate of 30 cm (1 ft) of seating per person.
Surge Capacity
Surge capacity in a pool is achieved through free-board in skimmer pools. In gutter pools, the gutter, transit piping and the surge tank all contribute to the volume of surge capacity in the pool. Surge capacity increases the pools ability to maintain a steady water level in response to sudden changes in pool use. This ensures that gutters, skimmers, and other water intakes remains below the surface to the water to prevent loss of effective filtration, or other circulation problems. Guideline The surge capacity of pools should be designed for the maximum bathing load. Gutter Piping For deck-level pools (as compared to gutter pools with substantial in-pool freeboard), a minimum of 0.057 m3 (2 ft3) of surge capacity per bather, within the surge tank, should be provided for each bather (based on the maximum bathing load). It is preferable to have 0.084 m3 (3 ft3) of surge per bather when all gutters, piping and surge tanks are considered.
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Surge Tank A surge tank, should be installed and have a working capacity of at least 0.057 m3 (2 ft3) per bather, based on the maximum bathing load. This working capacity is exclusive of pipe or channel capacity required for recirculation rates. All suction pipes in surge tanks should be fitted with a inT in to reduce risk of a suction hazard. Any surge tank access hatches accessible to bathers should be equipped with a locking mechanism to prevent opening the hatch without the use of a key or specialized tool. To reduce risk to workers, open surge tanks should be designed to reduce the risk of accidental entry. For more information on this aspect of surge tank design, contact WorkSafe BC.
Measurement of Circulation, Automatic Disinfection and Chemical Feed

Measuring devices may be necessary to evaluate operation of pumps, filters, turnover period, disinfection rates, and other aspects of pool operation. Guideline Rate of Flow Indicator A rate of flow indicator should be conveniently located for ease of viewing and calibrated in either litres per minute or gallons per minute should be provided and maintained for each pool to show the rate of pool water circulation. It should provide at least 90 per cent accuracy and be capable of flows measuring from 50 to 150 per cent of the design flow rate. Where a hydro air system is in place, a rate of flow indictor should be located on the hydro air circulation system. Rate of flow indicators should be installed on all pool pumps, including water feature pumps and waterslide pumps. All flow meters must be installed in accordance with the manufacturers specifications. The required number of pipe lengths of straight pipe must be provided.
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Disinfection Equipment Automatic disinfection equipment should be installed in all swimming pools and should have sufficient capacity to feed into the circulation system, based on the design flow rate, up to 3 mg/L of chlorine or equivalent at indoor pools and 8 mg/L of chlorine or equivalent at outdoor pools, based upon the design flow rate. Hot tubs are to feed into the circulation system, based on the design flow rate, up to 5 ppm chlorine, and outdoor hot tubs should be able to feed up to 8 mg/L chlorine. Other Chemicals Automatic feeders that add other chemicals should be sized to provide an appropriate rate of feed for the demand of the facility. Automatic feed of chlorine products that are combined with cyanuric acid should be avoided in indoor pools as it can lead to excess cyanuric acid in pool water leading to reduction in effectiveness of disinfection.
Note: All Pool (and Filter Room) equipment & components to be NSF or CSA approved.
Gas Chlorination
Many pools use chlorine gas as a disinfectant. When used as intended this provides an effective disinfectant, however a chlorine gas leak is can cause serious injury or death. Measures must be taken to ensure chlorine gas is stored and used safely. Guideline Protection of workers from chlorine gas falls under the jurisdiction of the WorkSafe BC. As chlorine leaks can lead to immediate danger for those working with it, attention should be paid to WorkSafe BC requirements. WorkSafe BCs Chlorine Safe Work Practice Manual can be found at: www.worksafebc.com/publications/health_and_safety/by_topic/occupational_hygiene/de fault.asp. Chlorine room should be located so that chlorine gas, if released, will not flow into the pool are or building ventilation systems. Chlorinator and related equipment are designed to cease operations in conjunction with shutdown of circulation pumps. Otherwise storage rooms should be designed in accordance with WorkSafe BC requirements.
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Other Disinfectants and Considerations
For most pools, chlorination is the primary form of disinfection for pool water. All pools must maintain acceptable disinfectant residual. Other supplemental forms of disinfection or water treatment may be used to improve water quality, reduce the formation of disinfection by-products and reduce chlorine consumption. Reduction in the formation of disinfection by-products can improve indoor air quality within the pool area. Protection of workers from chemical hazards falls under the jurisdiction of the WorkSafe BC, and designs must give consideration to their requirements. Further information on WorkSafe BC requirements can be found at www.worksafebc.com. Guideline Ozone Ozone may be used as a supplemental form of disinfection or water treatment. Ozone systems should be designed and installed in accordance with manufacturers specifications, and conform to WorkSafe BC requirements as found in the Ozone Safe Practices Manual (BK 47) current edition. UV Devices UV treatment may be used as a supplemental form of disinfection or water treatment. UV devices should: a) be equipped with medium pressure UV lamps for effective control of chloramines and for supplementary disinfection; b) be certified to NSF Standard 50: Pool, Spa and Recreational Water Products; and c) provide a minimum of 60 mJ/cm2 at end of lamp life. For large flow devices evaluated in accordance with other approved verification protocols may be considered. Reference WorkSafe BC: Ozone Safe Practices Manual (available online at: www.worksafebc.com/publications/high_resolution_publications/assets/pdf/bk47.pdf)
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Mechanical Rooms, Equipment Rooms and Chemical Storage Areas
Guideline Equipment Rooms Equipment rooms should be designed to: a) permit equipment to be easily installed and inspected; b) allow equipment to be mounted above floor level; c) allow sufficient room (height and floor area) to undertake manufacturers recommended maintenance. Other clearances should be provided as prescribed by the manufacturer for dismantling the tank and removing components or contents and for working space adequate to perform routine operations; d) allow sufficient space for safe storage of auxiliary equipment. Chemical Storage Section 5.24 Incompatible Substances of the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation states: Substances which are incompatible must not be stored in a manner that would allow them to mix in the event of container leakage, breakage or other such circumstance. Space should also be provided for storage of chemicals and auxiliary equipment: a) Chemicals should be stored in a cool, dry place, adequate ventilation, secure against entry from unauthorized persons, separate from equipment room; b) In rooms with fixed ceilings, the minimum room height should be 2.13 m (7 ft); c) Holding tanks, containing incompatible chemicals used for pool water treatment, should either be located in separate rooms or separate areas of the equipment room. If located adjacent to each other, the tanks should be separated by concrete enclosures surrounding each tank. Each enclosure is built to contain 110 per cent of the contents of each tank. Piping containing incompatible chemicals should also be kept separate. Protection of workers from chemical hazards falls under the jurisdiction of the WorkSafe BC, and designs must give consideration to their requirements. Further information on WorkSafe BC requirements can be found at www.worksafebc.com.
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Filtration
Filtration is an essential part of the circulation system as it removes dirt, oils and bacteria from the water that assist in maintaining desirable and safe water quality. Guideline All Pool (and Filter Room) equipment & components to be NSF or CSA approved. Filter Piping The filter piping arrangement should be as simple as possible to accomplish the filtration and backwashing or cleaning. The pool filter backwash pipe should discharge to waste through an air gap (air break) that is at least twice the inside diameter of the backwash pipe. Filter Units The filter units should be: a) capable of operating at continuous design flow rate; and b) equipped with such pressure, vacuum or compound gauges as are required to indicate the condition of the filter. In vacuum type filter installations where the circulating pump is 2 horsepower or more, an adequate automatic high vacuum shut off should be provided to prevent damage to the pump by cavitation. Sand Filters Filter size should be designed for a maximum flow rate of approximately 500 L/min/m2 (12.5 Igpm/ft2 or 15 USgpm/ft2) of filter area. Diatomaceous Earth Filters Should be designed for a maximum flow rate of approximately 50 L/min/m2 (1.25 Igpm/ft2 or 1.5 USgpm/ft2) of filter area. Cartridge Filters Cartridge type filters are not suitable for public or commercial pool use.
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Wave Pools
Wave pools present unique situations and hazards. Designs should limit access to areas near the wave generator to reduce risk of entrapment or injury. Injury can also occur where waves may cause a person to loose balance and fall. Guideline Wave pools should: a) have a warning mechanism providing an audible and visual warning prior to waves being generated to allow bathers an opportunity to leave the pool or move to shallower water; b) have wave chamber bars constructed of stainless steel or similar acceptable material. Consideration may be given to the use of rotating wave chamber bars that are spaced appropriately to help reduce the risk of entrapment; c) where there is a wave chamber in a pool basin, a rope, lane line, or other measures located 1.5 m (5 ft) from the wave chamber bars to discourage public access to wave chamber bars to prevent entrapment; d) have guard rails on decks at the deep end around wave chamber walls extending 1 m (3.2 ft) beyond the wave generator and may be extended until the free board is more than 500 mm (22 in) at mean water level; e) have air blowers contained in a separate room that is constructed of acoustic limiting material to reduce noise levels; f) have regular inspections of wave chamber bars for structural integrity. Inspections should be documented and the inspection records retained for seven years. (operational requirement); have ladders in the deep end for exiting the pool. The ladders must be the recessed into the wall;
g)
h) have an emergency shut off in the immediate area of the pool;
i)
wave amplitude to not exceed pool freeboard or to flood decks.
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Play Equipment
Play equipment has become a popular part of contemporary recreation facilities. Previous regulation provided very little guidance on design of play equipment. While each piece of play equipment must be evaluated on its own merit, the following provides a guide as to basic requirements for play equipment. The specific operating standards for play equipment are to be included in the Pool Safety Plan (refer to Operations Guidelines document). Guideline Rope Swings The design and location of rope swings must take into consideration both safety and structural concerns. a) Any installation of a rope swing must be certified by a structural engineer. When a rope swing is in use, it can create considerable torsional stress on beams above, and the effect of the swing must be considered on the structure of the building; b) Injuries occur when the rope swing is not placed over an area of the water sufficient to prevent adult sized individuals form striking the bottom of the swimming pool. Design of these swings should consider trajectory, the pool slope, and potential impact with side of the pool, walls and deck; c) Rope swings should not conflict with other pool activities (e.g. diving). Sufficient lateral clearance shall be provided between the rope swing and the dive area in the deep end. Other Play Equipment There are infinite variations on play equipment that may be proposed. Examples include: zip lines, rolling logs, climbing nets. Play equipment should be designed so that it: a) has no hard edges or unnecessary protrusions; b) does not pose an entrapment risk to patrons; c) is constructed of materials which are easily cleanable, impervious to water and unlikely promote bacterial growth; d) does not exert excessive water pressure; e) is unlikely to result in injury from falling from it; and f) does not interfere with lifeguard visibility or access.
Play equipment should be evaluated prior to patron use for hazards, and appropriate adjustments made to make it safe for use. These adjustments may include: a) developing procedures/rules for proper and safe use ;
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b) staff training in regard to procedures/rule for use and their enforcement; c) signage; d) public education on proper use; e) modification of equipment.
Pool Slides
Guideline As with any other aspect of pool design, Slides or other pieces of play equipment must meet the health authoritys approval of the design and location prior to installation and use.
Slides
Slide design and location should take into consideration: a) the size of the individual who will use the slide; b) their trajectory upon sliding in the water; c) the depth of the water, including slope of the pool basin floor; d) proximity of pool sides. Slides should be installed and maintained according to manufacturers specifications. If a prefabricated slide is from a U.S. manufacturer, the material and construction should meet with an acceptable health and safety standard in accordance with the Consumer Product Safety Act of the U.S. An operator should be stationed at the slide for supervision. Signage should be provided indicating: a) one rider at a time; b) wait until the landing area is clear before entering the slide; c) slide in the sitting position or on the back only; d) do not attempt to stop on the slide; e) leave the plunge area immediately; f) users of the slide must be of an age and size to manage the slide.
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Waterslides
Water slides are regulated under the Safety Standards Act -- Elevating Devices Safety Regulation by the BC Safety Authority, unless it is exempted pursuant to Section 18(2) of the EDSR. The CSA Standard Z267-00 is used as a reference in conjunction with this regulation. Construction and water quality in the following types of slides may, however, be evaluated against this standard and the Pool Regulation: a) Water slide landing pools; b) Water slides less than 3 m (10 ft) high; c) Water slides less than 30 m (100 ft) long; d) Water slides with a slope of less than 0.1; e) Water slides with rider velocity less than or equal to 3.6 m/sec (12 ft/sec). Water slide circulation systems fall under the jurisdiction of the regulation with respect to suction and entrapment hazards. The following should be considered in the design of water slides: a) the bottom of the slide should be visible from the sliders entry point at the top of the slide. The use of cameras or controlled access may be considered in achieving this objective; b) where 2 deceleration flumes are side by side, there should be at least 12 m (4 ft) of deck space between flumes so that bathers may exit the pool here in an emergency; c) flows from water drawn from the pool circulation system for the water slide must be accounted for in the pool re-circulation design and data. In wall drains built into the wall a full vault design that vents to the pool deck or atmosphere to break any suction should be considered. References Canadian Standards Association, CAN/CSA-Z267-00 (R2004) Safety Code for Amusement Rides and Devices.
43

Wading and Spray Pools - General Requirements
Wading pools and spray pools are used almost exclusively by children who represent a vulnerable portion of our population. Special considerations for these facilities are advisable. Spray pools that collect water and re-circulate it have been associated with communicable disease outbreaks. Ideally, new spray pools would be designed using a continuous supply of fresh potable water for spraying which would then drain to waste. In the absence of using only fresh potable water, full water treatment including filtration and chemical treatment should be in place. Guideline Wading pools and spray pools should: a) be made of durable material which is impervious to moisture and retains a texture which is slip-resistant and causes no discomfort to bare wet ft; b) be free of obstructions; c) have a floor with a maximum slope of 1 in 15 and a minimum slope of 1 in 50, (note see slopes section); d) be entirely surrounded by a walkway at least 1.20 m (4 ft) wide which falls away from the pool or basin edge at a uniform slope of not less than 1 in 50; and e) have a fence or other barrier with controlled access surrounding the pool and the walkways to prevent the easy access of non-users and pets. This does not apply to spray pools, or a wading pool that is drained and left empty overnight. Water Quality Wading pools and re-circulating spray pools must meet the water quality requirements in the Pool Regulation. Where possible, new spray pools should be designed to use a continuous supply of fresh potable water for spraying which then would drain to waste. Consideration should be given to providing water fountains in the vicinity of the spray park to discourage patrons from drinking water from the spray features. Consideration should also be given to providing washrooms in the vicinity of the spray park. The health authority may require potable water as defined in the Drinking Water Protection Act be used in a pool, including a wading pool or spray pool.
44

Fittings Fittings in wading pools using circulation systems shall be located to produce uniform circulation of water throughout the pool. Fittings must be secured to provide protection from suction and pressure hazards No Cross Connections There shall be no cross connections between a wading pool or spray pool and any potable water supply, the water circulation system of any swimming pool or any sewer. Wading Pool Filling A wading pool shall be filled with potable water each day it is used, drained before dark and left empty overnight. As an alternative, and only in those instances where a security fence and lockable gate is provided, the entire volume of the wading pool should be re-circulated through an approved filter in two hours or less. New wading pools should only be considered where circulation and disinfection is used. A re-circulating wading pool may be drained and left empty overnight. Consult with your health authority with regard to disinfectants and minimum draining intervals for wading pools during the daytime.
Winter Hazards
Outdoor pools operated in cold climates are subject to unique hazards such as ice formation on decks, steps and ladders. Waterslides may be subject to freezing of water in the slide which may be sharp enough to seriously cut a person. Guideline All pools operating in a location where there is a possibility of water freezing on the deck or edge of the pool must provide an effective method of heating the deck, access walkways and stairs to prevent the formation of ice and maintain it in an ice-free condition. Consideration should be given to preventing the formation of ice on waterslides of other structures in the design. Pools that are shut down in the winter may require special design consideration and maintenance procedures to prevent damage to the pool during winter.
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Appendix
Swimming Pool Data Sheets
To apply for a construction permit a person must submit to a health authority (HA) an application in the form required by the HA. Unless otherwise specified by the HA, the following example, which can be modified as required, may be used:
Swimming Pool Data Sheet

NAME OF POOL: City/ Town: Owners (Legal Corporate) Name and address: Address of Pool: Indoor: Designer: Prof. Eng. Address of Designer: Arch. Outdoor:
Pool Area (sq m): Maximum Bathing Load: Pool Volume: Turnover (L):
Deck Area (sq m): Shallow

ILitres
Water Depth (m): Deep
Min.
Max. Total:
Pool Basin Colour: hrs. at design flow rate of Flow TDH L/m at m
Re-circulating Pump - Make & Model: Hydro-Air Pump Make & Model: Other Pumps (Spray Feature, Waterslide Pumps etc) Make & Model:
Flow TDH Flow TDH Flow TDH Flow TDH Flow TDH
L/m at
L/m at
L/m at
L/m at
L/m at
46

FILTERS: Sand D.E. Pressure Vacuum Gravity NSF Approved: Yes No
Filter Make and Model: Surface area of each filter (sq m): Surface area of each element (sq m): Rate of Filtration:
Igpm / ft.2 (12.5 Ipm / sq. metres)
Number of filters: Total area of all filters (sq m):
Number of elements:
Total area of all elements (sq m): Rate of Backwash:

Ipm / sq. metres
Total Filter Capacity (Rate of filtration x total area): L/m GAUGES: Pressure Flow Indicator: Vacuum Make & Model: Thermometers Range (L/m): to Nos.
Backwash Pump - Make & Model: Backwash rate per filter (L/m): DISINFECTION: Make and Model: Point of Injection: Maximum dosing rate: FEEDERS: Chemical Filter Infl.
ppm.
Flow: IPM at
m TDH
Hypochlorite
Chlorine Gas Capacity (kgs / 24 hr): Filter Effl.
Other:
Slurry
Chemicals used: Make & Model: Capacity: Injection point:
Make and Model: Capacity: Injection point: POOL INLETS: Type: Size:
Total No.
at
ft. spacing
Depth below water level (cm)

(inlets must be deeper than 61 cm. or nearest pool floor if water depth is 61 cm. floor inlets must be used if pool sidewalls are more than 13.4 m apart)
MAIN DRAIN:
(min 2 drains required for all pools) Size of free opening (sq cm):
Make and Model:
No.
Velocity through grate opening(m/sec):
47

DRAIN FOR HYDRO-AIR PUMPS:
(for Whirlpool, if separate from main drain) Size of free opening (sq cm): Velocity through grate opening (m/sec): Make and Model: No.
Expand and list all drains if more than one pump draws from more than two drains in spaces that follow. Use additional page if required.
DRAIN:
Make and Model:
No.
Size of free opening (sq cm)
Velocity through grate opening (m/sec) Make and Model: No.
DRAIN:
Size of free opening (sq cm)
Velocity through grate opening (m/sec) Make and Model: No.
DRAIN:
Size of free opening (sq cm) OVERFLOW: Gutter Rollout
Velocity through grate opening (m/sec) Deck level Size (cm) NSF Approved: Max. overflow capacity (L/min) Yes No Other
Number of drains (m spacing) Skimmers Make and Model: No. of skimmers (sq m)
Normal flow through overflows (L/min)
MAKE-UP WATER SOURCE:
Public
Private
Size of make-up line (cm)
Control:
Manual
Automatic Yes No
Air Gapped: Make and Model:
Yes
No
Backflow preventer:
Filter backwash must be separated from the sewer or drainage system by an air gap with a distance of twice the diameter of the largest discharge pipe.
PIPING:
Copper
Galv.
Plastic
Other:
Max. velocity: return piping from pool (m/sec)
Supply piping to pool (m/ sec)
48

Expand to include pipes on any additional circulation systems in spaces that follow, use additional page if required:
PIPING:
Copper
Galv.
Plastic
Other:
Supply piping to pool (m/sec)
PIPING:
Copper
Galv.
Plastic
Other:
Supply piping to pool (m/sec)
The foregoing data is a true statement of facts pertaining to this pool as it is to be constructed. Signature and Seal (Design Engineer or Architect):
Date:
49

BC Pool Design Guidelines

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B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design V1.

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

practice and the B.C. Building Code (current edition); and

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

(a) be made of durable material which:

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

Surfaces and Other Deck Considerations

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

Steps, Stairs and Ladders

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

Diving Boards and Platforms

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

Change Rooms, Plumbing Fixtures and Other Considerations

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

Temperature of Shower Water

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

Air Quality, Humidity, HVAC Systems

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

Measurement of Circulation, Automatic Disinfection and Chemical Feed

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

h) have an emergency shut off in the immediate area of the pool;

wave amplitude to not exceed pool freeboard or to flood decks.

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

Swimming Pool Data Sheet

Deck Area (sq m): Shallow

Water Depth (m): Deep

B.C. Guidelines for Swimming Pool Design

Number of filters: Total area of all filters (sq m):

Total area of all elements (sq m): Rate of Backwash: