Abstract Travel and tourism is big business. Bed and breakfasts have gained in popularity as an alternative to conventional lodging.

Many individuals are interested in starting their own bed and breakfast. Before opening a bed and breakfast enterprise, the potential small business operator needs to consider marketing-including location, customer, and amenities, complying with the law (zoning, permits, licenses and registration), business organization and finances, and hospitality management. A careful review and analysis of these considerations prepares an individual to make an intelligent decision on whether or not to proceed with this small business enterprise. Introduction What Is a Bed and Breakfast? A bed and breakfast (B&B) establishment is generally defined as a private residence where a guest is provided a bed for the night and a breakfast before departing the following morning. Along with the bed and breakfast, a bathroom is provided. In many cases, the bathroom is shared with the family. The cost of the breakfast is normally included with the price of the room. A B&B provided in a home is often referred to as a "homestay."

In addition to the private residence, there are establishments referred to as "bed and breakfast inns." The same concept applies in these inns, i.e., a bedroom, bath and a meal are provided. The major difference is that these inns may have several rooms instead of the one to three normally found in a B&B home. In many cases, it is not unusual to find these inns providing additional meals and services beyond what is found in the private residences (Zander, 1986). However, as these two terms are commonly used in the B&B industry to distinguish the difference between a "home stay" and an "inn" no two "home stays" or "inns" are alike. Indeed, they vary considerably within the same geographic area of the county and more so across the United States. This is one of the reasons why B&Bs are so popular. Each B&B tends to take on its own personality. Generally, the B&B is not

the reason the tourist is visiting the area, but is viewed as an alternative to the typical lodge, motel or hotel facility available. The recreational cultural or historical attractions are usually what draws the tourist to the area, and the B&B is there to provide the tourist with a different experience or alternative lodging facility. Although the concept is not new, many rural families are discovering its possible to earn extra income by opening bed and breakfast businesses and selling the farm experience and rural lifestyle to guests. Many rural families are considering B and Bs as a supplemental income source because urban families are looking for new and exciting weekend getaways. Bed and breakfast guests are also interested in local culture, history, scenery and other recreational activities. Travellers are looking for the bed and breakfasts that give them the true flavor of the region, and B and Bs are an economical alternative to commercial lodging. The added appeal of farm B and Bs is the unique opportunity for urban guests to experience farm life firsthand. Other rural residents see an opportunity to share their lifestyle, too. In Minnesota, the most common bed and breakfast operators are retired couples and farm families with large homes. Another common feature of bed and breakfasts is that they are located in very scenic regions or in regions with a rich, historical background. A review of the literature on B&Bs indicates that this concept probably has been in existence in some form or another since the beginning of mankind. It is well documented that the monks in the eleventh century used B&Bs on their travels to visit with the pope in Rome. It is also quite evident that the Europeans have been providing B&Bs to the traveling public or tourist for many years. In England, Scotland and Ireland the terminology B&B is used, whereas in non-English speaking countries, words like paradors, pensions, gasthaus, minskukus, shukukos, pousados and estalagems are used. In the United States, B&Bs have been present since the time of early settlers. The literature indicates many homeowners located along trails and roads provided B&Bs to the traveling pioneer. During the Great Depression, many Americans opened their homes to travelers to generate a source of revenue. Terminology such as "guest house" or "boardinghouse" was quite frequently in use during this period. After the depression, the popularity of these types of lodging facilities tended to decline (Roundback and Kramer, 1986). In a fairly recent time,

because of the number of Americans visiting abroad and staying in B&Bs and because of the influx of foreign visitors using these types of facilities, there has been a resurging interest in B&Bs. Today more than 20,000 B&Bs are reported to be in the United States. The State of Massachusetts is reported to have more than 1,300 such establishments (Lacey, 1986)! Today the B&Bs are no longer necessarily viewed as cheap lodging facilities, but are viewed by many as an alternative to stereotype surroundings and furnishings of the typical commercial hotels and motels. In many, particularly in the chain motels/hotels, the decor and layout is the same from coast to coast or from one facility to another. What Types of People Own B&Bs? It would be very difficult to stereotype or describe the typical person who opens a B&B from a professional or occupational background. Artists, craft persons,

marketing representatives, farmers, insurance agents and other people from all walks of life have opened and operated successful B&Bs. Furthermore, single

people, couples and families have been involved with B&Bs. Generally, people who open B&Bs have an extra room in their house for a number of reasons. The children might have grown up and are away at college or have moved away from home. Some families have homes with more rooms than are necessary for family purposes. Widowed or divorced individuals have been involved with B&Bs. While B&Bs are operated for a source of income, many individuals who operate them are not solely dependent on the B&Bs' income to provide for their livelihood. People retired from another occupation or professionals, farmers and others who have a primary source of income typically operate B&Bs. However, all successful B&Bs have one trait in common among all the people involved in them. This trait is a social one, i.e., the B&B owners like people and like to entertain people in their homes. Many of these people like to cook and show off their culinary skills. Also, many people have a home featuring some architectural period of a historical or cultural significance that they like to show. Anyone seriously considering opening a B&B must like people and be able to deal with all types of people. To be successful in the B&B business, the people involved must be committed and be willing to sacrifice a part of their personal life since their customers will be residing with them in their personal quarters. A

pleasing personality and the ability to get along with people is the primary prerequisite for opening a B&B. Operating a B&B must be a family decision because the entire family will be affected. Family is defined hereto mean anyone who will be residing in the home. The operation of the B&B will infringe upon the family privacy, use of telephone, television, recreation room, kitchen and overall use of the home. Many times the family activities will have to be curtailed, eliminated or postponed due to B&B guests being in the home. While there are some things a family might have to give up in order to have a B&B, there are also a number of positive benefits. Younger family members are provided an early opportunity to learn lifetime skills such as making reservations, dealing with the public, serving meals and answering the phone. Having a business in the home may strengthen the family since all members have to work together. Like many small businesses, a B&B takes a real personal commitment. While operating a B&B may provide for more flexible working hours, it also requires that you be a selfstarter. There is no one there to tell you when the beds should be changed, for example. Most B&B operators have to perform all the managerial and maintenance tasks that would be done by the staff in a motel. Role of Host Community & Entrepreneurship Once a well thought macro man has been developed the most critical of the ideas that should go into the action plan is participation of the local community in drawing up the micro level operative activities to translate the perspective plan into action with an emphasis on their role determination as the host community. This is a new concept that is coming up and it separates it from conventional trading and administrative approach, found in many locales. Political support would be from the government to organize the tourism destination and products for decency, safety and security to attract the tourist attention. Hospitality is the second largest component in the service sector after Information Technology. Hospitality comprises Travel & Tourism, Airlines, Cruises, Adventure Sports, Car Rentals, BPOs, and Time Share Industry, Mass media, entertainment and Journalism etc. Of all these Tourism happens to be the most important considering Indias strength as a multi dimensional tourism destination if the same needs to be properly organized and promoted for tourist attention and the business

model should evolve at local level. The profitability and risk should always have linkage with the creativity and innovativeness of the local community. This aspect of tourism is called Tourism Entrepreneurship. Medlik (1996:94) argues that an entrepreneur is a person who undertakes an enterprise, makes decisions on and controls its conduct, and bears the risk. Planning of community welfare, is bound to lie in the domain of the state, whatever the economic system a country adopts. In the case of tourism development, the macro tourism plan may be developed by the government, but the most critical of the ideas that should go into the action plan Tourist Accommodation According to the study by (Hjalager, 1994) the role of innovation in tourism entrepreneurship has not received attention wherein they are useful for tourisms economic feature any discussion about tourist accommodation has invariably the consideration about hotels. Now-a-days the types and variety of tourists has expanded. Many of them desire to stay in smaller budget hotels or homes. A tourist looks for just the basic provision of Bed & Breakfast (B&F). The main requirement for this type of accommodation is to get a convenient overnight stay. According to the study by HVS International on Hotel Trends & Opportunities in India (2006 Edition) there is an additional requirement of more than 53,000 hotel rooms, all corresponding to hotels with brand affiliation, are in various stages of planning and development in the major cities, and expected to enter in a phased manner by 2011. Out of the entire projected requirement, 53% of the rooms are in the luxury sector. This leaves around 47% of the rooms in the mid market and Budget Hotels category. We plan to use this as a major motivational factor to start operating on the Paying Guest Accommodation (PGA) sector which will also take care of the shortage of manpower requirement in the hospitality industry. The various categories of accommodation are as follows: 1. Five Star Hotels. 2. Non- Star Hotels 3. Resorts and Lodges

4. Tented Camps 5. Heritage Hotels 6. Guest Houses 7. Dharamshala/ Sarai 8. Paying guest accommodation. While there is enough for the government to feel proud of, several problems like shortage of hotel rooms, delay in the issue of visas, a slew of taxes and poor infrastructure have yet to be sorted out. According to the Federation of Hotel and Restaurant Associations of India estimates that there are at present 97,000 hotel rooms in the country and if the trend of foreign-tourist arrival grows at 8 to 10 per cent over the next three years, India will need 30,000 additional rooms in various categories. According to the Planning Commission estimates as published in Hindustan Times India will need 1.6 lakh rooms more to accommodate the projected 58 lakh tourists by 2010, and 3 lakhrooms by 2020 to meet the projected tourist arrivals of 89 lakh. The current growth of hotel rooms is less than 2,000 rooms a year, forcing hoteliers to double the room tariffs in the past two years. Also owing to high land prices, there are more five-star hotels than budget hotels, making India a high-cost destination. It is a distress signal for the upcoming tourist industry in India if then tourist has started perceiving and there is some corroborative data to back up this feeling according to travel experts many tourists are diverting to other South Asian countries. According to an article published in the Times of India UK-based tour operators have even shotoff emails to Indian agents informing about room rates are too high for the travelling public to afford. They say it will be difficult to market India effectively if the trend continues. If it is not corrected at the earliest there is every possibility that firms will analyze their travel plans and may opt to use video-conferencing facilities for conducting business in India. But the hospitality industry in India does not agree to this as yet and they quote the tourist arrival figures to justify their point. The saving grace is that Indias pulling power as a destination still rules strong, and this will ensure that tourists keep flocking the destination. The hospitality professionals feel

that India has for long been attracting backpackers and time has arrived wherein high rates will ensure that we get more premium and hi-end travellers. Both these positions and expert view have a point. 5 Star Hotels will accommodate the high end travelers and for low end travelers the basic facility arrangement will have to be identified. At present The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India it is promoting the Paying Guest Accommodation (PGA). This presupposes the voluntary participation by local people in providing clean and affordable accommodation for foreigners and domestic tourists to stay. If popularized properly this will be a success model of Tourism Entrepreneurship. This should not be difficult to propagate as it existed earlier in the form of teerth pandas and sweet mart owners who used to provide food and shelter to their Yajamans (Guest). According to Plog (1975) the tourists can be classified in the following categories: Allocentrics seek cultural and environmental differences from their norm, belong to the higher income groups, are adventurous and require very little in the way of tourism plant. Psychocentrics seek familiar surroundings, belong to the lower income groups, are unadventurous and demand a high level of tourism plant. Bed & Breakfast accommodation is well established in Europe and North America as a way of travelling. It enables a view of the travellers world that is not available from big city hotels or even the larger country hotels and motels. It is one of Australias fastest growing accommodation types with some 3000 people each year attending courses on owning and operating a Bed & Breakfast, Farmstay or hosted accommodation in New South Wales alone. Each property, almost by definition, is unique. There is none of the sameness or blandness you might experience with franchised food chains, for example. Each has its own ambience, its own particular interest and point of attraction to guests and each offers its own unique spin on the locality in which it is situated. This is so whether the property is located in one of our many fabulous cities, whether it is in rural New South Wales on a substantial working farm, in an out of the way rural village, or by the Pacific Ocean.

The one thing that members of the Association have in common is that they all provide hosted accommodation; this means that they provide a personal on-thespot welcome to their guests on arrival and they are available for them during their stay for advice and suggestions of the locality. The hosts focus is on establishing a warm and friendly, though not intrusive, relationship with their guests. For the vast majority, and certainly those that contain the phrase Bed & Breakfast in their property name, breakfast is included in their tariff. There are a number of types of Bed & Breakfast accommodation and it is wise for all new operators to be roughly familiar with them. The following categories provide must include breakfast in the tariff: Homestay or Farmstay (where the accommodation is provided as homestay in the homestead of the farm); Country Home Guesthouse or Inn; and Apartment or Suite. In the categories Cottage or Cabin (whether located on a farm or not) breakfast (most often by way of breakfast provisions), will normally be included in their tariff although a number may be fully self -catering; this must be clearly spelt identified for the potential guest. Homestay [Traditional B&B] A traditional homestay is a property where both the owners and their guests live under the same roof. Purpose built or converted from a relatively large family home, homestay Bed & Breakfast accommodation provides up to four guest bedrooms. Increasingly bathrooms are ensuite, though some smaller well established properties with a very high standard and good reputation provide bathroom[s] that are shared with other guests, though not with hosts. The owner/operator lives on the premises, though generally in quarters separate or distinct from that of the guests. Depending on the configuration of the house, there can be a general feeling of privacy and independence from the resident family, or a feeling of being 'part of the family'. Depending on the location of the homestay, dinner may well be an optional extra. Homestay properties are typically though not exclusively located in a city or rural town.

Farmstay In many ways farmstay accommodation is similar to homestay though it is always situated on a rural property or farm. This could be a hobby farm with access to some on-farm leisure activities or conducted tours of nearby properties involving on-farm experiences. It may also be a substantial working property with a wide range of onfarm activities suitable for a longer stay. The actual accommodation may vary from the homestay-style of accommodation outlined above or be self-catering, self contained on-farm accommodation from a well-appointed cottage or cabin through to relatively basic accommodation of a bunkhouse variety. The self contained cottage or cabin may be stocked with breakfast provisions or may be fully self-catering. Whatever the actual form of the accommodation, there is a general feeling of inclusion in the daily routine of the farm. Dinner may be provided for homestead guests as an option for them because of the more remote location; cottages and cabins are rarely stocked for lunch and dinner provisions whereasthose designated fully self-catering will look after themselves for lunch and dinner by definition. Typically though not exclusively located in a rural or outback environment, it is a destination in itself. Guesthouse, Country Home, or Inn A guesthouse is a property where the owners or the manager live in separate quarters from the guests. More than likely it has a formal guest dining room. It is a larger type of accommodation with five guest rooms or more. While the guesthouse country home or inn may be found in cities, the category is more typical ofcountry locations and rural towns. The host may be the manager rather than the owner of the property. Bathrooms may be private, ensuite or, in some cases, shared with other guests though not with the host. Despite its larger number of guest-rooms, there is a general feeling of community living. It is more likely to be the sole source of income for the owner than would be the case with homestay or farmstay accommodation. Dinner

may be provided for guests as a regular part of the operations. Typically though not exclusively located in a rural environment Apartment or Suite The apartment or suite is normally an adjunct to the property of the host rather than on a separate or distinct precinct. The accommodation has its own bathroom whether that is ensuite to the bedroom[s] or part of the overall accommodation. There are cooking facilities and household appliances that ensure the guests stay is fully self-contained. Breakfast provisions are part of the tariff with the preparation left to the guest, though in some instances breakfast may be prepared by a host. Entry to the accommodation is normally private, though in some cases, a self contained suite or apartment may have an entrance through the hosts home. There is a substantial feeling of privacy and independence, though guests should still be able to expect a warm welcome on arrival. Typically located in a city or urban environment. Cottage or Cabin This is one of the two forms of self-contained accommodation available in the industry. The cottage or cabin may be either on the property of the host or separate and may well also qualify as farmstay. The accommodation has its own bathroom, whether that is ensuite or an integral part of the overall accommodation. There are cooking and laundry facilities as well as a sufficient number of householdappliances to ensure the guests stay is fully self-contained. Many cottages and cabins include breakfast provisions as part of the tariff with the preparation left to the guest, though in some instances breakfast may be prepared by the host by special arrangement; a number, particularly those located on rural properties away from urban areas are specified as fully self-catering - breakfast provisions are not included. There is a substantial feeling of privacy and independence from the hosts, though guests must still be able to expect a warm welcome on arrival. Typically though by no means exclusively located in a rural or outback environment. http://www.bedandbreakfast.com/

Top Destinations 1. Manhattan, NY 2. Boston, MA 3. Charleston, SC 4. San Francisco, CA 5. Amsterdam 6. Napa, CA 7. Savannah, GA 8. London, England 9. Key West, FL 10.Cape May, NJ 11.Rome, Italy 12.Santa Barbara, CA 13.Montreal, QC 14.Newport, RI 15.Austin, TX 16.Carmel, CA 17.Asheville, NC 18.Philadelphia, PA 19.Chicago, IL 20.Saint Augustine, FL 21.Brooklyn, NY

22.New Orleans, LA 23.New Hope, PA 24.San Diego, CA 25.Washington, DC

Community perspective The family is at the heart of many communities. If the family also happens to be in business, its potential contribution to community viability and culture are magnified, and so too are its responsibilities. Family businesses can and do make a visible difference in rural and peripheral areas, in small towns and resorts. Their contributions to cities and the larger community of nations are more difficult to demonstrate, but given the economic significance of the family business sector, are undoubtedly of great importance. The role of Paying Guest Accommodation (PGA) as a concept of Tourism Entrepreneurship can be a major economic shot as it provides the local people with a source of earning without much investment as well as an opportunity to learn different cultures. The same existed earlier in the form of teerth pandas and sweet mart owners, used to provide food and shelter. Tourists coming from outside India are generally fond of local etiquette, mixed household culture and homemade food. Compared to staying in hotels which provide typical hotel culture, staying with a local family at a tourist place is both economical and informative for knowing the local people and their culture. Moreover, Paying Guest Accommodation (PGA) also provides the local people with a source of earning without any investment as well as an opportunity to learn different cultures. The concept of the host community with emphasis on culture and tradition providing Paying Guest Accommodation (PGA) being the major focus can be positioned with the following framework.

The above are in existence for long but are neglected in the new wave of sophistication. The same is going to come back in a more professional way. It needs to be properly organized and promoted for tourist attention. This aspect of tourism is called Tourism Entrepreneurship.

Conclusion It is well known that entrepreneurship is a critical component in the development process and is one valid approach to developing human capital, encouraging selfreliance, and creating a sense of well-being in the local population. Tourism can act as a catalyst to facilitate the development of an entrepreneurial class. The participation of the local population in the tourism industry contributes to the balanced development of both the industry and the nation. It can be assumed that the future of the tourism industry will depend on the development of a vibrant and innovative group of indigenous entrepreneurs who will be able to effectively respond to the opportunities and challenges of the industry.

The local entrepreneurs in the accommodation sector will not be a large entity. Rather, they will be diverse in their background, education and training, attitudes and perceptions. These factors impact on the level of involvement of the entrepreneurs in the sector and their willingness and ability regarding the appropriation of structural support. Hence it is imperative for the government to understand the composition of the indigenous entrepreneurs for the creation of effective policies. The policies should be favourable to the local community which should ensure that the development does take place at the local level. In underdeveloped and sleepy communities, entrepreneurship is normally found dormant. It is this appropriate training and educational thrust that awareness is created. In this context of tourism industry not everyone would demonstrate an interest in entrepreneurship initially but appropriate tourism education and training would provide the necessary

prerequisites to start getting visitors to the destination. The government has to play a leading role by incorporating the concept of entrepreneurial development into its national tourism policy and be supportive in promoting entrepreneurial development through tailored programs. The success of the initiative is largely reliant on, among other things: Organize promotion and marketing jointly with the industry. Ensure that the local community is fully involved and the benefits of tourism accrue to them. an efficient and impartial evaluation process post-assessment/evaluation of all facets of the scheme; and The implementation of required adjustments.

It is therefore on the same lines of the tourism policy of Government of India that would give direction and support for a more long-term view of the role of tourism in the economy.