SIGNAL GENERATOR ASK (Amplitude-Shift Keying)

Lab 2
Nasly Realpe 2100279, Alejandra Mazuera 2097131, Carlos Rengifo 2086150
Nasrealpe26@hotmail.com; Marialejandra_c91@hotmail.com; Carlosrengiifo@hotmail.com

Autnoma of Occidente University Santiago de Cali, September 27th, 2012 ABSTRACT This lab is to design, simulate, and mount a circuit which allows generate a signal modulated by amplitude shift keying (ASK) with the generation of a sine wave (with Colpitts oscillator) and a pulse train (with LM555 astable operation) to a frequency of 125kHz and 10kHz respectively. To then be amplified and transmitted by a class C amplifier based on a RF configurations. All this is achieved with the help of Multisim 11.0 software. INTRODUCTION The amplitude shift keying is a modulation process which is widely used in digital communications where the modulating signal (data) is digital. This configuration is used for digital data transmission in optical fibers, transmitters with LEDs. The ASK operates as a switch, using the presence of a carrier wave to indicate a binary one and its absence to indicate a binary zero. This type of modulation is called on-off keying, and is used at radio frequencies to transmit Morse code (referred to as continuous wave operation) In Fig 1 shows the expected waveforms in ASK. Vd(t) is the message signal at the modulated input of a switch. Vc(t) is the carrier signal at the input of the switch. Vask(t) is the output of the switch. This kind of signal is required in the lab, obtaining the sine signal (carrier signal) and square one (modulating signal)

Figure 1: Modulated, carrier and modulating signals. In this lab well work in three stages:In the first one for generating the modulated signal with the 555 timer as astable or free-running multivibrator, which is essencially a square wave oscillator. This timer consists basically of two comparators, a flip-flop, a discharge transistor, and a resistive voltage divider. In the astable mode works like relaxation oscillator for changing and discharging a capacitor through a resistor.

Figure 2: The 555 timer connected as an astable multivibrator.

In the second stage for generation of sine wave we nedd a Colpitts oscillator, which is a feedback uses a LC circuit in the feedback loop to produce the necessary phase shift and work as a resonant filter that passes only the desired frequency.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 4: Block diagram ANALISIS Y CALCULOS Colpitts Oscillator: Tthe resonant circuit LC frequency is the same than the oscillator frequency which is 125KHz. So, , and the inductor L=150 ( Where if and )

Figure 3: A basic Colpitts oscillator with a

BJT as the gain element. Finally in the third satage for the transmission and amplification of the modulated signal generated by the carrier (Colpitts oscillator sinusoidal signal) and modulator (square signal with astable operation), use class C amplifier, which can get higher output power with other operations, used in radio frequency applications, which is biased with a negative voltage below the cutting base of the transistor. The voltage of the AC source is slightly larger than V_BB + V_BE, so that the base voltage exceeds the potential barrier of the base-emitter junction during a short time near the positive peak of each cycle. During this short period, the transistor turns power dissipation transistor is low because it stays on for a small percentage of the input cycle.

If

This is the minimun value for the class A amplifier. If we have ,

( So, we need

and we also have:

If we suposed

The charge depends of and discharge of , by the rectifier diode because is in parallel; for this reason So , but in the simulation and mount this ideal value doesnt work, so well work with Finally with these real values ( Figure 5: Colpitts Oscillator configuration )

Figure 6: Output of Colpitts oscillator Astable Operation with LM555 To achieve duty cycles of less than 50 percent, the circuit in Figure can be modified so that charges through only and discharges through This is achieved with a diode, D1, placed The duty cycle can be made less or equals than 50 Figure 7: LM555 configuration

Figure 6: Waveforms for the square-wave

Figure 8: Output LM555 Analog Swicht :

Figure 9: Output modulating signal Figure 10: Class C Amplifier configuration Class C Amplifier: In this amplifier we have to take into account the new frequency of the input.

So our frequency has to be between this interval. Like it can see in the figure 9 besides the input signal has 100KHz similar to the out signal of oscillator colpitts. With these values and an inducor 150 we calculated: ) However we use a capacitor of 7nF because the frequency was more stable with it. If, and ( Figure 11: Class C Amplifier configuration

CONCLUSIONS Working on a board, a circuit that works great on breadboard may develop serious problems with the common grounds and continuity of the tracks. It is recommended to separate platelet-stage circuit in this case: one for the Colpitts oscillator, Astable Operation one, another one for the Class C amplifier with the analog switch, otherwise the whole circuit mounted on a plaque can cause severe damage for the same and only caused by a part not work properly. When welding must verify the good condition of the components, easy connection of cables and prevent

This is the resistor which goes to the base. Now for the nesxt resistor which goes to the collector. We supossed in order to AC Current to flow

overheating of the elements with the soldering iron especially transistors and LM555, which you can use as appropriate bases and terminal blocks. To do theoretical calculations, we must take into account the market values of the components found, in order to perform simulations with these values and get the closest values. The LM555 cant be work very good to 12v for this reason its DC voltaje was 5v in a Astable mode for generating the square wave The frequency of the modulating signal it has to be the same than amplified signal frequency due to the LC circuit (tank circuit). In the class C amplifier the transistors have to be in cut mode because the configuration hasnt resistor in the emitter. Analog siwtch is fast to allow a good modulating signal(with its amplitude and frequency) by Jfet transistor in this ocassion The output signal frequency of colpitts oscillator has to be in the same of the resonance circuit. We have to take into account the input impedance of the class C amplifier because it can generate damages in the output signal due when we connect with the analog siwtch.

[4] Osciladores sinusoidales. Oscilador Colpitts. Accessed on September 3th, 2012. Available at http://linux0.unsl.edu.ar/~rvilla/c3m09/trp09. pdf [5] Desplazamiento de amplitud. Textos cientficos. Accessed on September 3th, 2012. Available at: http://www.textoscientificos.com/redes/modu lacion/ask

BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] MALVINO, Albert P. principios de electrnica, Editorial McGraw-Hill, 6 edition, 2000. [2] FLOYD, Thomas L. Dispositivos Electrnicos, Editorial Pearson, 7 Edicin, 2005 [3] Amplitude shift keying and frequency shift keying. Accessed on September 3th, 2012. Available at: http://www.ele.uri.edu/Courses/ele436/labs/A SKnFSK.pdf

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