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ATMSFERA
3,9 x 109
1.9
OCANOS
BIOSFERA ROCAS
2.2 x 107
2.4 x 107
0.01
0.01
GNEAS
SEDIMENTARIAS TOTAL
1.9 x 1011
4.0 x 108 1.94 x 1011
97.8
0.2 100
Ciclo del N
N2
Fijacin biolgica del N Restos vegetales y animales Absorcin Materia Orgnica (R-NH2)
Mineralizacin
Nitrato (NO3)
Nitrificacin
Nitrificacin
Amonio (NH4)
Adsorcin
Arcilla
FBN2
10-350
50
1Mineralizacin
Materia Orgnica del Suelo (MOS) 4.000 N Mineral 80
Biomasa Microbiana
160
Suelo
Kg/ha
Lixiviacin 20-40?
AMINIZACION:
PROTEASAS Y PEPTIDASAS
Hidrlisis de protenas
AMINIZACION
AMINOCIDOS
AMONIFICACIN
AMONIFICACION
Reaccin de la deshidrogenasa:
NAD+
NADH + H+ R-C-COOH ? NH
Reaccin de la oxidasa:
H2O2 R-CH-COOH + O2 | NH2 R-C-COOH
NH
O Cetocido
Amino azcares
O
H 2N-C-NH 2 + H2O Urea
UREASAS
2 NH3 + CO2
FBN2
10-350
50
2
Materia Orgnica del Suelo (MOS) 4.000
Biomasa Microbiana
160
N Mineral 80
Suelo
Kg/ha
Lixiviacin 20-40?
Volatilizacin
Table 1: Cumulative NH 3 volatilization (% of N applied) from soil columns in a controlled environment 8 days after application of urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate to the surface of five soils (Wiezler, 1998). Soil properties Soil CaCO3 pH (%) 1 2 3 4 5 3.7 5.5 6.1 7.1 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.8 75.0 (mmol 100g-1) 19.4 12.8 7.4 15.6 11.6 CEC Urea NH3-N loss (%N applied) <1 24 38 27 43 pH after 24 hs. 4.0 7.5 7.9 8.0 8.2 Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate NH3-N loss (%N applied) <1 1 4 32 49 pH after 24 hs. 3.7 5.8 6.1 7.8 7.7 NH3-N loss (%N applied) <1 <1 <1 9 8 pH after 24 hs. 3.5 5.5 5.9 7.5 7.4
FBN2
10-350
50
N 3Nitrificacin
Biomasa Microbiana
160
Mineral 80
Suelo
Kg/ha
Lixiviacin 20-40?
Nitrosomonas,
Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospira, Nitrosolobus, Nitrosovibrio Nitrosomonas
2e[HNO] (+1)
Nitrobacter,Nitrococcus y Nitrospira
2eNO 2- + 1/2O2
(+3)
NO 3(+5)
FBN2
10-350
50
Biomasa Microbiana
160
N Mineral 80
Suelo
Kg/ha
4
Lixiviacin 20-40?
FBN2
10-350
50
200
Biomasa Microbiana
160
N Mineral 80
Suelo
Kg/ha
Lixiviacin 20-40?
DESNITRIFICACION
AEROBIOS FACULTATIVOS
(+5) 2 NO3nitrato
2e4 H+ -2H2O
2e4 H+ -2 H2O
1
2H+ -2 H2O (0) N2
-H2O
2.
Contenido hdrico
60% de c. Hdrico ---muy baja Aumenta c. Hdrico --- > incrementa
3.
4.
DISPONIBILIDAD DE C
5.
pH:
LENTA A pH 5.0 AUSENTE A pH 4.0
6.
FBN2
10-350
50
Biomasa Microbiana
160
N Mineral
Suelo
80
Kg/ha
Lixiviacin 20-40?
6 INMOVILIZACION: Los microorganismos compiten con las plantas por el nitrgeno mineral
80 INMOVILIZACION NETA REL C/N 60 MINERALIZACION NETA 40
20
NO3C A N T I D A D
CO2
Mineralizacin o Inmovilizacin de N
Depende de la relacin C/N o del % de N de los residuos
CO2 C N
gas a la atmsfera
C org.
N org. NH4+
Biomasa microbiana
suelo
Mineralizacin
Mineralizacin o Inmovilizacin de N
Depende de la relacin C/N o del % de N de los residuos
+ gas a la atmsfera
CO2 C N
NO3- y NH4+
CO2
Biomasa microbiana
C org.
N org. N org.
suelo
Inmovilizacin
Bibliografa
Alexander, M. 1980. Introduccin a la microbiologa del suelo. AGT Editor, S.A. Mxico. Freney, J.R., Black, A.S. 1988. Importance of ammonia volatilization as a loss process. In "Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems".J.R. Wilson, Ed. CAB Intenat., Wallingford. pp 156- 173. Haynes, R.J. 1986. Origin, distribution, and cycling of nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems" In "Mineral nitrogen in the Plant Soil system, R.J. Haynes, Ed. Academic Press, Inc. Orlando, Fla. pp. 1-51, Haynes, R.J. 1986. The decomposition process: mineralization, inmobilization, humus formation, and degradation. In "Mineral nitrogen in the Plant Soil system", R.J. Haynes, Ed. Academic Press, Inc. Orlando, Fla. pp. 52-126, Haynes, R.J. 1986. Nitrification. In "Mineral nitrogen in the Plant Soil system", R.J. Haynes, Ed. Academic Press, Inc. Orlando, Fla. pp. 127-165, Haynes, R.J, Sherlock, R.R. 1986. Gaseous Losses of nitrogen. In "Mineral nitrogen in the Plant Soil system", R.J. Haynes, Ed. Academic Press, Inc. Orlando, Fla. pp. 242-302. Leininger, S., Urich, T., Schloter, M., Schwark, L., Qi, J., Nicol, G. W., Prosser J. I., Schuster, S. C. Schleper, C. 2006. Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils. Nature, vol. 442: 806-809. Paul, E.A. 2007. Soil Microbiology, Ecology, and Biochemistry. Third Edition. Ed American Press, Elsevier, Burlington, USA. pp. 532. Powlson, D.S. 1993. Understanding the soil nitrogen cycle. Soil Use and Management, 9:86-94.