Slide 1: Why adsorption?

Adsorption is integral to a broad spectrum of physical, biological, and chemical processes and operations in the environmental field. Purification of gases by adsorption has played a major role in air pollution control, and adsorption of dissolved impurities from solution has been widely employed for water purification. Adsorption is now viewed as a superior method for wastewater treatment and water reclamation. Applications of adsorption for chemical processing. air pollution control. and water treatment are well known; applications in wastewater treatment and water pollution control are generally not as well recognized, nor as well understood. The process has been demonstrated to be widely effective for removing dissolved organic substances from wastewater. Types of adsorption : Forces of attraction exist between adsorbate and adsorbent. These forces of attraction can be due to Vanderwaal forces of attraction which are weak forces or due to chemical bond which are strong forces of attraction. On the basis of type of forces of attraction existing between adsorbate and adsorbent, adsorption can be classified into two types: Physical Adsorption or Chemical Adsorption. Physical Adsorption or Physisorption When the force of attraction existing between adsorbate and adsorbent are weak Vanderwaal forces of attraction, the process is called Physical Adsorption or Physisorption. Physical Adsorption takes place with formation of multilayer of adsorbate on adsorbent. It has low enthalpy of adsorption It takes place at low temperature below boiling point of adsorbate.As the temperature increases in, process of Physisorption decreases. Chemical Adsorption or Chemisorption When the force of attraction existing between adsorbate and adsorbent are chemical forces of attraction or chemical bond, the process is called Chemical Adsorption or Chemisorption. Chemisorption takes place with formation of unilayer of adsorbate on adsorbent. It has high enthalpy of adsorption It can take place at all temperature. Why removal of phosphate ? Eutrophication - The process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. These typically promote excessive growth of algae. As the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other organisms, such as fish. Eutrophication is a natural, slowaging process for a water body, but human activity greatly speeds up the process. Slide 3: Flyash is modified by adding suphuric acid ,which increases the specific surface area by 4 times and improves the removal efficiency and increases the speed of adsorption.

Slide 7: easily available and cost-effective- normal flyash The presence of various strongly active constituents in fly ashmakes it one of the most suitable materials for phosphate sorption.Fly ash is enriched with oxides of aluminum, iron, and calcium. nutrient-loaded filters /other absorbants can be used in agriculture as phosphate fertilizer and soil conditioner. AGRICULTURAL WASTE AS ADSORBENT it isabundantly available; most of the types of agriculture waste are readily to be used and do not require a complex pretreatment step or activation process before applications; regeneration of these adsorbents may not be necessary (unlike activated carbon, where regeneration is essential); and less maintenance DISADVANTAGE: use of these cheap alternatives for wastewater treatment remains limited due to both insufficient documentation in realwastewater systems and the necessity of post-usage disposal. supervision are required for the operation of the adsorption process.

Slide 8: XRD to find the crystalline structure , average spacing between layers and rows of atoms SEM to classify the material , surface morphology FTIR gives spectrum of light emiited by the sample to determine suitable wavelength

Slide 10 : 1.Effect of contact time to find the equlibrium time by plotting the graph between removal efficiency and time . 2.Effect of Adsorbent dosage to find the optimum dosage at constant temperature and humidity . Graph was plotted between time and concentration. 3.Effect of PH to find out in which PH range the adsorbent works effectively , its affinity to alkaline and acidic solutions . Point of Zero charge : Decribes the condition where the electrical charge density of the surface of adsorbent is zero . At this PH , amount of adsorbed concentration is not affected by PH . Mostly used for metal ions , if we have to remove zinc which is postively charged , we can shift the range of adsorbate accordingly to less PH so that negatively charged adsorbent attracts the postively charged zinc

Slide 12: Flyash was obtained from Neyveli Lignite Corportation LTD, Neyveli .