Mukesh Kumar Kalaiyarasu P. K.

Bharati Nirmal Kumar Ajay Kumar

Dr. Deepak

World Energy Sources

INDIAN POWER SECTOR (June 2006)

THERMAL : HYDEL : NUCLEAR : RENEWABLES : 83272 MW 32726 MW 3900 MW 6191 MW

TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY : 126089 MW

(Source : Ministry of Power)

ENERGY SCENARIO - INDIA

Rapid economic development & Increasing population = High demand for Energy
A sustained 8% GDP growth of India requires an annual increase of: a) Commercial energy supply from 5.2% to 6.1% b) Total primary energy supply from 4.3% to 5.1%

There is a pressing need to explore Alternate Fuel Options which are sustainable, locally available and eco-friendly

RE IN INDIA
The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) is the nodal agency involved in facilitating growth of RE in India The Ministrys mandate covers the entire RE sector. RE sources covered by MNES are: Solar Wind Small / Mini /Micro Hydel Biomass Energy from Urban & Industrial Wastes Hydrogen Energy & Fuel Cells Geothermal Tidal Energy sources

Cont

Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) is working as a non-banking financial company under the administrative control of MNES to provide term loans forR E projects.

MNES has established three specialized technical institutions viz. Solar Energy Center (SEC), Center for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) and Sardar Swaran Singh Institute of Renewable Energy.

RE ENABLING LEGISLATIONS
To mainstream RE into the national energy matrix, it is strongly felt that India needs a comprehensive Renewable Energy Policy on lines of similar successful legislations like Germany, UK, Spain, Denmark, etc. Legislations including the Electricity Act, 2003 and National Tariff policy have tried to promote RE by mandating state electricity regulatory commissions (SERCs) to ensure inclusion of RE-based electricity in energy mix of state utilities.

Cont

Sections 3(1) and 3(2) Under Sections 3(1) and 3(2), it has been stated that the Central Government shall, from time to time, prepare and publish the National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy, in consultation with the state governments and authority for development of the power system based on optimal utilization of resources such as coal, natural gas, nuclear substances, hydro and renewable sources and energy. Section 4 Section 4 states that the Central Government shall, after consultation with the state governments, prepare and notify a national policy, permitting stand-alone systems ( including those based on renewable sources of energy and other non-conventional sources of energy) for rural areas.

 Section 61 Section 61, 61(h) and 61(i) state that the appropriate commission shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, specify the terms and conditions for determination of tariff, and in doing so, shall be guided by the following, namely, the promotion of cogeneration and generation of electricity from renewable sources of energy; and the National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy. Section 86(1)
Section 86(1) and 86(1)(e) state that the state commissions shall promote cogeneration and generation of electricity from renewable sources of energy by providing suitable measures for connectivity with the grid and sale of electricity to any person, and also specify, for purchase of electricity from such sources, a percentage of the total consumption of electricity in the area of a distribution licensee.

RE - FINANCIAL/FISCAL INCENTIVES IN INDIA

Income Tax Holiday Accelerated Depreciation Concessional Custom Duty / Duty Free Import Capital Subsidy Energy buyback, power wheeling and banking facilities Sales Tax concession benefits Electricity Tax exemption Demand cut concession offered to industrial consumers who establish power generating units from renewable energy sources

Emerging Options of RE
Solar energy Wind energy Bio energy Hydro energy Geothermal energy Nuclear Energy Wave and tidal energy

Solar Energy
A specially constructed solar panel captures sunlight energy on solar photovoltaic (PV) cells, which then activate electrons. These electrons jump from atom to atom, creating the chain of electricity which runs through a charge controller in the form of a DC charge.

 Perhaps the future is here now. It has predicted that 50% of the world's energy will come from renewable sources by 2040. The Earth receives 1,366 Watts per square meter (W/m2) from the sun continuously India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7 kWh/m2 for 300 to 330 days in a year. This energy is sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant/Km2 land area.

 Solar energy is, and has always been, the Earths primary energy resource Drives our climate Responsible for plant photosynthesis Solar energy has been alternative energy only for a few decades in the industrialized parts of the world Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are the stored, concentrated, products of photosynthesis Wind, biomass and hydro are the result of solar energy input

Factors That Affect Quantity, Quality And Timing Of Solar Energy Available

CLIMATE

AIM:-maximize heat gain in winter minimize heat gain in summer consider snow, ice and rain

Utilization Of Solar Energy

Solar thermal route

produce hot water or air, cook food, drying materials etc.

Solar electric (solar photovoltaic) routes.

produce electricity for lighting home, building, running motors, pumps, electric appliances, and lighting.

Solar Thermal Energy Application

Solar energy can be converted into thermal energy with the help of solar thermal devices (solar collectors and receivers).
Low-Grade Heating Devices - up to the temperature of 100C. Medium-Grade Heating Devices -up to the temperature of 100-300C High-Grade Heating Devices -above temperature of 300C

Solar water heaters

Box type solar cooker

Dish solar cooker used in a mid-day meal scheme

Solar electric (solar photovoltaic) routes

Photovoltaics: converting light to electricity Silicon, semi-conducting material (solar cell) transforms light into direct current Power transformed by inverter into alternating current for use Works with existing electrical supply

Photovoltaic

Photovoltaic cells only produce electricity when sun is shining PV system needs clear access to sun rays most of the day, year around Work best when the sun rays are perpendicular to the panels Heat increases resistance to flow of electricity; cool, sunny days are ideal Operate with little maintenance Solar cells are currently costly; require a large initial capital investment

Photovoltaic Water Pumping

Solar Street lighting system

Photovoltaic Domestic

Solar Energy Benefits

About 70% of all air pollution (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulates) comes from our use of fossil fuels for generating electricity, transportation, space and hot water heating Solar energy emits no air or water pollutants, and virtually no solid waste Solar energy produces no greenhouse gases, which are linked to global warming and climate change Fuel doesnt require mining, drilling or transportation, and costs nothing Does not require energy supplies to be imported from insecure regions Systems can be installed exactly where the energy is needed

Future of Solar Energy

Solar thermal energy is already very cost-effective for providing low temperature heat almost anywhere PV is very cost-effective for providing electricity in remote areas and in niche applications As the costs of fossil fuels and electricity increase, PV is becoming more costeffective compared to electricity from conventional sources The costs of all solar technologies are declining Federal and state incentives are increasing the use of solar energy, which helps to increase awareness and promote solar technologies

Countrys first Solar Housing Complex at Kolkata Community Hall & surrounding area 1 A Swimming Pool heated with solar collector. 2 8 kW Roof Top Solar PV System (grid connected). 3 4 kW BIPV System (grid connected). 4 Demonstration of 1.2 kW concentrating type Solar PV System (grid connected). 5 Stand alone high mast Solar Street Lights with Battery at the top and high power FL. 6 Battery operated pick-up Van. 7 Solar PV operated nameplate and signage. 8 Solar PV operated garden lights. The complex comprises 25 houses each of Duplex Type with floor area of each house as 1760 sq. ft. and an open area of 860 sq. ft..

Wind
Renewable,clean and non polluting energy source Wind movement: day time-warm air moves up and cool air from water replaces night time- reverse. Renewable energy is a fundamental piece of the puzzle for not only a healthy planet, but a healthy life as well.

History
Over 5,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians used wind to sail ships on the Nile River windmills to grind wheat and other grains. The earliest known windmills were in Persia (Iran). 1920s, Americans used small windmills to generate electricity in rural areas without electric service

Wind farm Advantage Ample Renewable Wide distribution Cheap and no toxic gas emissions less space-agro use. Disadvantage Never predictable. noise More investment and less than fuel Transport

Wind farm

1.Clusters of wind machines used to produce electricity. 2. The world's largest wind farm, the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in Texas, has 421 wind turbines that generate enough electricity to power 220,000 homes per year.

Wind Energy Programme in India

Sixth Plan in 1983-84 Monsoon influence: strong south-west summer monsoon starts in May-June, when cool, humid air moves towards the land weaker north-east winter monsoon starts in October, when cool, dry sir moves towards the ocean The gross potential is 48,561 MW and a total of about 10,242.5 MW of commercial projects have been established until March 31, 2009.

Position of India
Top five countries in terms of installed capacity Germany (22, 300 mw), US (16,800 mw), Spain (15,100 mw) India (8000 mw) and China (6,100 mw) In capacity addition, the US was in the lead in 2007, followed by China and Spain. China-3,449 mw of wind energy capacity, a growth of 156% India-1730 mw new capacity was added up to December-end 2007.

Hydro Energy

Hydrologic Cycle

Hydropower to Electric Power

Potential Energy

Electrical Energy Electricity

Kinetic Energy

Mechanical Energy

Schematic of Impound Hydropower

Conventional Impoundment Dam

Hydropower Pros and Cons

Positive
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX, SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates Renewable resource with high conversion efficiency to electricity (80+%) Dispatchable with storage capacity

Negative
Frequently involves impoundment of large amounts of water with loss of habitat due to land inundation Variable output dependent on rainfall and snowfall Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology, including fish migration and oxygen depletion Social impacts of displacing indigenous people Health impacts in developing countries High initial capital costs Long lead time in construction of large projects

Usable for base load, peaking and pumped storage applications Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Low operating and maintenance costs Long lifetimes

Bio-energy
Bio-energy is renewable energy derived from biological sources Available in three forms as solid (Biomass), liquid (Biofuels) and gaseous (Biogas) Bio-energy currently provides over 15% of the world's energy supply.

BIOENERGY: Main Benefits

Sustainability: clean and renewable energy source Availability: increased energy access - rural areas Flexibility: power, heat and transport Energy security: diversified energy mix, domestic sources Mitigation of climate change Diversification of rural livelihoods Reduction in land degradation

Bio-energy today
Type Use Replaces Raw material Sugar Maize Oilseeds Woody materials, crop and livestock waste Ethanol Transport Petrol

Biodiesel Biomass

Transport

Diesel

Electricity Coal, gas and oil Home cooking and Kerosene heating

Bio-energy at a Glance in India

Source Biomass Power Bagasse Cogeneration
Family size biogas plants

Estimated Potential, MW 16, 000 3, 500

120 lakh

Cumulative installed capacity (as on March, 31, 2006), MW 440.50 502.03

38.34 lakh

Biomass
Biomass is material derived from recently living organisms which includes plants, animals and their by-products . It has potential to generate power to the extent of more than 50% of the countrys requirements. an estimated production of 350 million tons of agricultural waste every year, biomass is capable of supplementing coal equivalent to 200 million tonnes producing 17,000 MW of power and resulting in a saving of about Rs.20,000 crores every year. Biomass can be used in three ways one in the form of gas through gasifiers for thermal applications, second in the form of methane gas to run gas engines and the third through combustion to produce steam and thereby power

Devices
Biogas Plants Biomass Gasifiers Engine pump sets Producers gas/ biogas based engine generator

Biomass Gasifiers
Biomass gasifiers convert the solid biomass ( basically woood waste and agricultural residues ) into a combustible gas mixture normally called as producer gas ( CO,H2,N2 and CH4) Gasification of biomass results in saving of 50% in fuel consumption

BIO-FUEL (Ethanol & Biodiesel)

Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels biofuels for our transportation needs (cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains). The two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel Ethanol is made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates (starches, sugars, or celluloses) through a process similar to brewing beer Uses of ethanol:- mostly used as a fuel-additive to cut down a vehicles carbon monoxide and other smog causing emissions. Government of India has started nationwide launch of 5 % ethanol blended petrol w.e.f. 1 January, 2003. The ratio should gradually be increased to 10 and 20%.

Bio-diesel
Bio-diesel is produced from soyabeans, sunflower, and more recently Jatropha curcas and other crops. It can be extracted and refined into fuel, which can be burned in diesel engines and buses Also used as an additives to reduce vehicle emissions It was first experimented by Rudolf Diesel to run his first diesel engine. The engine was run on ground nut oil At present India produces only 30% of petroleum & rest 70% is being imported which incurs a large amount of expenditure of about Rs 80,000 crore every year. If even about 5% of bio-fuel is mixed in present diesel by the year 2012 we could supplement about 41.41% of total demand of diesel consumption. India has launched a bio-fuel project in 200 district of 18 states where Jatropha curcas being cultivated. Currently widely being used for producing biodiesel in India as promoted as very easy to grow crop

Jatropha curcas

Originated in Caribbean Drought resistant, perennial, can grow well in poor soil Can produce seeds for 50 years Tree produces approx. 1600 liters of oil/ha Seed has oil content of 37% which can be combusted as fuel without undergoing the process of refining Byproducts are used as press cake which is a good organic fertilizer

Biogas
Biogas is a clean and efficient fuel, generated from cowdung, human waste or any kind of biological materials derived through anaerobic fermentation process. The biogas consists of 60% methane with rest mainly carbon-dioxide. Biogas is a safe fuel for cooking and lighting. By-product is usable as high-grade manure.

India has a potential of generating 6.38 x 1010 m3 of biogas from 980 million tones of cattle dung produced annually. In addition, 350 million tons of compost would also be produced. Under National Biogas and Manure Management Programme 38.34 lakh family size and 3952 community biogas plants has been installed in the country

Biogas plant

Bio-power
Bio-power or biomass power, is the use of biomass to generate electricity Six major types of bio-power systems i. Direct-fired ii. Co-firing iii. Gasification iv. Anaerobic digestion v. Pyrolysis and vi. Small-modular

BIOENERGY: Key Challenges

Ensuring sustainability Safeguarding food security Protecting biodiversity Managing competition for land and water Controlling pollution of air, water and soils Removing barriers to bioenergy trade

How can developing countries reduce trade-offs between bioenergy crops and food production ?
Develop biomass crops that yield higher amounts of energy per unit of land and water. Biotech could be very useful. Focus on food crops that generate by-products that can be used for bioenergy and breed for larger amounts of by-products. Develop and grow biomass in less-favored areas rather than in prime agricultural landsan approach that would benefit some of the poorest people Invest in increasing the productivity of food crops themselves, since this would free up additional land and water Remove barriers to international trade in biofuels. The world has enough capacity to meet food needs and grow large amounts of biomass for energy use, but not in all countries and regions. Trade is a powerful way of spreading the benefits of this global capacity while enabling countries to focus on growing the kinds of food, feed, or energy crops for which they are most competitive.

 Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat) is power extracted from heat stored in the earth.
from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface

Hot Springs have been used for bathing at least since paleolithic times. Used for
Space heating and bathing since ancient roman times Now better known for generating electricity

Global View of Geothermal Energy

Electricity Generation
Electricity generation requires high temperature geothermal fields and specialized heat cycles: Dry steam plants : Oldest & Simplest Directly use geothermal steam of 150C or more to turn turbines Flash steam plants Most common type of plant in operation today Require fluid temperatures of at least 180C, usually more Binary Cycle Power Plants The most recent development Can accept fluid temperatures as low as 57C Most common type of geothermal electricity plant being built today Viable over a much greater geographical range

Installed geothermal electric capacity as of 2007

Country USA Philippines Indonesia Mexico Italy Japan New Zealand Iceland El Salvador Costa Rica Kenya Nicaragua Capacity (MW) 2687 1969.7 992 953 810.5 535.2 471.6 421.2 204.2 162.5 128.8 87.4 Country Russia New Guinea Guatemala Turkey China Portugal France Germany Ethiopia Austria Thailand Australia TOTAL Capacity (MW) 79 56 53 38 27.8 23 14.7 8.4 7.3 1.1 0.3 0.2 9731.9

Geothermal electricity is generated in 24 countries around the world. About 10 GW of geothermal electric capacity is installed as of 2007, generating 0.3% of global electricity demand. An additional 28 GW of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural applications.

Environmental Impact
CO2, H2S

Global Warming

Acid Rain

Trace amount of mercury, arsenic, etc. with hot water

Existing geothermal electric plants emit an average of 90-120 kg of CO2 per MWh of electricity, a small fraction of the emission intensity of conventional fossil fuel plants. Some are equipped with emissions-controlling systems that reduces the exhaust of acids and volatiles Geothermal plants can theoretically inject these substances, along with the gases, back into the earth, in a form of carbon sequestration.

Economics
Immune to fluctuations in fuel cost High capital costs Drilling accounts for most of the costs of electrical plants Exploration of deep resources entails very high financial risks Construction costs: about 2-5 million per MW of capacity Operational costs: 0.04-0.10 per kWh

A 2006 report by MIT, that took into account the use of enhanced geothermal system, estimated that an investment of 1 billion US dollars in research and development over 15 years would permit the development of 100 GW of generating capacity by 2050 in the United States alone

Indian Scenario
India has 400 medium to high enthalpy geothermal springs, clustered in seven provinces. Capacity to produce 10,600 MW of power- five time greater than the combined power being produced from non-conventional energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass. Reykjavik, Iceland-based Glitnir Bank is partnering with Noida, India's LNJ Bhilwara Group, a diversified business with operations in power generation. The Icelandic bank will hold a 40 percent stake in the geothermal venture, with Bhilwara holding 60 percent. The venture is being set up with initial capital of $10 million for its exploration phase.

 Nuclear power

is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from

atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions. The only method in use today is through nuclear fission, though other methods might one day include nuclear fusion and radioactive decay. All utility-scale reactors heat water to produce steam, which is then converted into mechanical work for the purpose of generating electricity or propulsion. On June 27, 1954, the USSR's Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant became the world's first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a power grid, and produced around 5 megawatts of electric power. In 2007, 14% of the world's electricity came from nuclear power with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for 56.5%. As of 2007, the IAEA reported there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in the world, operating in 31 countries. More than 150 nuclear-powered naval vessels have been built, and a few radioisotope rockets have been produced.

Life Cycle
Mining

Nuclear plant Reprocessing plant

Repository

Indian Scenario
Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydro and renewable sources of electricity As of 2008, India has 17 nuclear power plants in operation generating 4,120 MW while 6 other are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 3,160 MW. In February 2009, India also signed a US$700 million deal with Russia for the supply of 2000 tons nuclear fuel India now envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 4.2% to 9% within 25 years

Quantum mechanics predicts the existence of what are usually called ''zero-point'' energies for the strong, the weak and the electromagnetic interactions, where ''zero-point'' refers to the energy of the system at temperature T=0, or the lowest quantized energy level of a quantum mechanical system. Although the term ''zero-point energy'' applies to all three of these interactions in nature, customarily it is used in reference only to the electromagnetic case. Origin of zero-point energy is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle He at absolute 0; not freezed??

What is Zero energy?

IS IT POSSIBLE TO TAP ZERO POINT ENERGY?

Huh!! So ull make perpetual motion machine

It is possible to tap zero energy

Stochastic electrodynamics interpretation of the Bohr orbit does suggest a way whereby energy might be extracted Patent has been issued and experiments have been underway at the University of Colorado (U.S. Patent 7,379,286)

Ocean Energy
Thermal Mechanical

Sun-heat

Tides & Waves

Tidal Energy
Tides: Daily rise and fall of ocean water levels

Forms of tides

Bay of Fundy, Canada

High Tide

Low Tide

Potential tidal power sources

Tidal cycle
Spring Tides (strongest)
3 2

Current Velocity (m/s)

1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 1-Feb 6-Feb 11-Feb 16-Feb 21-Feb 26-Feb

Date

Neap Tides (weakest)

World-wide distribution of Tidal energy

Turning Tides into Usable Energy

Ebb generating system A dam (barrage) is built across the mouth of an estuary. Sluice gates allow incoming tides to fill the basin. As the tide ebbs, the water is forced through a turbine system to generate electricity.

Rim turbine used at Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia

Tubular turbine proposed for use in the Severn tidal project in Great Britain

East river turbine

Shrouded turbine

Tidal turbine at NYC

Turbine blade, SeaGen, UK

Advantages Renewable Abundant (estimated that it could produce 16% of worlds energy.) Pollution free (except during construction) Relatively consistent (unlike wind that is inconsistent and is highly concentrated in certain areas depending on the topography.) Water is a free resource Presents no difficulty to migrating aquatic animals (avoidable) Disadvantages Disturbance/Destruction to marine life (effect wave climate that effects shallow/shore plant life) Expensive to construct (estimated 1.2 billion dollars.) Reliability ( have not been around long so we do not know long-term reliability is.) Recreational costs (visual impact, sport fishing, swimming, etc.) Cost of Maintenance Higher Power transmission from offshore facilities harder Power quality (waves fluctuation)

Turning Waves into Usable Energy

One of the best means to harness energy from Ocean. 0.1% of ocean energy, if harnessed, could more than satisfy world energy demand Wave hits the wave converter and converts its force into energy and is fed to generator to produce electricity

Wave energy potential varies greatly worldwide

Figures in kW/m

Islay wave power station

Tapered channel system, Australian CRC

Floating system, USA

Oscillating water column system

Advantages

The energy is free - no fuel needed, no waste produced. Most designs are inexpensive to operate and maintain. Waves can produce a great deal of energy. There are minimal environmental impacts.
Disadvantages

Depends on the waves - sometimes you'll get loads of energy, sometimes nothing. Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently strong. Must be able to withstand very rough weather. Disturbance or destruction of marine life Possible threat to navigation from collisions because the wave energy devices rise only a few feet above the water. Degradation of scenic ocean front views from wave energy devices located near or on the shore, and from onshore overhead electric transmission lines.

Issue Analysis and Recommendations

Government

Business

Society

Society
Find alternate energy sources Increasing cost of dirty energy Less money for consumer goods Harmful pollution Benefits from alternate energy Lower energy cost Less pollution Tax benefits

Business
Rising cost of traditional energy Potential business opportunities High initial investment

Government
Decrease the nations oil/coal/gas dependency Secure the nations future energy supply Promote R&D investment

Estimated Cost of Production (per kilowatt-hour) CONVENTIONAL ENERGY Coal 2 6 cents Gas 3 - 4 cents Nuclear 2 14 cents NONCONVENTIONAL ENERGY Large-Scale Hydro 1.5-2.5 cents Small-Scale Hydro 5 -12 cents Biomass 3 9 cents Geothermal 4 6 cents Wind 3 9 cents Solar 12 -40 cents Fuel Cell 8 -15 cents Wave Energy 4 9 cents

Thank you

It's easy to be thankful for the good things.