Which layer contains the lamina propria? a. Mucosa b. Sub mucosa c. Muscularis externa d. Serosa e.

Adventitia Answer: a The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The submucosa is connective tissue. Within it are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner's plexus is located in the submucosa. The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. It contains Auerbach's plexus. The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall. 2. What is another term for the valve of Kerckring? a. Lacteal b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn c. Plicae circulares d. Striated border e. Villi Answer: c There are several features of the small intestine. The lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is a lacteal. Crypts of Lieberkuhn are the intestinal glands. The plica circulares is a projection with a core of submucosa. The plica circulares is also called the valve of Kerckring. Microvilli that are seen on the epithelial cells in the small intestine form the brush border or striated border. Villi are finger like projections of mucosa seen in the small intestine. 4. Where are Peyer's patches located? a. Esophagus b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Large intestine e. Rectum Answer: c Peyer's patches are large nodules of lymphatic tissue. They are seen in the small intestine. 5. What type of muscle makes up the muscularis externa in the esophagus? a. Smooth b. Striated c. Cardiac d. both a and b e. a, b, and c.

Answer: d The muscularis externa in the upper third of the esophagus is composed of striated muscle and in the lower third it is smooth muscle. The middle third is a blend. 6. What are mucous surface cells? a. Simple squamous epithelium b. Simple cuboidal epithelium c. Simple columnar epithelium d. Stratified squamous epithelium e. Transitional epithelium Answer: c The epithelium on the stomach is lined by mucous surface cells which are a simple columnar epithelium. 7. Which layer consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue? a. Mucosa b. Sub mucosa c. Muscularis externa d. Serosa e. Adventitia Answer: d The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The submucosa is connective tissue. Within it are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner's plexus is located in the submucosa. The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. It contains Auerbach's plexus. The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall. 8. What is another term for the brush border? a. Lacteal b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn c. Plicae circulares d. Striated border e. Villi Answer: d There are several features of the small intestine. The lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is a lacteal. Crypts of Lieberkuhn are the intestinal glands. The plica circulares is a projection with a core of submucosa. The plica circulares is also called the valve of Kerckring. Microvilli that are seen on the epithelial cells in the small intestine form the brush border or striated border. Villi are finger like projections of mucosa seen in the small intestine.

10. Which cells secrete intrinsic factor? a. Parietal cells b. Oxyntic cells c. Chief cells c. Mucous neck cells e. Both a and b Answer: e Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is the precursor for pepsin. Parietal cells are also called oxyntic cells. They secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Mucous neck cells contain mucinogen granules. 1. Which layer contains the lining epithelium? a. Mucosa b. Sub mucosa c. Muscularis externa d. Serosa e. Adventitia Answer: a The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The submucosa is connective tissue. Within it are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner's plexus is located in the submucosa. The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. It contains Auerbach's plexus. The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall. 3. Which layer contains Auerbach's plexus? a. Mucosa b. Sub mucosa c. Muscularis externa d. Serosa e. Adventitia Answer: c The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The submucosa is connective tissue. Within it are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner's plexus is located in the submucosa. The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. It contains Auerbach's plexus. The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall.

4. Which cells secrete hydrochloric acid? a. Parietal cells b. Oxyntic cells c. Chief cells d. Mucous neck cells e. Both a and b Answer: e Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is the precursor for pepsin. Parietal cells are also called oxyntic cells. They secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Mucous neck cells contain mucinogen granules. 5. What is another term for the intestinal glands? a. Lacteal b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn c. Plicae circulares d. Striated border e. Villi Answer: b There are several features of the small intestine. The lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is a lacteal. Crypts of Lieberkuhn are the intestinal glands. The plica circulares is a projection with a core of submucosa. The plica circulares is also called the valve of Kerckring. Microvilli that are seen on the epithelial cells in the small intestine form the brush border or striated border. Villi are finger like projections of mucosa seen in the small intestine. 6. Which organ has a mucosa lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? a. Esophagus b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Large intestine e. Rectum The mucosa of the esophagus is mucosa lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. 7. What are the folds of the stomach called? a. Ruffled border b. Taeniae coli c. Gastric glands d. Rugae e. Gastric pits The folds of the empty stomach are called rugae. 9. Which layer contains the muscularis mucosa? a. Mucosa b. Sub mucosa c. Muscularis externa d. Serosa e. Adventitia Answer: a

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The submucosa is connective tissue. Within it are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner's plexus is located in the submucosa. The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. It contains Auerbach's plexus. The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall. 10. What are microvilli called that are seen in the small intestine? a. Lacteal b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn c. Plicae circulares d. Striated border e. Villi Answer: d There are several features of the small intestine. The lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is a lacteal. Crypts of Lieberkuhn are the intestinal glands. The plica circulares is a projection with a core of submucosa. The plica circulares is also called the valve of Kerckring. Microvilli that are seen on the epithelial cells in the small intestine form the brush border or striated border. Villi are finger like projections of mucosa seen in the small intestine. 1. Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract contains the gut associated lymphatic tissue? a. Mucosa b. Submucosa c. Muscularis externa d. Muscularis mucosae e. Serosa Answer: a The layers of the GI tract are: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa or adventitia. The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. The mucosa consists of a lining epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae. Gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) is found in the mucosa and sometimes extends into the submucosa. The submucosa is comprised of dense irregular connective tissue. Within the submucosa are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner's plexus is located in the submucosa. The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. The myenteric plexus of Auerbach is located in the muscularis externa.

The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells (mesothelium) and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall. 2. Which cells secrete pepsinogen? a. Parietal cells b. Oxyntic cells c. Chief cells d. Mucous neck cells e. Both a and b Answer: c Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is the precursor for pepsin. Parietal cells are also called oxyntic cells. They secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Mucous neck cells contain mucinogen granules. 3. Which layer contains Meissner's plexus? a. Mucosa b. Sub mucosa c. Muscularis externa d. Serosa e. Adventitia Answer: b The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The submucosa is connective tissue. Within it are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner's plexus is located in the submucosa. The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. It contains Auerbach's plexus. The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall. 4. What type of tissue lines most of the gastrointestinal tract? a. Simple squamous epithelium b. Simple cuboidal epithelium c. Simple columnar epithelium d. Stratified squamous epithelium e. Transitional epithelium Answer: c The lining of the gastrointestinal tract is simple columnar epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple columnar epithelium is "simple" because it is one cell thick. "Columnar" cells are taller than they are wide and have an oval nucleus. 5. What type of tissue lines the upper esophagus?

a. Simple squamous epithelium b. Simple cuboidal epithelium c. Simple columnar epithelium d. Stratified squamous epithelium e. Transitional epithelium Answer: d The lining of the upper esophagus is stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Stratified squamous epithelium is "stratified" because it is more than one cell layer thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the surface cells of the layer are flat. 6. What are the modifications of the muscularis externa that is seen on the large intestine? a. Teniae coli b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn c. Plicae circulares d. Striated border e. Villi Answer: a The modifications of the muscularis externa seen on the large intestine are called teniae coli. The lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is a lacteal. Crypts of Lieberkuhn are the intestinal glands. The plicae circulares is a projection with a core of submucosa. The plicae circulares is also called the valve of Kerckring. Microvilli that are seen on the epithelial cells in the small intestine form the brush border or striated border. Villi are finger like projections of mucosa seen in the small intestine. 7. Where are Brunner's glands located? a. Esophagus b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Large intestine e. Rectum Answer: c Brunner's glands are glands in the submucosa of the small intestine. 8. What is the primary cell of the intestinal epithelium of the large intestine? a. Columnar absorptive cell b. Goblet cell c. Parietal cells d. Paneth cells e. Chief cells Answer: a The major cell of the lining epithelium of the large intestine is the columnar absorptive cell. 9. Which region are goblet cells most numerous? a. Esophagus b. Stomach

c. Small intestine d. Large intestine e. Anus Answer: d Goblet cells are most numerous in the large intestine 10. Where is mesothelium found? a. Mucosa b. Sub mucosa c. Muscularis externa d. Serosa e. Adventitia Answer: d The layers of the GI tract are: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa or adventitia. The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. The mucosa consists of a lining epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae. Gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) is found in the mucosa and sometimes extends into the submucosa. The submucosa is comprised of dense irregular connective tissue. Within the submucosa are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner's plexus is located in the submucosa. The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. The myenteric plexus of Auerbach is located in the muscularis externa. The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells (mesothelium) and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall. 1. What is the opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum? a. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses b. Ducts of Luschka c. Duct of Wirsung d. Ampulla of Vater e. Sphincter of Oddi Answer: d Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder. The small bile ducts which connect between the cystic duct and liver are the ducts of Luschka The duct of Wirsung is the pancreatic duct. The opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum is at the ampulla of Vater. The valves which regulates the flow of bile into the small intestine is the sphincter of Oddi. 2. Which of the following is the exocrine portion of the pancreas? a. Islets of Langerhans b. Alpha cells c. Beta cells

d. Delta cells e. Acini Answer: e The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ. The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas 3. Which of the following clotting factors is NOT produced in the liver? a. Factor I b. Factor II c. Factor IV d. Factor IX e. Factor X Answer: c The liver performs many, many functions. Estimates range at over 500 different functions for the liver. The liver makes clotting Factors I, II, VII, IX, and X. Fibrinogen is Factor I. Prothrombin is Factor II. Factor IV is calcium, which is not produced in the liver. Histology hint: If ever asked where a process occurs, and you absolutely have no idea, make an educated guess of the liver.---Sarah Bellham 4. In what structure does blood run through between the hepatocytes? a. Hepatic artery b. Portal triad c. Central vein d. Portal vein e. Sinusoids Answer: e Hepatocytes are the liver cells. They are arranged to form a liver lobule, which is the functional unit of the liver. The liver lobule is a hexagonal shaped structure. At the angles of the liver lobule are portal triads. The portal triad is composed of a branch of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct. In the middle of the liver lobule is a central vein. Hepatic sinusoids run between the hepatocytes. 5. What is the space called that is located at the portal canal between the hepatocytes and connective tissue? a. Space of Disse b. Space of Mall c. Vacuole d. Lacuna e. Howship's lacuna

The space of Disse is in the liver. The space of Disse is also called the perisinosoidal space. It is the space between the liver sinusoids and the hepatocytes. The space of Mall is also in the liver. The space of Mall is located at the portal canal and is the region between the connective tissue and the liver parenchymal cells. It is the site where lymph is formed within the liver. A vacuole is a small clear space within an individual cell. A lacuna is a small space or depression. The space that the chondrocyte rests in is a lacuna. Howship's lacuna is seen in bone. Howship's lacuna is a space seen underneath an osteoclast. 6. What layer is NOT found in the gallbladder? a. Mucosa b. Muscularis mucosa c. Muscularis d. Adventita e. Serosa Answer: b The gallbladder is comprised of three layers: mucosa, muscularis, and adventita or serosa. Serosa is found on the free surface of the gallbladder. The mucosa is simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria. There is no muscularis in the mucosa of the gallbladder. 7. What cell type makes up the mucosa of the gallbladder? a. Simple squamous epithelium b. Simple cuboidal epithelium c. Simple columnar epithelium d. Stratified squamous epithelium e. Transitional epithelium Answer: c The mucosa of the gallbladder is made of simple columnar epithelium. 8. What is the classification of the pancreas? a. Mixed b. Endocrine c. Exocrine d. Both endocrine and exocrine e. None of the above Answer: d The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ. The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas. 9. Which cell is a hepatic macrophage?

a. Kupffer cells b. Histiocyte c. Dust cell d. Langerhans cell e. Microglia Answer: a Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes. Many tissues have resident (fixed) macrophages. Fixed macrophages are given a unique name, depending on the tissue that they are located in. Kupffer cells are the hepatic macrophages. Histiocytes are macrophages seen in connective tissue. Dust cells are alveolar macrophage found in the respiratory tract. Langerhans cells are macrophages seen in the skin. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages. 10. Where in the pancreas are islets of Langerhans most numerous? a. Head b. Body c. Tail d. Evenly distributed e. Depends on the individual Answer: c Islets of Langerhans are most numerous in the tail of the pancreas. 1. Which of the following is the exocrine portion of the pancreas? a. Islets of Langerhans b. Alpha cells c. Beta cells d. Delta cells e. Acini Answer: e The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ. The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas. 2. What are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder called? a. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses b. Ducts of Luschka c. Duct of Wirsung d. Ampulla of Vater e. Sphincter of Oddi Answer: a Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder. The small bile ducts

which connec between the cystic duct and liver are the ducts of Luschka The duct of Wirsung is the pancreatic duct. The opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum is at the ampulla of Vater. The valves which regulates the flow of bile into the small intestine is the sphincter of Oddi. 3. What structure is in the middle of the hepatic lobule? a. Hepatic artery b. Portal triad c. Central vein d. Portal vein e. Sinusoids Answer: c Hepatocytes are the liver cells. They are arranged to form a liver lobule, which is the functional unit of the liver. The liver lobule is a hexagonal shaped structure. At the angles of the liver lobule are portal triads. The portal triad is composed of a branch of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct. In the middle of the liver lobule is a central vein. Hepatic sinusoids run between the hepatocytes. 4. What is the space between the liver sinusoids and the hepatocytes called? a. Space of Disse b. Space of Mall c. Vacuole d. Lacuna e. Howship's lacuna Answer: a The space of Disse is in the liver. The space of Disse is also called the perisinosoidal space. It is the space between the liver sinusoids and the hepatocytes. The space of Mall is also in the liver. The space of Mall is located at the portal canal and is the region between the connective tissue and the liver parenchymal cells. It is the site where lymph is formed within the liver. A vacuole is a small clear space within an individual cell. A lacuna is a small space or depression. The space that the chondrocyte rests in is a lacuna. Howship's lacuna is seen in bone. Howship's lacuna is a space seen underneath an osteoclast. 5. What is the name of the cellular mass for the endocrine portion of the pancreas? a. Islets of Langerhans b. Alpha cells c. Beta cells d. Delta cells e. Acini Answer: a The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas. 6. Which structures are part of the portal triad? a. Portal vein b. Hepatic artery c. Central vein d. Sinusoids e. Both a and b Answer: e Hepatocytes are the liver cells. They are arranged to form a liver lobule, which is the functional unit of the liver. The liver lobule is a hexagonal shaped structure. At the angles of the liver lobule are portal triads. The portal triad is composed of a branch of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct. In the middle of the liver lobule is a central vein. Hepatic sinusoids run between the hepatocytes. 7. Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? a. Metabolism of bilirubin b. Deamination of amino acids c. Storage of iron d. Storage of copper e. Storage of calcium Answer: e The liver performs many, many functions. Estimates range at over 500 different functions for the liver. Bilirubin is metabolized in the liver. The conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates through the process of deamination occurs in the liver. Iron is stored in the liver as ferritin. Copper is stored in the liver. The storage site for calcium is in the bones. Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: If ever asked where a process occurs, and you absolutely have no idea, make an educated guess of the liver. 8. What is the functional unit of the liver? a. Lobule b. Portal triad c. Central vein d. Hepatocyte e. Sinusoids Answer: a Hepatocytes are the liver cells. They are arranged to form a liver lobule, which is the functional unit of the liver. The liver lobule is a hexagonal shaped structure. At the angles of the liver lobule are portal triads. The portal triad is composed of a branch of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct. In the

middle of the liver lobule is a central vein. Hepatic sinusoids run between the hepatocytes. 9. What are the valves which regulates the flow of bile into the intestine? a. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses b. Ducts of Luschka c. Duct of Wirsung d. Ampulla of Vater e. Sphincter of Oddi Answer: e Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder. The small bile ducts which connec between the cystic duct and liver are the ducts of Luschka The duct of Wirsung is the pancreatic duct. The opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum is at the ampulla of Vater. The valves which regulates the flow of bile into the small intestine is the sphincter of Oddi. 10. What cells of the pancreas secrete somatostatin? a. Islets of Langerhans b. Alpha cells c. Beta cells d. Delta cells e. Gamma cells Answer: d The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ. The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas. 1. What cells of the pancreas secrete insulin? a. Islets of Langerhans b. Alpha cells c. Beta cells d. Delta cells e. Gamma cells Answer: c The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ. The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas. 2. What is the pancreatic duct? a. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses b. Ducts of Luschka

c. Duct of Wirsung d. Ampulla of Vater e. Sphincter of Oddi Answer: c Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder. The small bile ducts which connec between the cystic duct and liver are the ducts of Luschka The duct of Wirsung is the pancreatic duct. The opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum is at the ampulla of Vater. The valves which regulates the flow of bile into the small intestine is the sphincter of Oddi. 3. What structure is at the angle of the liver lobule? a. Lobule b. Portal triad c. Central vein d. Hepatocyte e. Sinusoids Answer: b Hepatocytes are the liver cells. They are arranged to form a liver lobule, which is the functional unit of the liver. The liver lobule is a hexagonal shaped structure. At the angles of the liver lobule are portal triads. The portal triad is composed of a branch of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct. In the middle of the liver lobule is a central vein. Hepatic sinusoids run between the hepatocytes. 4. Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? a. Cholecystokinin production b. Bile production c. Detoxification d. Albumin production e. Synthesis of clotting factors Answer: a The liver performs many, many functions. Estimates range at over 500 different functions for the liver. Bile production occurs in the liver. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein. The blood in the hepatic portal vein is the "first stop" directly from the intestines, giving the liver the prime opportunity to detoxify substances. The liver synthesizes proteins such as albumin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin. Fibrinogen (Factor I) and prothrombin (Factor II) are clotting factors involved in clotting. The liver also makes Factors VII, IX, and X. Cholecystokinin is produced by the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. 5. What cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon? a. Islets of Langerhans b. Alpha cells c. Beta cells d. Delta cells

e. Gamma cells Answer: b The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ. The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas. 6. What are the connection between the cystic duct and liver? a. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses b. Ducts of Luschka c. Duct of Wirsung d. Ampulla of Vater e. Sphincter of Oddi Answer: b Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder. The small bile ducts which connec between the cystic duct and liver are the ducts of Luschka The duct of Wirsung is the pancreatic duct. The opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum is at the ampulla of Vater. The valves which regulates the flow of bile into the small intestine is the sphincter of Oddi. 7. Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? a. Conversion of glucose into glycogen b. Storage of glycogen c. Storage of bile d. Storage of fat soluble vitamins e. Cholesterol synthesis Answer: c The liver performs many, many functions. Estimates range at over 500 different functions for the liver. Glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver. Glycogen is stored in the liver. The liver stores of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver. Once bile is produced by the liver, it is stored in the gallbladder. 8. What cells of the pancreas secrete pancreatic polypeptide? a. Islets of Langerhans b. Alpha cells c. Beta cells d. Delta cells e. Gamma cells Answer: e The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas. 1. What is the glomerulus? a. Afferent arteriole b. Efferent arteriole c. Capillary tuft d. Peritubular capillaries e. Vasa recta Answer: c The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft. The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole. They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straight vessels" which arise from some of the efferent arterioles. 2. What is a renal pyramid and its associated cortex referred to? a. Medulla b. Lobe c. Renal columns d. Nephron e. Medullary ray Answer: b The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. A kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal column. The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. A region where a portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray. 3. Approximately how many nephrons are there in each kidney? a. 1,000 b. 10,000 c. 100,000 d. 1,000,000 e. 10,000,000 Answer: d There are approximately one million (1,000,000) nephrons in each kidney. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

4. What is the Malpighian corpuscle? a. Glomerulus b. Bowman's capsule c. Renal corpuscle d. Loop of Henle e. Distal convoluted tubule Answer: c The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred to as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a double layered cap surrounding the glomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle. Bowman's capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct. 5. What are the ducts of Bellini? a. Collecting tubules b. Distal convoluted tubule c. Proximal convoluted tubule d. Loop of Henle e. Medullary ray Answer: a Large collecting tubules near the apex of the pyramid are the ducts of Bellini. The ducts of Bellini are also called a papillary ducts. 6. What are the foot processes on podocytes? a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule c. Pedicels d. Juxtaglomerular cells e. Macula densa Answer: c The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus. 7. What vessel is a branch of the interlobular artery? a. Afferent arteriole b. Efferent arteriole c. Capillary tuft d. Peritubular capillaries e. Vasa recta

Answer: a The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft. The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole. They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straight vessels" which arise from some of the efferent arterioles. 8. What type of tissue lines the bladder? a. Simple squamous epithelium b. Simple cuboidal epithelium c. Simple columnar epithelium d. Stratified squamous epithelium e. Transitional epithelium Answer: e The lining of the bladder is transitional epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. There are domed shaped cells on the apical surface. 9. What is the projection of the medulla into the renal cortex called? a. Medulla b. Lobe c. Renal columns d. Nephron e. Medullary ray Answer: e The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. A kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal column. The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. A region where a portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray. 10. What makes up the Juxtaglomerular apparatus? a. Pedicels b. Juxtaglomerular cells c. Macula densa d. Both a and b e. Both b and c Answer: e The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

1. What vessels arise from the efferent arteriole? a. Afferent arteriole b. Efferent arteriole c. Capillary tuft d. Peritubular capillaries e. Vasa recta Answer: d The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft. The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole. They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straight vessels" which arise from some of the efferent arterioles. 2. Which structure does the proximal convoluted lead to? a. Glomerulus b. Bowman's capsule c. Renal corpuscle d. Loop of Henle e. Distal convoluted tubule Answer: d The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred to as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a double layered cap surrounding the glomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle. Bowman's capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct. 3. What is the correct term for the foot processes on podocytes? a. Pedis b. Pedicels c. Pedalis d. Pes e. Pediocyte Answer: b The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes. Note from Sarah Bellham: The Latin prefix pedalis, pes and pedis refers to the foot. Such words include pedal, pedicure, pedestrian and of course, the one we

are all familiar with, the foot process on podocytes, which are pedicels. 4. Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney? a. Erythropoietin production b. Vitamin D modification c. Acid base balance d. Aldosterone production e. Renin production Answer: d The kidney is involved in several things, in addition to urine production. Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney. Vitamin D is modified in the kidney, specifically, there is the addition of hydroxyl groups. The kidney plays an important role in acid base balance. Renin is produced in the kidney. Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal gland. 5. What is the space between the renal pyramids called? a. Medulla b. Lobe c. Renal columns d. Nephron e. Medullary ray Answer: c The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. A kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal column. The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. A region where a portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray. 6. What is the capillary tuft of the nephron? a. Glomerulus b. Bowman's capsule c. Renal corpuscle d. Loop of Henle e. Distal convoluted tubule Answer: a The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred to as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a double layered cap surrounding the glomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle. Bowman's capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct.

7. What vessel supplies blood to the glomerulus? a. Afferent arteriole b. Efferent arteriole c. Capillary tuft d. Peritubular capillaries e. Vasa recta Answer: a The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft. The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole. They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straight vessels" which arise from some of the efferent arterioles. 8. What type of tissue composes the kidney tubules? a. Simple squamous epithelium b. Simple cuboidal epithelium c. Simple columnar epithelium d. Stratified squamous epithelium e. Transitional epithelium Answer: b The kidney tubules are simple cuboidal epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple cuboidal epithelium is "simple" because it is one cell thick. "Cuboidal" refers to the shape of the cells. 9. Where is renin secreted from? a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule c. Pedicels d. Juxtaglomerular cells e. Macula densa Answer: d The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus. 10. What are the "straight vessels"? a. Afferent arteriole b. Efferent arteriole c. Capillary tuft d. Peritubular capillaries e. Vasa recta Answer: e

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft. The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole. They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straight vessels" which arise from some of the efferent arterioles. 1. What is the inner region of the kidney called? a. Medulla b. Lobe c. Renal columns d. Nephron e. Medullary ray Answer: a The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. A kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal column. The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. A region where a portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray. 2. What is the double layered cap on the glomerulus? a. Glomerulus b. Bowman's capsule c. Renal corpuscle d. Loop of Henle e. Distal convoluted tubule Answer: b The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred to as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a double layered cap surrounding the glomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle. Bowman's capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct. 3. Where are podocytes seen? a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule c. Pedicels d. Juxtaglomerular cells e. Macula densa Answer: a

The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus. 4. What vessel is formed from an aggregation of the glomerular capillaries? a. Afferent arteriole b. Efferent arteriole c. Capillary tuft d. Peritubular capillaries e. Vasa recta Answer: b The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft. The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole. They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straight vessels" which arise from some of the efferent arterioles. 5. What is the functional unit of the kidney? a. Medulla b. Lobe c. Renal columns d. Nephron e. Medullary ray Answer: d The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. A kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal column. The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. A region where a portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray. 6. Which structure leads to the collecting duct? a. Glomerulus b. Bowman's capsule c. Renal corpuscle d. Loop of Henle e. Distal convoluted tubule Answer: e The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred to as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a

double layered cap surrounding the glomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle. Bowman's capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct. 7. What cells are sensitive to sodium concentration? a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule c. Pedicels d. Juxtaglomerular cells e. Macula densa Answer: e The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus.