Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.1
Definition: Question Tag Question Tag
Positive Statement
(+)Positive Statement, (-) Negative Question Tag Your father was at school, wasnt he? They were on holiday, werent they? It was a super show, wasnt it? It is a big garden, isnt it? can swim well, can't he? I am going to go to the cinema with you, aren't I? (not amn't I) Susie has phoned you, hasn't she?
2.1 Negative Statement After negative statements, we use a positive tag. (-)Positive Statement, (+) Negative Question Tag Example: I am not surprised, am I? Tim and Ted arent rich, are they? They werent at the cinema, were they? That isnt Ben, is it? You are not a policeman, are you? We arent lucky, are we? Mustapha isnt at home, is he? They are not with us, are they? She is not study at KohNorea Pagoda, is she? They are not doing assignment for teacher Sochan, are they? Younde was come from country side, is he?
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Question Tag 1. , Question Tag 2. Question Tag 3. Question Tag 4. Question Tag 5. (Do Does) Question Tag Prepared and Taught By: Auk
Sochan
3.1 Imperative Statement Imperative statement commonly used to ask someone to do something. It usually called command. It can also used to prohibit someone. Question tags are also used in imperative statements. Will or would is used as the tags. Come here, will you? Open the window, would you? Dont tell me about it, will you? Go and get it, will you? Wont is used in imperatives when we want to show politeness (polite requests). Sit down, wont you? Give me some money, wont you? Dont get mad at me, wont you? Shall is used when we use Lets. Lets take a bus, shall we? Lets not talk about it anymore, shall we? Lets go to the office earlier, shall we? Question tags are also used in a short answer to show surprise or disbelief. A: I havent eaten since this morning, you see. B: You havent, havent you? Prepared and Taught By: Auk
Sochan
Past continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Future simple Future continuous Future perfect Future perfect continuous
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D. Question tags with HAVE and DO are often both possible after the noun auxiliary "have". Note: "do" is preferred in American English. Mr. Farmer has two cars, hasnt he? Or doesnt he? She has a nice kitten, hasnt she? Or doesnt she? You havent a house, have you? Do you? They have a garden, havent they? Or dont they? E. If the statement contains words such as no , no one , nothing , nobody , scarcely , hardly , hardly ever , never , neither , seldom, under no circumstances etc, it is considered a negative statement and followed by an affirmative tag. Julia hardly ever drinks coke, does she? Nothing will cure his illness, will it? He never acts like a gentleman, does he? She is hardly the right person for the job, is she? It is no good, is it? F. If the subject of the statement is somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, no one, and neither . We use the pronoun they in question tag. Somebody entered the garden, didnt they? Everybody was upset, werent they? Nobody objects to the plan, do they?
G. When the subject of the statement is that or this, the pronoun in the tag is "it". The pronoun is "they" for their plural forms these and those. This is an expensive necklace, isnt it? Those are very naughty children, arent they? That wasnt a big surprise, was it? These werent yours, were they? H. When we use a there + be combination in a sentence the pronoun in the tag is again "there". There isnt a hotel next to the museum, is there? There wont be any trouble, will there? There is a bus to Atlantic City every hour, isnt there? There werent any children at school, were there? I. Lets has the tag "shall we?" Lets go to the cinema, shall we? Lets have a party, shall we? Lets drink tea, shall we? Lets go out for a walk, shall we? J. Have to is considered Simple Present and had to is considered Simple Past. Your father has to wear glasses, doesnt he? They dont have to come early, do they? We had to borrow some money to buy a new house, didnt we? They didnt have to read the story book, did they?
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K. Some introductory phrases such as I am afraid, I think, I believe, I am sure, I suspect, I suppose , it appears that , it seems that , it looks as if , as far as I remember , as far as I can see so on dont affect question tags except for the transfer of negation . I suppose you are not serious, are you? I think my mom returned home, didnt she? I dont suppose you are serious, are you? I dont believe you have paid for it yet, have you? I dont think anyone will volunteer, will they? I hope he wont object to our plan, will he? It appears that she is enjoying herself, isnt she? As far as I can see, Wade is the best, isnt he? Note: For the phrase you know that the question tag is dont you ? You know that you can do it, dont you? L. If the subject of the sentence is everything, nothing, something, anything the pronoun in the tag is "it". Everything is ready, isnt it? Nothing has the end, has it? Anything is possible, isnt it? M. After positive imperatives, we use will you, wont you, can you, cant you, could you etc .Yet for the negative imperatives we only use will you? Prepared and Taught By: Auk
Sochan
Open the door, will you / wont you, can you, could you etc Dont play with your nose, will you? After I am the tag is "arent". I am your father, arent I? I am a bit late, arent I? I am a teacher, arent I? PS. Negative interrogative question tags without contractions are possible but the word order is different. You killed him, did you not? (This is much less usual form) INTONATION IN QUESTION TAGS When a tag is spoken, the voice can go up or down. If the voice goes up, it is called Rising Intonation and if it goes down, it is called Falling Intonation. It is a nice today, isnt it? A falling intonation means that the speaker is sure (or almost sure) that the statement is true. The speaker knows that it is a nice day. The tag is not a real question. He is inviting his friend to continue the conversation. You have been on holiday havent you? A rising intonation means that the speaker is less sure. He thinks that his friend has been on holiday, but he isnt sure. The tag is more like a real questi
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Verbs
1. Finite Verb
Non-Finite Verb
Finite Verb
Gerund
Full IF (To+V) Infinitive Bare IF (To+V)
1. A. Finite Verb in Present Tense A finite verb in present tense is a verb that is conjugated by its subject, and it is called Subject-verb concord or Subject-verb agreement. a. If the finite verb is used with (I we you they) it is not conjugated! (The basic form of verbs) I attract with her cloth. They absorb in the conversation with foreigner. Subject as third person singular ( He , She, It .)
Participle
b. If the finite verb end by (vowel + y) adds (s) pronounce (z) - Passive PP - Perfect PP ay, 'ey', 'oy', 'uy'. So, play becomes plays, say becomes says, buy becomes buys, enjoy becomes enjoys, stay becomes stays) c. If Finite verb end by ( consonant + y) to place (I) and (es) and pronounce (iz) or (z) d. If Finite Verb ends by ( s, sh, ch, x and o) add (es) and pronounce (iz). assesses, blesses, caresses, fusses, kisses, misses, passes, tosses; blushes, dashes, flashes, gnashes, hushes, lashes, mashes, pushes, rushes, splashes
- ING pp - ED pp
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Roommate
Finite Verb
2.1 Regular Verb Spelling in the past a.) If the verb ends in a consonant, add ed. return - returned, help - helped, cook - cooked b.) If the verb ends in e, add d. live - lived, create - created, die - died c.) In one-syllable words, if the verb ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination (CVC), double the last consonant and add -ed. hop - hopped, rub - rubbed However, do not double one-syllable words ending in w, -x, or y. bow - bowed, play - played, mix - mixed d.) In words of two or more syllables that end in consonant-vowel-consonant combination, double the last consonant only if the last syllable is stressed. prefer - preferred (The last syllable is stressed.) visit - visited (The last syllable isnt stressed) e.) If the verb ends in a consonant, + y, change the -y to -i and ed. worry - worried, copy - copied f.) If the verb ends in a vowel +y, add -ed. (Do not change the y to i.) play - played, annoy - annoyed Exception: pay - paid, lay - laid, say - said
A: Hi. My name is Jack. B: Hey Jack. I'm Seth. A: It's nice to meet you. B: Looks like we're going to be roommates. A: Yeah. B: So where are you from? A: I'm from Koh Norea. How about you? B: I'm from Ontario. A: In Canada? B: No. It's in California. It's a smaller city in southern California. A: So what made you come here? B: I wanted to go to a different state. A: I see. Hey, if you don't mind, I took this side of the room. B: No problem. They look the same to me. A: Are you a morning person or a night person. B: I'm a night person. A: That's great. So am I. I like to sleep in the morning. B: That should work out well then. Prepared and Taught By: Auk
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Quit Smoking
A: Hey Jane. How are you doing? B: Hi Jack. I'm doing great. A: I hope you haven't been waiting too long. B: No. I just got here a few minutes ago. A: Smoking cigarette is allowed here? B: I think this is a no-smoking area. Do you want to go somewhere else? A: That's alright. I don't need to smoke. B: Why don't you quit it? A: I never thought about it. All my friends smoke, and we hang out a lot. B: So do you smoke by yourself? A: When I started I didn't, but after a few months I started smoking at home. Usually when I'm bored. B: Do you smoke because of your bored? A: Yeah. It helps to kill the time. I also think it's out of habit. B: How much do you smoke in a day? A: I smoke about a half pack a day. B: Well, I think you should quit. You know it's bad for you? A: I always knew it was bad, but I never thought about it. B: You better start thinking about it now. You might not feel the difference now, but after 10 years of smoking, you might feel it and then it will be too late. A: That's a good point. I'll try to quit. B: Good. And if you need any support, I'll always be here for you. A: Thanks. Prepared and Taught By: Auk
Sochan
1.1
Gerund
Function of Gerund
1. A gerund is used as the subject of a verb. Smoking is prohibited here. Reading improves your knowledge. Running behind a running-car is dangerous. Walking alone is what he likes the most. Buying vegetables in that market is a difficult affair. Following others is not advisable.
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Dormitory
A: Hi. I'm Sara. B: My name is Dara. It's nice to meet you. A: Yes. It's nice to meet you as well. B: Have you been here for waiting for me for long time? A: For me, I got here about an hour ago. Do you want me to show you around? B: Yeah. That would be great. The most important thing is the bathroom right? A: Definitely. But we have to share the bathroom with the whole floor. B: I'm glad there is a TV in the break room. I keen on watching TV. A: Me too. So I brought one. I havent unpacked it yet. B: Cool. I brought a refrigerator. I am fond of storing some snacks in there. Feel free to use it. A: That would be perfect. I think we're going to have a great time. B: Do you sleep pretty late, or are you a morning person. A: I'm very flexible with sleeping times. Anyways, I'm a deep sleeper so a little noise never bothers me. B: That's good to know. I'm usually a night person, but I'm very quiet if my roommate is sleeping. A: As long as you don't blast the music while I'm sleeping, I should be fine. Did you eat lunch yet? B: No. Is there a cafeteria in the building? A: Yeah. I'll show you.
Example: afraid of angry about/at bad at good at clever at crazy about disappointed about/at excited about famous for fed up with fond of glad about happy about/at interested in keen on proud of sick of sorry about/for tired of used to worried about
They are afraid of losing the match. Pat is angry about walking in the rain. John is good at working in the garden. He is clever at doing math. The girl is crazy about playing tennis. He is disappointed about seeing such a bad report. We are excited about making our own film. Sandy is famous for singing songs. I'm fed up with being treated as a child. Teacher Sochan is fond of reading a book. She is glad about getting married again. The children are not happy about seeing a doctor. Are you interested in writing poems? Joe is keen on drawing. She is proud of riding a snowboard. We're sick of sitting around like this. He's sorry for eating in the lesson. I'm tired of waiting for you. She is used to smoking. I'm worried about making mistakes
Sochan
I will call you after arriving at the office. Please have a drink before leaving. I am looking forward to meeting you. Tara always dreams about going on holiday. Tel: 010774677 Email: auksochan@gmail.com
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Example:
My student always complaints about studying. She insists on seeing the doctor. He apologizes for making a mistake. They think about doing assignment. Her teacher takes take apart in meeting. She gives up her studying at university. They speak about learning grammar. I've always dreamt of living in at USA. They talked about moving to New Zealand. I'm thinking of buying a house in Koh Norea. If you participate in doing anything, try to do it well. I am working on improving my spelling. Stop talking and get on with doing this exercise. She doesn't believe in dieting. He had to pay for drinking so much Champagne. C To Be + Noun + Preposition + Ving
Example: I advise finding a good lawyer. I don't anticipate waiting very much longer. I appreciate hearing a good joke. I avoid flying as much as I can. Would you consider selling your share of the company? We will delay signing an agreement. I deny saying that. We must discuss hiring more people. I dislike eating alone. I enjoy talking with new people. I fear losing his confidence Do complete exercise below. Italic is transitive verb. When I finish I gave up ............................................................................................ I can't help ......................................................................................... They keep............................................................................................ I don't mind I will miss .. You should practice ....................... I quit I recall I hope they stop
Example:
He is addiction to smoking cigarette. They are lack of trying. Khmer citizen respect for John is victim of climbing the tree. He is danger of smoking cigarette. My teacher, Sochan is expert at explaining grammar. They are hope for making money.
Sochan
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As a real subject
As short Prohibition
Example: It is easy learning English. (=Learning English is easy.) It is easy finding fault with others. (= Finding fault with others is easy.) It is difficult knowing his motive. (=Knowing his motive is difficult.) It is difficult finding a good job during these troubled times. (= Finding a good job during these trouble times is difficult.) It is dangerous playing with fire. (= Playing with fire is dangerous.) It could be dangerous driving so fast. (= Driving so fast could be dangerous.) It seems effective speaking English everyday with my partner. Speaking English with my partner everyday seem effective. 5 As a subjective complement
Example: My favourite job is reading a book. Her free time is watching TV at home. His routine work is watering flower. My part time studying is learning English at Koh Norea. Our hobby is walking for a walk at the park. My best activity is doing exercise every morning. Her performance yesterday was singing a song at stage. Her duty is presenting subject tomorrow.
go boating go bowling go bungee jumping go camping go canoeing go climbing go dancing go fishing go hiking go horseback riding go hunting go jogging go kayaking go mountain climbing go paragliding go parasailing go rollerblading go running
go sailing go scuba diving go shopping go sightseeing go skateboarding go skating go skiing go skinny-dipping go skydiving go sledding go snorkeling go snowboarding go spear fishing go surfing go trekking go water skiing go window shopping go windsurfing
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. C. Come + Ving Come + Ving Example: Come boating with me at Mekong River. Come bowling with us at Dream Land. Come dancing with me, sir. Come shopping with us at super market. Come sightseeing with me at Rotanakiri province.
She regrets delaying the time to enroll at university. He regrets giving you the money. Does he regret losing my face at the meeting? Does she regret failing examination?
B. Need + Ving Need + Ving 9. AS do + the gerund Passive Voice We use do the + gerund for some kinds of work, esp. housework. Example: Example: Your hair needs washing. (= Your hair need to be washed.) Her nail needs cutting. (= Her nail need to be cut.) My clothes need doing the laundry. Their house needs dusting every day. My house needs painting. Her room needs decorating. This floor needs sweeping. The car needs washing. Prepared and Taught By: Auk
Sochan
I usually to the washing at the weekend. My sister does the ironing for me every day. Have you done the ironing yet? She always does the washing-up after meal. I do the shopping with my friend every weekend. She did the dusting yesterday. They do the gardening every morning. She did the cooking for her husband every evening. Tel: 010774677 Email: auksochan@gmail.com
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2 Definition:
Infinitive
The bare infinitive (without to) is also used after the expressions would rather and had better. Examples:
Infinitive is a Non-Finite Verb that is divided into two forms, Bare Infinitive and Full Infinitive.
Infinitiv e
Bare Infinitive
Full Infinitive
You had better mind your own business. She would rather have a laptop than a palmtop. She had better go to study today. He would rather stay home than go out. You'd better see what she wants. I'd rather go alone. He would rather read a book than go for a walk. She would rather cook food for parents than buy it.
2. After an expression
Prepared and Taught By: Auk
Sochan
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Let
a/ Subject + let + object + bare infinitive (infinitive without to) Let allow give permission:
Martin was an English teacher in a language school. After working at his current school for six months, he decided it was time to find a better job with a higher salary. In his final week at the school, he told Carla, one of his favourite one-to-one students. Let me tell you Carla. Im afraid that next term I wont be teaching in this school any more, Carla. Im moving to another city. Im really sorry about that, Martin. I wish you werent going. Carla replied. Well, thank you, Carla! Its very kind of you to say so. The new teacher wont be as good as you are. Im sure the lessons wont be as good as yours. said the student. Thats so nice of you! said Mark, flattered. Yes, continued Carla, Ive been coming to this school for five years now and every new teacher has been worse
Davids mother let him use her car. Our boss let us leave early. My brother let me stay for one day. My mother let me go for walk with for a day. Her father let her study at university with me. Her mother let us join in the wedding. My friend let me use his phone. Their father let them make a party tonight. Dara let me come with him.
Let's go to the cinema tonight. Let's get some coffee. Lets do homework for teacher. Lets get something to eat. Lets go home now. Lets complete this exercise for me. Lets cook rice. Lets go to the party. Lets finish teachers assignment. Lets boat with me now. Lets pick fruit for eating.
(Although 'let's' is a contraction of 'let us', we don't use 'let us' in this situation). We dont use let in the passive.
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Conversation
Make
Subject + make + object + bare infinitive (infinitive without to) Make can mean force someone to do something that he or she doesnt want to do:
A: "Martha. What's wrong? What make you cry?" B: "Jake just broke up with me." A: "I'm sorry. When did this happen?" B: "Yesterday. I didn't even know it was coming. He just told me he found someone else." A: "What a jerk. He doesn't deserve you." B: "But it still hurts. I thought I loved him." A: "He didn't treat you that well either. Maybe you don't want to hear this, but I think you can do better." B: "Better or worse, it doesn't matter. I had a lot of feelings for him. I really liked him" A: "It must be really painful. I remember when Josh and I broke up. I was crying for a week." B: "I know I'll get over him. My first break up was painful because I was naive." A: "Exactly. You'll find someone again. You should get your mind off of this. Let's go shopping." B: "Maybe tomorrow. I don't feel like it tonight." A: "How about coffee down the street?" B: "Sure."
His mother made him clean his room. The teacher made us study very hard.
It can also be used to mean cause someone to do something (the thing can be good or bad):
If we use make in the passive, we use the infinitive with to instead of the bare infinitive:
She was made to work on Saturday, even though she hated working at weekends.
We can also use subject + make + object + adjective. This means cause the object to be the adjective (the adjective can be good or bad):
Her story made me really happy. The traffic jam made us late.
My boss let me leave early (I wanted to leave early, and the boss gave me permission). We use make when we mean force or cause. Its often something the person doesnt want to do:
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Sochan
5. Stand after verb perception Bare Infinitive Verb of Perception Gerund Form: Subject + verb perception + direct object+ Gerund+ . Verb perception
Example:
Example:
I felt she tell a lie. I heard him shout in the room. I saw the thief steal some money. I heard the cat mew. I watched my son cross the street carefully. I watch her paint the wall. Teacher observes the student speak English. I notice this information have a mistake. We saw her enter the building. I heard the cat come in. I felt the weather turn cold. I felt her heart beat.
I saw them playing football. She heard him singing a song in the room. I watched her coming from the school. I observed the teacher explaining the lesson. I watch her walking. He noticed her behaving. Compare: I watched him play. (I watched the whole action.) I watched him playing. (I didnt watch the whole action.) Newton saw the apple falling to the ground. ( not whole action) We saw the mother beat her child. ( whole action) We saw the mother beating her child.( not whole action) We observed them rehearse the play. ( whole action) We observed them rehearsing the play. ( not whole action)
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Full Infinitive Definition: Full Infinitive is basic dictionary form of a verb and it is preceded by particle TO. It is usually shows future action and intention. Function of Full Infinitive
3. As an object of Verbs Form 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Subject + Verb TV+ full infinitive + complement I promise to give you a bracelet. I want to meet you now. They agree to help me. She decides to study at university for master degree. I hope to see you at school today. I forget to water the plant. Dont forget to turn off the light in your room. She pretends to be ill.
As a subject
Example:
1. To listen preach every day is calmed mind. 2. To learn grammar makes me know English soon. 3. To stay with him is dangerous for me. 4. To please anyone is no go, I think. 5. To run a long road every morning is a good exercise. 6. To hide the secret story is not easy for me. 7. To know English well starts from learning. 8. To speak English perfect begins speak to day. 9. To behave good behavior is a good student. 10. To do homework makes you know lesson well. 2. As a subjective complement Example: My sister is to cook me a food. o She is to get married to him. o I am to stay to night. o My computer is to fix to day.
o
Choose decide expect forget hate hope intend learn like love mean plan prefer remember would like would love agree promise refuse arrange attempt fail help manage tend try want 4. As an objective complement Subject + Verb + object + full infinitive + Complement
Form 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
That bike causes me to be in hospital for a week. He advises me to play football with him. I told him to go home. He asks me to stay with him. I remind him to go to school. She warns me not to come here. They invite her to join in the wedding. advise ask encourage invite order persuade remind tell warn expect intend would prefer want would like allow enable force
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5. As part of WH question
We use Infinitive after question word when main verb and the verb in the infinitive have the same subject
Form 2:
She asks me where to go to market. He tells me when to start presentation. They show me where to go home. Teacher advices him how to learn grammar. Mother teaches her how to save money. He asks me how to make a presentation.
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Subject + Be + adjective +to-infinitive Subject + Be + adjective + for someone + to-infinitive. Subject + Be + adjective + of someone + to-infinitive.
A/ Subject + be + adjective + to infinitive We are happy to hear that news. She was pleased to receive the award of excellence. They are sad to hear about his death. He is excited to hear about the birth of her baby. She was eager to see her husband had new girl. I was amazed to hear a new movie. She is disappointed to learn with a new teacher. I am proud to be a Khmer people. I am ready to answer your question. Adjectives and participial adjectives followed by infinitives amazed * afraid anxious ashamed astonished * careful certain content= satisfied delighted disappointed * determined eager fortunate glad happy hesitant lucky likely motivated pleased prepared proud ready reluctant relieved sad * shocked * stunned * surprised * sorry * upset * willing
*These verbs are usually followed by verbs: to see, to learn, to discover, to find out, to hear. Prepared and Taught By: Auk
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Example: It was stupid of you to press the emergency button. Its very kind of you to come with me to the embassy. It is generous of you to give me the money. It is pity of you not to find me the money. It is nasty of her to scold everyone like this. It mild of him not to blame me when I have mistaken. It is unkind of her to say that.
They take too much sugar to make cake. There are too many students to read the book in library. There is too much cake to cook for children. I need too much money to start a company. He buys too many logs to build the house. I have too many people to meet. She needs too much goods to send to customer.
Form:
Subject+ Verb + too + adjective + full infinitive This soup is too hot to eat. This orange is too sour to eat. That boy is too young to drive a car. She is too small to ride a bicycle. They are too young to get married. He is too fat to win the race. She is too tired to work. This lesson too easy to learn. That man is too clever to answer the lesson. This book is too thick to read. This phone is too expensive to buy.
It was a stupid place to park the car. This is the right thing to do. It was a joyful time to make a party. It was a stupid thing to do. That is a good cake to buy. It is cheap goods to buy. He is a bad guy to walk. Here is a good restaurant to have dinner.
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Form:
Form:
She comes here too late to meet with the teacher. Dara runs too fast to catch the bus. Tida run too slow to win the race. They arrived too late to see the beginning of movie. She speaks too swiftly to listen. He walked too quickly to see me at the fence. She explained to too fast to understand the lesson. My Internet is too slow to search the document. He write too late to pass the examination. She sings too quietly to hear the sound.
He is old enough to marry. She is pretty enough to be pretty girl. He is strong enough to lift this bag. They are clever enough to answer teachers question. Student is rich enough to buy the luxury car. They are tall enough to play baseball. He is smart enough to do the test. My friend was old enough to drive a car. My kid is tall enough to open the window by herself. My student is intelligent enough to explain the lesson. She is old enough to make up her own mind.
Form: I have enough money to buy a book. She picks up enough fruits to eat. They have enough time to present in the class. I buy enough books to read. Student doesnt have enough time to finish lesson. We dont have enough area here to play baseball. I take enough water to drink.
There are not enough books to read. I have not enough money to buy a luxury house. There are not enough goods to buy. There isnt enough space area to park the car. There are not enough cars to drive. There is not enough room to study. I have not enough places to visit.
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Participle
Definition:
A verbal that function as an adjective and it is divided into parts. 1. Present participle a. Ing participle b. Ed participle 2. Past participle a. c. Ed participle b. Passive participle Perfect participle
Example: My bed is relaxing. That house was boring. Doing math is confusing me. So much homework was exhausting. Hollywood film was exciting movie. Her presentation was stunning. 2. a Past participle ED participle (Resource of feeling) the following participles may express how one feels as the receiver (recipient) of a particular activity or action following participles may express how one feels as the receiver (recipient) of a particular activity or action. Example: Tida is tired because she has a tiring day.
1.a Present Participle The present participle of most verbs has the form base+ing and is used in the following ways: A. as part of the continuous form of a verb
Tida is tired because she has a tiring day. I'm interested in American history." It is amused story. Lets read it. Massage was pleasing, and I felt pleased of massage. The TV program was boring, and I felt bored while watching it. I'm bored of my job. I want to find another one. She was excited of her studying. I am annoyed of your speaking.
- ING (source of feeling) we use a present participle, ending in -ing, to modify a noun that is the source (agent or cause) of the feeling or emotion. Prepared and Taught By: Auk
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Passive participle Passive participle refers to the verb in the third column which is used to from passive constructions, and it is used to form passive voice. What is passive voice?
Get passive In a passive sentence, the focus shifts to the person or thing receive something. The word get is sometimes used instead of be to form the passive. In such cases, get indicates a change in status or condition
Passive voice is the form of complex-finite verbs: (Be+V3) which show Form: that the subject of the verb phrase is an action receiver. Note: We use passive voice when:
Example: My window got broken yesterday. He got killed in accident. ( something cause him to die) The will get married tomorrow. ( change from single to couple) Tida got sick after eating the red meat. She got been rosy when I saw her. I got picked up by my brother at the airport. She got hired by the company in 2010. Dara got drunk at the party.
we want to make the active object more important we do not know the active subject
Form: Example:
Tida was left home last night. The door is opened. Those windows are closed. I was born in 1987. This lesson is done by me. The image on the wall was drawn by my brother. Sophea was invited to join in the party. Note: When you use "get" to make the passive voice and the verb is negative, don't forget to add "do" or "did" for the present tense and the past tense: He gets paid on Friday. / He doesn't get paid on Monday. She got hired for that job. / She didn't get hired until last week. They get fed at noon. / They don't get fed in the afternoon. The window got fixed. / The window didn't get fixed.
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Grammars
Grammar is the art of combining words phrase clause sentence together to be an utterance by the grammatical maker.
Part of speech
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
8. Interjection
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Part of sentence
Subject
2. Kind of Subject A Simple Subject Subject B Compound Subject A) Simple subject A single word noun that has complete meaning and it sometime accompany by modifier. Koh Norea is the village. She learns at Koh Norea pagoda. She is at home. A good son is following parents advices. A good daughter does not speak loudly in the public. B) Compound subject A compound subject is a subject consists of two or more subject, and that are joined by conjunction and that have the same verb. 1. Conjunction And Dare can speak English. Dara and Sok can speak English. You try learning English. I try learning English. 2. Conjunction Or Tey or Sophea came to whiteboard first. Apple or orange did you chose. Sophea or Tey will go to abroad tomorrow. English or Korea language do you want to learn.
What is subject? I. The subject is the person or thing about which predicate is being stated. Subject is noun or Noun Equivalent Part of sentence Predicate is Finite Verb used to describe subject. Socheat puts her hand on the table. The teacher shows school material to student. Sreytey points to the pencil. The flower is on the cabinet. 1. Form of Subject Subject can be noun or noun equivalent. Noun Equivalent is not the original noun, yet it is function as the noun can be: Pronoun Gerund Infinitive Adjective use as noun Wh- word phrase Wh word clause Prepared and Taught By: Auk
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Predicate What is a predicate? The predicate is the word or group of words that tells what the subject is doing or being. Sophea climbs the tree by himself. Sreytey carries the cat. Pana reads the book. Dane and Solita watch the television. Chantol cleans the window. Ransey and Panha wash the car.
B) Compound Predicate A compound predicate is sentence consist of two or more predicate, that join by conjunction such as and, but, or. 1. Conjunction and
1. Kind of Predicate
In grammatical English a predicate is divided into two kinds: A/ Simple predicate Predicate B/ Compound predicate A) Simple predicate The predicate can be a single word: He drinks a Coca-Cola. She walks the dog. He runs along the road. She laughs at the boy. He listens to music. She studies mathematic. He rides bicycle on the road. She chats on the phone.
They drink beverage and eat food. The two boys wrote some information and watch TV. He drinks coffee and type computer. She picks and passes apple to her grandchild. 2. Conjunction But
(blind ) ( deaf ) (disable leg ) (short man) He is blind but can walk straightforward on the road. They are deaf but can make gesture very well. He is disable leg but plays football very well. He is short man but win the award. 3. Conjunction or He likes coffee or like beverage. She stays home or stays outside. She writes a book or reads a book. Tel: 010774677 Email: auksochan@gmail.com
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What is sentence?
Sentence is a group of related word that has subject and finite verb and expresses a complete idea meaningful is called a sentence. Sentence has 4 main character: 1) Start with capital letter. 2) Mush has Subject and finite verb. 3) Mush has completed meaningful. 4) Mush end with (.) full stop (?) Question mark (!) exclamation mark.
I. Assertive Sentence Assertive or statement/declarative sentence are a sentence that is used to give information about somebody or something. It is divided into 2 kinds: 1. Affirmative Sentence 2. Negative Sentence 1.1 Affirmative Sentence is a sentence in positive meaning. Form: 1.2 Subject + Finite Verb + Complement Negative Sentence is sentence in Negative meaning. Subject + Auxi.V. not + Complement
Example:
Mum: What are you doing in here in the bathroom, Alice? Alice: Im standing on a chair.
Form: Example:
Mrs. Tida is an ESL teacher. She works in the computer lab at an adult education center. She is seven months pregnant with her first child. Mrs. Tida is worried because her husband started a new business, and it is not making much money. They have been using her income to pay the bills, but it isnt enough. They cant afford to pay for health insurance much longer. Her husband wants her to take three weeks off work after the baby is born and then look for a fulltime job with health insurance. Unfortunately, there are only a few full-time ESL teaching jobs. Most ESL teachers are hired part-time, and they dont have health insurance.
Mum: Why are you standing on the chair? Alice: I am looking into the mirror, mum.
Mum: But youve got your eyes closed, Alice. Why are you doing that? Alice: I want to see what I look like when Im sleeping!
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6. WHICH is used when a choice needs to be made. (= I want to know the thing 2.a BE between alternatives) Which drink did you order the rum or the beer? Which day do you prefer for a meeting today or tomorrow? Which is better - this one or that one? 7. HOW is used to describe the manner that something is done. (= I want to know the way) How do you cook paella? How does he know the answer? How can I learn English quickly? 8. Whom is use to describe the person as an object Whom are you going to invite? Whom did he blame for the accident? Whom did he hire to do the job? 2.1 Yes/no interrogatives are questions that can be answered with a yes or a no response. You probably ask or are asked these questions every day. Mister, can you spare a dime? Did you take your vitamin this morning? Do you have your homework ready? Are you ready to go? Current activity / situation To ask about a current activity or situation, use the present progressive: present tense of be + present participle (verb+ing). Am I your best friend? Is this interesting? Are these islands part of Greece? Was his idea good? Were they happy? Location Be plus a prepositional phrase asks about present or past location. Am I near your house? Is he in Panam? Are we at the border yet? Was his apartment above a bakery? Were the demonstrations downtown? No (you aren't). Yes (he is). No (we're not). Yes (it was). No (they weren't). Yes (you are). No (it is not). Yes (they are). No (it wasn't). Yes (they were). Identity / Description You can use be plus a noun or adjective to ask about the identity or description of a person, place, or thing. Use the verb be to ask about identity, description, location, and present or past activities and situations.
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Am I going with you and Tom? Is England adopting the euro? Are we seeing a play tonight? Is she working today?
Yes (you are). No (it isn't). Yes (we are). No (she isn't).
2. b HAVE Use the verb has /have to ask if some action has taken place or whether somebody has done something. Notice that the auxiliary verb have is in the present tense* and the main verb is always a past participle. Has your brother left? Have you flown before? Has the party started? Have the guests eaten? No (he hasn't). Yes (I have). Yes (it has). No (they haven't).
Past activity / situation To ask about a past activity or situation, use the past progressive: past tense of be + present participle.
Was it raining? Was Anna cooking? Were the prisoners rebelling? Were they singing?
Yes (it was). No (she wasn't). Yes (they were). No (they weren't).
*It is possible to ask a yes/no question with had, but this is done in very specific situations and will be explained in a future lesson.
Past event To ask about something that happened to someone or something, use the passive voice: past tense of be + past participle (verb + ed or en):
Do is always followed by the subject and then a verb in the infinitive without to. Do they smoke? Does Bogot get cold? Did it work? No (they don't). Yes (it does). No (it didn't). No (they don't). Yes (it does). Yes (it did).
Was he given a reward? Was I chosen? Were you driven home in a taxi? Were dinosaurs killed by meteors?
Yes (he was). No (you weren't). Yes (we were). No (they weren't).
Do flying fish really fly? Does running hurt your knees? Did teaching challenge you?
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2. d MODALS Use modal verbs to obtain more information about possibilities or uncertainties. Modals are always followed by verbs in the infinitive without to. Can we stay? Could this be true? Should they stop? May I help you? Will it rain? Would you go with me? Yes (we can stay). Yes (it could be true). No (they shouldn't). Yes (you may). No (it won't rain). Yes (I would).
However, if there are two verbs in the infinitive after do, the second infinitive must use to. Incorrect Do you want drink coffee? Does she like work here? Prepared and Taught By: Auk
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Correct Do you want to drink coffee? Does she like to work here?
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4. Good Wish Have a nice weekend. Definition: Imperative Sentence is a sentence that is used to refer to the second person/people (you) so as to show: 1. Command/ Order Pick the toy, please. Turn the TV off, please. Do clean the yard up. Please take off your boots. Do let the dog out. 2. Offering Here is your hamburger. Drink a glass of water with me. You can use my phone. Sleep on my bed. Eat the food on the table. 3. Prohibition Dont touch my computer. Dont touch this status. Dont play in here. Dont use the phone in the class. 6. Plea Help me! Please forgive me. Set us free, we wont commit it again. Please give me another chance. Oh darling! Dont leave me here. Be happiness in your life. Buddha blesses you! Have a good travel. Have a nice day! 5. Instruction / Direction A: Excuse me. Can you tell me where Koh Norea market is? B: Go straight along the road, youll see on the right hand. A: How can I get to Koh Norea pagoda? B: Go through this way and turn right. Take this medicine two times a day. Put this capsule in cool water and stir before drink. Try to do exercise in the morning regularly. Keep it least one day before eating.
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7. Warning Be careful! A ladder is falling. Watch out! There is a boom. Mind your head. Dont panic! You can do it. 8. Request Asking friend to do something Can you? Will? Can you help me get the lesson copy? Will you turn it down? Can you pick your jacket up? Will you turn down the radio? Can your clean up the mess? Will you take out the garbage? Can your turn on your laptop? Asking for someone is older than you to do something. Could you .? Would you mind + Ving ..? Could you lend me twenty dollars? Can you get me a sandwich? Would you mind not sitting here? Could you move your car from my space? Prepared and Taught By: Auk
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9. When you want to be polite 1. Do you think you could..? 2. I wonder if youd mind? Examples: 1. Do you think you could speak loudly? 2. I wonder if youd mind staying in Cambodia for a few days? 3. Do you think you could come in and meet the direct? 4. I wonder if youd mind making a communication with her? Say YES/ NO to a request YES 1. OK/ All right. 2. Yes/ Sure. 3. Certainly. (Formally) NO 1. Sorry, but. 2. I cant really 3. Im sorry Other Expressions Requesting: Would you mind? Could you please ? Agreeing to request: It would be my pleasure. By all means. Id be glad to. Tel: 010774677 Email: auksochan@gmail.com
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Definition: An exclamation sentence is a sentence used to state Sudden feeling without expecting! Exclamations with What:
A/ Example:
A/
How big the fish is! How cold it is! How clever she is! How wise they are! How clever he is! How beautiful my wife is!
Example:
What a beautiful girl! (NOT What beautiful girl!) What a lovely song! What a rude man! What a nice day?
B/ Example:
B/
How slowly the boy walks! How well he speaks English! How fast your family talks! How loudly you shout! How beautifully she sings!
Example:
What a fool you are! (NOT What a fool are you!) What a charming girl she is! (NOT What a charming girl is she!) What a nice day it is! What a pretty girl she is?
You are so sweet! She is so tall! They are such kind people! (NOT They are so kind people!) He talks such rubbish! (NOT He talks such a rubbish!)
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Example
A: Where do you work? B: I work at Penny's. Type of sentence is divided into four kinds: A: When do you (usually) start work? B: 9:00 (a.m.) I finish at 5:00 (p.m.) A: What do you do after school? B: I play soccer with my friends. A: Where do you play? B: I played at Koh Norea village. A: Who did you always play? B: Mostly, my all classmate who study with at school. Notice on Sentence
1. Simple Sentence Simple Sentence is a sentence which is used when the user want to express only one idea.
For example
Every day I get up at _____o'clock. Then, I eat my breakfast. I go to work/class at _____ o'clock. I usually finish work/class at _____o'clock. In the evenings, I like to watch television. I always go to bed at 10:30 p.m. Ask your partner about his/her daily activities.
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Example: Definition A compound sentence is made by joining two or more independent clause which is joined by coordination conjunction. What is conjunction? Conjunction is a word used to link words to words, phrases to phrases & clause to clause with the same form and part of speech. Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, yet, so, and; F = for A = and N = nor B = but O = or Y = yet S = so reason / cause the addition of a closely related idea choice joining two negative statement contrasting idea choice between two possibilities idea contrasting idea ( formal in writing) result I love my mother, and I wish for her to get happiness in her life forever. I try to advise him, but he still not follows my word. Do you learn in Koh Norea pagoda? Is it good, or bad? He wants to study here, for he wants to know English well. He is often absent from the class, so he is going to stop to work. He tries to study English every day, yet he cant get the lesson. I am not at meeting, nor was I at the working. Example
She is young, and her shoes are old. She wears them to work, for she goes to work five days a week. She loves her work. She is a waitress. She works at a restaurant. The restaurant is near her home. She walks to the restaurant. She stands up all day long. She is young and strong, but her shoes are not. They are old. She saw an in the paper. All shoes were on sale at the shoe store. She walked into the store. She looked around. She saw some black shoes. They looked good; she tried them on. They were very comfortable. They felt good. They were only $25. She paid cash. She wore them home. She felt good. She was ready for work the next
Main Clause +, coordination Conjunction + Main Clause Main Clause + Semicolon (;) + Main Clause (Sometime)
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2. Comma + Coordinating Conjunction Run-on sentences are made of two or more independent clauses that are not separated with comma with coordination conjunction, a colon, semicolon, or period. She is very good at student in the class she never comes early. She is very good at student in the class, but she never comes early. She showed a natural aptitude for the work she also show personal ability to the public. She showed a natural aptitude for the work, and she also The girls played basketball the boys played tennis. Titanic is my favorite movie I love eating popcorn. Americans shake hands when they meet the Japanese bow. My car broke down I need to buy a new one.
How to Fix Run-Ons sentence
show personal ability to the public. They have much idea they have no to show it out. They have much idea, but they have no time to show it out. 3. Period All of my student speak English slowly they can speak clearly. All of my student speak English slowly. They can speak clearly. They are good children they always respect their teacher. They are good children. They always respect their teacher. She is an active student in the class she always ask the question. She is an active student in the class. She always ask the question.
There are three ways that you are allowed to separate two independent clauses. 1. Semicolon My dog is cute its name is Lucky. ( Run-On Sentence) My dog is cute; its name is Lucky. (Compound Sentence) He is my student he is a clever student in the class. ( Run- On) He is my student; he is a clever student in the class. She is mild she never she never make an argument with other. She is mild; she never makes an argument with other.
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Definition Complex Sentence is a sentence that has a main clause and at least one sub-clause.
Definition: Complex Sentence is a sentence has two or more Main Clause and at least one sub-clause.
Main Clause, FANBOY+ Main Clause + sub-clause Sub-Clause, + Main clause, FANBOY+ Main clause
Example: I've got to go talk to my counselor when I get out of class. I looked at my email as the students worked on their papers. He returned in the application after he finished filling it out. I can pay off my car since we received a bonus in our paycheck. She waited until the restaurant closed. When I get out of class, I've got to go talk to my counselor. As the students worked on their papers, I looked at my email. After Henry finished filling the application out, he turned it in. Since we received a bonus in our paycheck, I can pay off my car. Until the restaurant closed, she waited. Prepared and Taught By: Auk
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Example: He called the security guard, and he checked the room for items which have been stolen. Jackie came to our house today, but she did not tell me when she is going aboard next week. The young man was considered a hero, for he was successful in arresting the murderer who had killed an old woman. If you think you can do it, just go and do it, but do not complain later that I didn't warn you. He left and I never saw him again, nor did I regret that I lost him.
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Quiz on Type of sentence I. Please choose the correct answer that sentence right with its types. 1. Pauline loves to go to the beach, and spend her days sunbathing.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
5. Bruno tends to get bored sitting on the beach, watching the waves, getting
sand in his swimsuit, and reading detective novels for a week. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
6. This year, after a lengthy, noisy debate, they decided to take separate
vacations. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2. Bruno, on the other hand, likes the view that he gets from the log cabin up in
the mountains, and he enjoys hiking in the forest. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
7. Bruno went to the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Pauline went to
Cape Cod. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
8. Although they are 250 miles apart, they keep in constant contact on the
internet. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
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What is a clause? A clause is a group of words that include subject and form sentence or part of sentence. There are two main types: 1. Main Clause (Independent Clauses) Noun Clause Adjective Clause Adverb Clause An independent clause is a clause that contains a subject and Finite Verb and expresses a complete thought, and it can stand alone by Nominal Clause 1. Defining C.l 2. Non- Defining Cl 1. Time 2. Place 3. Manner 4. Condition 5. Comparison 6. Contrast 7. Reason 8. Result 9. Purpose 10. Proportion itself. For example: The door opened. The man walked in. Independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction to form complex or compound sentences.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Coordinating Conjunctions
but nor
for so
That Clause
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
As subject As Subjective Complement As a Complement of predicative Adjective As an apposition to introductory It As an apposition to its front noun In the three pattern
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Harry put the phone down (and) he stood up. I gave him my address, (but) he didn't contact me. We could go to the cinema (or) we could stay at home. Tel: 010774677 Email: auksochan@gmail.com
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A dependent (subordinate) clause is a clause that contains a subject and Finite Verbs. It is meaningless, so it need Independent clause to complete its meaning. It cannot stand alone by itself. Dependent clauses often begin with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (see below) that makes the clause unable to stand alone. Subordinating Conjunctions after before in order that since though whenever whether Example: Sunday is the only day when I can relax. There are times when I wonder shy I do this job. Although the sun was shining, it wasnt very warm. Although small, the kitchen is well designed. I will only stay if you offer me more money. I did it because he told me to. Just because I dont complaint, people think Im satisfied. You are not going until youve finished this. Until she spoke I hadnt realize she wasnt Koh Norea villager. although even if once so that unless where while as even though provided that than until whereas why Where you live is safety. Where we are studying is comfortable. Whatever is in the box is a mystery. Whoever she is is not important Whatever it is I still use it. What I try to do like this is the make you happy. Why the people have argument is contrast opinion. How she solves that problem sees as easy as ABC. How she he explain the lesson is interesting. Whom you talk to is coming soon. What Alicia said made her friends cry. because if rather than that when wherever
Nominal Clause function as a noun, and it is led by Who Whom Whose Which What Where When Why How Whether, That.
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A: Could you help me where a classroom is? B: What do you need? A: I can't seem to find my classroom. B: What building is it in? A: It's in the C building. B: Oh, I know exactly where that is. The truth was that the moving company lost all your furniture. My question is whether you will sue the company for losses. The first place winner will be whoever swims the farthest in an hour. A: Could you tell me where it is? B: Sure, what room number is it? A: It's room number 261. B: I have a classroom around there right now. A: Could you show me where it is? B: No problem, come on. Example: A: How do I buy my textbooks? B: Do you have your book list for your class? A: Yes, I have my list. B: Fine. When you have it, you can go to the bookstore. Do you know where that is? A: Yes, I know where the bookstore is. B: OK, so when you pass the gym, it's the first door on your left. Do you know where sell used textbooks? A: No, I didn't know. B: Alright, thank you. Some people believe in whatever organized religion tells them. We have been waiting for whoever will pick us up from the party. My husband did not think about that I wanted some nice jewelry for my birthday. Were they punished for how they acted? We cannot talk about what he said. What he did should come before how he did it.
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That you decide to stay is unbelievable. That she made him happy seem impossible. That he made good impression on presentation is a good way for him. That she understand the lesson well seem truth.
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