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TOPIC:-MARKET SEGMENTATION
Market Segmentation
Today the market is not a single homogenous group. Mass markets are breaking up into dozens of mini markets each with its own special needs .This is known as segmentation. It involves using separate marketing programs to sell to different market segments. Definition:1. Market Segmentation is the sub-dividing of customers into homogenous sub-set of customers where any sub-set may conceivably selected as market target to be reached with distinct Marketing Mix Philip Kotler 2.Market Segmentation consists of taking the total heterogeneous market for a product & dividing into several sub-market of segments, each of which tends to be homogenous in full significant aspects William Stanton
Geographic Segmentation
The following are some examples of geographic variables often used in segmentation.
Region: by continent, country, state, or even neighbourhood Size of metropolitan area: segmented according to size of population Population density: often classified as urban, suburban, or rural Climate: according to weather patterns common to certain geographic regions
Demographic Segmentation:
Demographic segmentation divides the market into groups based on demographic variables including age, gender, family size and life cycle. The following four variables are examples of demographic factors used in market segmentation: 1. Age: Consumer needs and wants change with age. The marketing mix may therefore need to be adapted depending on which age segment or segments are being targeted.
2. Gender: Dividing a market into different groups based on sex, has long been common for many products including cosmetics, clothing and magazines. In the 1960's car companies such as Toyota began to realize the purchasing power of women, creating marketing campaigns, and then cars, specifically targeted at the female market. Many suggest that the range of interior and exterior colours schemes, and emphasis placed on safety factors by car manufacturers today, is due to in no little part to their desire to market cars to women, as well as men. 3. Life-cycle stage: Dividing a market into different groups based on which stage in the lifecycle, presented in the table below, reflects the fact that people change the goods and services they want and need over their lifetime. Life-cycle stages Bachelor Stage young, single people not living at home Newly Married young, no children Couples Full Nest I youngest child under six Full Nest II youngest child six or over Full Nest III older married couples with dependent children Empty Nest I older married couples, no children living with them Empty Nest II older married couples, retired, no children living at home Solitary Survivor I in labour force Solitary Survivor II retired
4. Income: Income segmentation is a long standing practice in such categories such as automobiles, clothing, cosmetics, financial services and travel. However, income does not always predict the best customer for the products. For example, there is a considerable amount of difference in the PDIs of USA and India. LeviStrauss launched premium lines such as Levis Capital E to upscale retailers Bloomingdales and Nordstrom, and the less expensive Signature by Levis Strauss & Co. lines to mass market retailers Wal-Mart and Target. Signature was positioned as apparel targeted at the middle bracket. Whereas Levis Strauss & Co. launched Signature (now Denizen) in India and positioned it as apparel targeted at the upper bracket youth in India. This example clearly illustrates the effect of income in different countries with different levels of personal disposable income. 5. Race and Culture: Multicultural Marketing is an approach that different ethnic and cultural segments have sufficiently different needs and wants to require targeted marketing activities. Race has little importance in India. India however is a country of Multiple Ethnicities. Multicultural Marketing
is still in its nascent stages. Some other demographic segmentation variables include:
Family size Generation: baby-boomers, Generation X, etc. Occupation Education Ethnicity Nationality Social class
Psychographic Segmentation
Psychographic segmentation groups customers according to their lifestyle. Activities, interests, and opinions (AIO) surveys are one tool for measuring lifestyle. Some psychographic variables include:
Activities Interests Opinions Attitudes
Behavioural Segmentation
Behavioural segmentation is based on actual customer behaviour toward products. Some behavioralistic variables include:
Benefits sought Usage rate Brand loyalty User status: potential, first-time, regular, etc. Readiness to buy Occasions: holidays and events that stimulate purchases
Values
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