weve 0ot Tne Power.

Features of Power-Sonic Sealed Lead Acid Batteries ................................................. 1

Battery Construction ........................................................................................................ 2
Theory of Operation ..................................................................................................3 & 4
Battery Capacity ........................................................................................................5 & 6
Battery Capacity Selector ................................................................................................ 7
Performance Data ............................................................................................................ 8
Discharge.................................................................................................................................. 8
OpenCircuitVoltage................................................................................................................. 8
Temperature............................................................................................................................. 9
ShelfLifeandStorage...........................................................................................................10
BatteryLife....................................................................................................................... 10-11
OverDischarge.......................................................................................................................12
Charging ...........................................................................................................................12
ChargingTechniquesSummary............................................................................................13
ChargingCharacteristics........................................................................................................13
ChargingMethods..................................................................................................................13
ConstantVoltageCharging....................................................................................................14
ConstantCurrentCharging....................................................................................................15
Taper-CurrentCharging..........................................................................................................15
Overcharging..........................................................................................................................16
Undercharging........................................................................................................................16
ChargingforCycleOperation.................................................................................................16
ChargingforStandbyOperation............................................................................................16
Two-StepConstantVoltageCharging....................................................................................17
CharginginSeries..................................................................................................................17
CharginginParallel................................................................................................................18
TemperatureCompensation..................................................................................................18
TopCharging...........................................................................................................................18
ChargingEffciency.................................................................................................................19
Important Dos and Donts ............................................................................................20
Handling..................................................................................................................................20
Installation..............................................................................................................................20
Charging..................................................................................................................................21
Notes ................................................................................................................................22
Glossary ...........................................................................................................................24

Table of Contents
Sealed/MaintenanceFree
Thevalveregulatedspillproofconstructionallows
trouble-freesafeoperationinanyposition.Thereisno
needtoaddelectrolyte,asgasesgeneratedduringthe
chargephasearerecombinedinauniqueoxygencycle.
Power-Sonicsealedleadacidbatteriescanbeoperated
invirtuallyanyorientationwithoutthelossofcapacityor
electrolyteleakage.However,upsidedownoperationis
notrecommended.
Long Shelf Life
Alowself-dischargerate,uptoapproximately3%per
month,mayallowstorageoffullychargedbatteries
foruptoayear,dependingonstoragetemperatures,
beforechargingbecomescritical.However, we strongly
recommend that all batteries should be recharged within
six months of receipt as it will enhance their long term life.
PleaserefertothisTechnicalManualandindividual
batteryspecifcationsheetsformoredetails.
Design Flexibility
Samemodelbatteriesmaybeusedinseriesand/or
paralleltoobtainchoiceofvoltageandcapacity.The
samebatterymaybeusedineithercyclicorstandby
applications.Over80modelsavailabletochoosefrom.
Deep Discharge Recovery
Specialseparators,advancedplatecompositionanda
carefullybalancedelectrolytesystemensurethatthe
batteryhastheabilitytorecoverfromexcessivelydeep
discharge.
Economical
Thehighwatt-hourperdollarvalueismadepossibleby
thematerialsusedinasealedlead-acidbattery;theyare
readilyavailableandlowincost.
Easy Handling
Nospecialhandlingprecautionsorshippingcontainers,
surfaceorair,arerequiredduetotheleak-proof
construction.Pleaserefertothedeclarationofnon
restrictedstatusforD.O.T.andI.A.T.A.aslistedinthe
Literaturesectionofourwebsite:www.power-sonic.com.
Compact
Power-Sonicbatteriesutilizestateoftheartdesign,high
gradematerials,andacarefullycontrolledplate-making
processtoprovideexcellentoutputpercell.Thehigh
energydensityresultsinsuperiorpower/volumeand
power/weightratios.
Low Pressure Valve Regulators
Allbatteriesfeatureaseriesoflowpressureone-way
reliefvalves.Thesevalvessafelyreleaseanyexcessive
accumulationofgasinsidethebatteryandthenreseal.
High Discharge Rate
Lowinternalresistanceallowsdischargecurrentsofup
totentimestheratedcapacityofthebattery.Relatively
smallbatteriesmaythusbespecifedinapplications
requiringhighpeakcurrents.
Wide Operating Temperature Range
Power-Sonicbatteriesmaybedischargedovera
temperaturerangeof-40Cto+60C(-40Fto+
140F)andchargedattemperaturesrangingfrom
-20Cto+50C(-4Fto+122F).
Rugged Construction
Thehighimpactresistantbatterycaseismadeofnon-
conductiveABSplastic.Thecasematerialsimpartgreat
resistancetoshock,vibration,chemicalsandheat.
FlameRetardant(FR)batterycasesandlidsareavailable
wheretheendapplicationdictates.
Long Service Life
PS/PSHandPSGSeries:Haveadesignlifeofuptofve
yearsinstandbyapplications.Incyclicalapplications
upto1,000charge/dischargecyclescanbeexpected
dependingonaveragedepthofdischarge.
PGSeries:Haveadesignlifeofupto10yearsinfoat
applications.
PleaseconsultthisTechnicalManualandproduct
specifcationstobecomeawareofthemanyfactorsthat
effectproductlife.
Theinformationcontainedwithinisprovidedasaservicetoourcustomersandisfortheirinformationonly.The
informationandrecommendationssetforthhereinaremadeingoodfaithandarebelievedtobeaccurateatthedate
compiled.Power-SonicCorporationmakesnowarrantyexpressedorimplied.
Features of Power-Sonic Sealed Lead Acid Batteries
P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 1
2 weve 0ot Tne Power.

Battery Construction
Relief valve
In case of excessive gas pressure build-up
inside the battery, the relief valve will open
and relieve the pressure. The one-way valve
not only ensures that no air gets into the
battery where the oxygen would react with
the plates causing internal discharge, but
also represents an important safety device in
the event of excessive overcharge.
Vent release pressure is between 2-6 psi; the
seal ring material is neoprene rubber.
Terminals
Depending on the model, batteries come either with AMP Faston type
terminals made of tin plated brass, post type terminals of the same
composition with threaded nut and bolt hardware, or heavy duty flag
terminals made of lead alloy.
A special epoxy is used as sealing material surrounding the terminals.
Electrolyte
Immobilized dilute sulfuric
acid: H2S04.
Separators
Power-Sonic separators are made
of non-woven glass fiber cloth
with high heat and oxidation
resistance. The material further
offers superior electrolyte
absorption and retaining ability,
as well as excellent ion
conductivity.
Plates (electrodes)
Power-Sonic utilizes the latest
technology and equipment to
cast grids from a lead-calcium
alloy free of antimony. The
small amount of calcium and
tin in the grid alloy imparts
strength to the plate and
guarantees durability even in
extensive cycle service. Lead
dioxide paste is added to the
grid to form the electrically
active material.
In the charged state, the
negative plate paste is pure
lead and that of the positive
lead dioxide. Both of these are
in a porous or spongy form to
optimize surface area and
thereby maximize capacity. The
heavy duty lead calcium alloy
grids provide an extra margin of
performance and life in both
cyclic and float applications and
give unparalleled recovery from
deep discharge.
Leakproof Design & Operational Safety
The leak proof construction of Power-Sonic batteries has
ensured that our batteries have been approved for
shipment by air, both by D.O.T. and I.A.T.A. Copies of
these approvals are available on our website:
www.power-sonic.com.
U.Ls component recognition
program for emergency lighting and
power batteries lists Power-Sonic
under file number MH20845
Case Sealing
Depending on the model the case
sealing is ultrasonic, epoxy or
heat seal.
Container
Case and lid material is ABS,
high impact, resin with high
resistance to chemicals and
flammability. Case and cover are
made of non-conductive ABS
plastic to UL94-HB or UL94 V-O.
This case has molded-in dividers
for each 2 volt cell.
P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 3

Discharge
Duringthedischargeportionofthereaction,leaddioxide(PbO
2
)isconvertedintoleadsulfate(PbSO
4
)atthepositive
plate.Atthenegativeplatespongelead(Pb)isconvertedtoleadsulfate(PbSO
4
).Thiscausesthesulfuricacid(2H
2
SO
4
)
intheelectrolytetobeconsumed.

FIgure 1: 0nemIcaI reactIon wnen a battery Is beIng dIscnarged

Charge
Duringtherechargephaseofthereaction,thecycleisreversed.Theleadsulfate(PbSO
4
)andwaterare
electrochemicallyconvertedtolead(Pb),leaddioxide(PbO
4
)andsulfuricacid(2H
2
SO
4
)byanexternalelectricalcharging
source.

FIgure 2: 0nemIcaI reactIon wnen a battery Is beIng cnarged

Theory of Operation
Thebasicelectrochemicalreactionequationinaleadacidbatterycanbewrittenas:
4 weve 0ot Tne Power.

Oxygen Recombination
Toproduceatrulymaintenance-freebattery,itisnecessarythatgasesgeneratedduringoverchargearerecombinedin
aso-calledoxygencycle.Shouldoxygenandhydrogenescape,agradualdryingoutwouldoccur,eventuallyaffecting
capacityandbatterylife.
Duringcharge,oxygenisgeneratedatthepositiveandreactswithandpartiallydischargesthespongeleadofthe
negative.Aschargingcontinuestheoxygenrecombineswiththehydrogenbeinggeneratedbythenegative,forming
water.Thewatercontentoftheelectrolytethusremainsunchangedunlessthechargingrateistoohigh.
Incaseofrapidgenerationofoxygenexceedingtheabsorbingcapacityofthenegativeplate,thepressurereliefvalve
willopentoreleaseexcessivegas.
Deep Discharge
Power-Sonicbatteriesareprotectedagainstcellshortingbytheadditionofabufferingagentthatensuresthepresence
ofacidionseveninafullydischargedstate.

Power-Sonicdefnesdeepdischargeasonethatallowsthebatteryvoltageunderloadtogobelowthecut-off(or
fnal)voltageofafulldischarge.Therecommendedcutoffvoltagevarieswiththedischargerate.Table1showsthe
fnaldischargevoltagespercell.
Itisimportanttonotethatdeepdischargingabatteryathighratesforshortperiodsisnotnearlyassevereas
dischargingabatteryatlowratesforlongperiodsoftime.Toclarify,letsanalyzetwoexamples:
Battery A Dischargedatthe1Cratetozerovolts.
Cfora4AHbattery,forexample,is4amps.Fulldischargeisreachedafterabout30minuteswhen
thebatteryvoltagedropsto1.5V/cell.Atthispoint,only50%ofratedcapacityhasbeendischarged(1
Campsx0.5hrs=0.5CAmp.Hrs).Continuingthedischargetozerovoltswillbringthetotalamountof
dischargedampere-hourstoapproximately75%becausetherapidlydecliningvoltagequicklyreduces
currentfowtoatrickle.Thebatterywillrecovereasilyfromthistypeofdeepdischarge.
Battery B Dischargedatthe0.01Cratetozerovolts.
0.0ICfora4AHbatteryis40mA.Fulldischargeisreachedafter100+hourswhentheterminalvoltage
dropsto1.75V/cell.Atthispoint,thebatteryhasalreadydelivered100%ofitsratedcapacity(0.01x
100hrs=1CAmp.Hrs.).Continuingthedischargetozerovoltswillkeepthebatteryunderloadfora
furtherperiodoftime,squeezingouteverybitofstoredenergy.

Thistypeofdeepdischargeissevereandislikelytodamagethebattery.Thesooneraseverely
dischargedbatteryisrecharged,thebetteritschancestofullyrecover.
Theory of Operation
Discharge Current Final Discharge Voltage Per Cell
0.1Corbelow,orintermittentdischarge 1.75
0.17Corcurrentclosetoit 1.75
0.6Corcurrentclosetoit 1.70
From1Cto2Corcurrentclosetoit 1.50
3Corcurrentclosetoitandabove 1.37
TabIe 1: FInaI dIscnarge voItage per ceII
P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 5
Capacity
Thecapacityofabatteryisthetotalamountofelectricalenergyavailablefromafullychargedcellorcells.Itsvalue
dependsonthedischargecurrent,thetemperatureduringdischarge,thefnal(cut-off)voltageandthegeneralhistory
ofthebattery.
Table2showscapacitiesforvariousmultiplesofthe20-hourdischargecurrentforPS,PSHandPSGmodels.
Rated
Capacity
20 Hour Rate 10 Hour Rate 5 Hour Rate 1 Hour Rate
Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH
0.5 AH 0.025 0.50 0.045 0.45 0.08 0.40 0.30 0.30
0.8 AH 0.04 0.80 0.072 0.72 0.13 0.65 0.48 0.48
1.1 AH 0.055 1.10 0.10 1.00 0.19 0.95 0.68 0.68
1.4 AH 0.07 1.40 0.13 1.30 0.24 1.20 0.85 0.85
2.0 AH 0.10 2.00 0.19 1.90 0.34 1.70 1.24 1.24
2.3 AH 0.115 2.30 0.225 2.25 0.39 1.95 1.38 1.38
2.5 AH 0.125 2.50 0.22 2.20 0.40 2.00 1.50 1.50
2.8 AH 0.14 2.80 0.25 2.50 0.48 2.40 1.70 1.70
2.9 AH 0.145 2.90 0.26 2.60 0.49 2.45 1.80 1.80
3.2 AH 0.16 3.20 0.30 3.00 0.54 2.70 2.00 2.00
3.4 AH 0.17 3.40 0.33 3.30 0.58 2.90 2.20 2.20
3.5 AH 0.175 3.50 0.33 3.40 0.59 2.95 2.17 2.17
3.8 AH 0.19 3.80 0.35 3.50 0.64 3.20 2.40 2.40
4.5 AH 0.225 4.50 0.41 4.10 0.64 3.20 2.75 2.75
5.0 AH 0.25 5.00 0.43 4.30 0.80 4.00 3.00 3.00
5.4 AH 0.27 5.40 0.50 5.00 0.90 4.50 3.60 3.60
5.5 AH 0.275 5.50 0.54 5.40 0.95 4.75 3.70 3.70
6.0 AH 0.30 6.00 0.56 5.60 0.98 4.90 3.60 3.60
6.5 AH 0.325 6.50 0.61 6.10 1.10 5.50 4.03 4.03
7.0 AH 0.35 7.00 0.63 6.30 1.19 5.95 4.34 4.34
7.2 AH 0.36 7.20 0.70 7.00 1.30 6.50 4.60 4.60
8.0 AH 0.40 8.00 0.78 7.75 1.40 7.00 4.80 4.80
8.5 AH 0.425 8.50 0.81 8.10 1.50 7.50 6.50 6.50
9.0 AH 0.45 9.00 0.83 8.30 1.54 7.70 5.60 5.60
10.0 AH 0.50 10.00 0.93 9.30 1.70 8.50 6.20 6.20
10.5 AH 0.53 10.50 0.98 9.80 1.87 9.35 6.82 6.82
12.0 AH 0.60 12.00 1.15 11.50 2.10 10.50 7.30 7.30
13.0 AH 0.65 13.00 1.22 12.20 2.30 11.50 8.00 8.00
14.0 AH 0.70 14.00 1.30 13.00 2.50 12.50 8.45 8.45
18.0 AH 0.90 18.00 1.70 17.00 3.20 16.00 11.10 11.10
20.0 AH 1.00 20.00 1.85 18.50 3.40 17.00 12.40 12.40
21.0 AH 1.05 21.00 2.00 20.00 3.70 18.50 13.00 13.00
26.0 AH 1.30 26.00 2.40 24.00 4.40 22.00 16.10 16.10
28.0 AH 1.40 28.00 2.62 26.20 5.00 25.00 18.60 18.60
35.0 AH 1.75 35.00 3.30 33.00 6.20 31.00 25.00 25.00
36.0 AH 1.80 36.00 3.35 33.50 6.12 30.60 22.30 22.30
40.0 AH 2.00 40.00 3.80 38.00 6.70 33.50 24.00 24.00
55.0 AH 2.75 55.00 5.10 51.00 8.80 44.00 30.60 30.60
75.0 AH 3.75 75.00 7.20 72.00 13.60 68.00 47.00 47.00
100.0 AH 5.00 100.00 9.20 92.00 15.80 79.00 55.20 55.20
110.0 AH 5.50 110.00 10.30 103.00 17.70 88.50 61.80 61.80
140.0 AH 7.00 140.00 13.50 135.00 24.00 120.00 84.00 84.00
210.0 AH 10.50 210.00 20.00 200.00 36.00 180.00 168.00 168.00
TabIe 2: 0apacItIes for varIous muItIpIes of tne 20-nour dIscnarge current - PS, PSn and PS0 modeIs.
Capacity
Capacity,expressedinampere-hours(AH),isthe
productofthecurrentdischargedandthelengthof
dischargetime.Theratedcapacity(C)ofaPower-
Sonicbattery(PS,PSHandPSG-Series)ismeasured
byitsperformanceover20hoursofconstantcurrent
dischargeatatemperatureof20C(68F)toacut
offvoltageof1.75volts/cell.
Asanexample,modelPS-610,witharatedcapacityof
1.1AHwilldeliver55mA(1/20of1.1AH,or0.05C)for
20hoursbeforethevoltagereachesanendvoltageof
5.25volts.
Bycyclingthebatteryafewtimesorfoatcharging
itforamonthortwo,thehighestlevelofcapacity
developmentisachieved.Power-Sonicbatteries
arefullychargedbeforeleavingthefactory,butfull
capacityisrealizedonlyafterthebatteryhasbeen
cycledafewtimesorbeenonfoatchargeforsome
time.
Whenabatterydischargesataconstantrate,its
capacitychangesaccordingtotheamperageload.
Capacityincreaseswhenthedischargecurrentisless
thanthe20hourrateanddecreaseswhenthecurrent
ishigher.
Rated
Capacity
20 Hour Rate 10 Hour Rate 5 Hour Rate 1 Hour Rate
Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH
28.0 AH 1.50 30.00 2.80 28.00 5.10 25.50 18.60 18.60
35.0 AH 1.80 36.00 3.50 35.00 6.50 32.50 27.00 27.00
42.0 AH 2.25 45.00 4.20 42.00 7.20 36.00 25.20 25.20
56.0 AH 3.00 60.00 5.60 56.00 9.50 47.50 33.00 33.00
65.0 AH 3.53 70.60 6.50 65.00 11.20 56.00 39.00 39.00
75.0 AH 4.00 80.00 7.50 75.00 12.90 64.50 45.00 45.00
92.0 AH 4.90 98.00 9.20 92.00 15.80 79.00 55.20 55.20
103.0 AH 5.55 111.00 10.30 103.00 17.70 88.50 61.80 61.80
124.0 AH 6.45 129.00 12.40 124.00 21.30 106.50 74.40 74.40
144.0 AH 7.70 154.00 14.40 144.00 24.08 120.40 84.00 84.00
153.0 AH 8.30 166.00 15.30 153.00 26.30 131.50 91.80 91.80
210 0 AH 11.30 226.00 21.00 210.00 36.10 180.50 126.00 126.00
TabIe 3: P0-SerIes batterIes, by Industry conventIon, are rated at tneIr 10 nour rate.
Table3showscapacitiesforvariousmultiplesofthe20-hourdischargecurrentforPGmodels.
6 weve 0ot Tne Power.

P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 7

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8 weve 0ot Tne Power.

Performance Data
Discharge
Duringdischargethevoltagewilldecrease.ThegraphsinFigure4illustratethisfordifferentdischargeratesand
ambienttemperatures.Cistheratedcapacityofabattery:CformodelPS-61O(6V1.1AH)is1.1AH.By
conventiontheratingofnearlyallsealed-leadacidbatteries,isbasedona20-hour(0.05C)dischargerate.Forlarger
batteriesusedfortelecomandlargeUPSsystems(ourPG-Series)theconventionistousea10-hourrate(0.1C).
AnimportantfeatureofPower-Sonicbatteriesisshowninthedischargecurves;namely,thevoltagetendstoremain
highandalmostconstantforarelativelylongperiodbeforedecliningtoanendvoltage.
Open-Circuit Voltage
Opencircuitvoltagevariesaccordingtoambienttemperatureandtheremainingcapacityofthebattery.Generally,open
circuitvoltageisdeterminedbythespecifcgravityoftheelectrolyte.Dischargingabatterylowersthespecifcgravity.
TheopencircuitvoltageofaPower-Sonicbatteryis2.16V/cellwhenfullychargedand1.94V/cellwhencompletely
discharged.
AsseeninFigure4,underload,thebatterycandeliverusefulenergyatlessthan1.94V/cell,butaftertheloadis
removedtheopencircuitvoltagewillbouncebacktovoltagesshowninFigure5,dependentuponresidualcapacity.
FIgure 4: bIscnarge 0naracterIstIc 0urves at 200 {68F)
FIgure 5: 0pen-0IrcuIt VoItage 0naracterIstIcs
Discharge Time
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Residual Capacity (%)
P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 9

Temperature
Actualcapacityisafunctionofambienttemperatureandrateofdischarge.At20C(68F)ratedcapacityis100%.
Thecapacityincreasesslowlyabovethistemperatureanddecreasesasthetemperaturefalls.Evenat-40C(-40F),
however,thePower-Sonicbatterywillstillfunctionatbetterthan30%ofitsratedcapacitywhendischargedatthe20-
hourrate(0.05C).Atanyambienttemperature,thehighertherateofdischarge,thelowertheavailablecapacity.This
relationshipisshowninFigure6.
Power-Sonicbatteriesmaybedischargedattemperaturesrangingfrom-40Cto60C(-40Fto140F)andcharged
attemperaturesfrom-20Cto50C(-4Fto122F).
Whileraisingambienttemperatureincreasescapacity,italsodecreasesusefulservicelife.Itisestimatedthatbattery
lifeishalvedforeach10C(18F)abovenormalroomtemperature.
Performance Data
FIgure 7: ReIatIonsnIp between current and dIscnarge tIme
for dIfferent ambIent temperatures
FIgure 6: ffect of Temperature on 0apacIty
C
a
p
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i
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y

R
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(
%
)
Temperature (C)
D
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T
i
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Discharge Current (A)

10 weve 0ot Tne Power.

Performance Data
Shelf Life & Storage
Lowinternalresistanceandspecialalloysintheelectrodesassurealowselfdischargerateand,consequently,along
shelflife.Ifkeptat20C(68F),about60-70%ofthenominalcapacityremainsafteroneyearofstorage.Duetothe
self-dischargecharacteristicsofthistypeofbattery,itisimperativethattheybechargedwithin6monthsofstorage,
otherwisepermanentlossofcapacitymightoccurasaresultofsulfation.
Therateofselfdischargevarieswiththeambienttemperature.Atroomtemperature(20C(68F))itisabout3%per
month.Atlowtemperaturesitisnearlynegligible;athigherambienttemperaturesselfdischargeincreases.
Toobtainmaximumbatterylifeandperformance,batteriesshouldberechargedassoonaspossibleaftereachuseand
notstoredinadischargedstate.Ifpossiblebatteriesshouldbestoredat20C(68F)orlower,andrechargedeverysix
monthswhennotinuse.
Battery Life
CyclicUse:Thenumberofcharge/dischargecyclesdependsonthecapacitytakenfromthebattery(afunctionof
dischargerateanddepthofdischarge),operatingtemperatureandthechargingmethod.
Figure 8: Self Discharge Characteristics
FIgure 9: ReIatIonsnIp between deptn of dIscnarge and number of cycIes
as weII as Increases of capacIty durIng tne earIy cycIes.
C
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c
i
t
y

R
e
t
e
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t
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R
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%
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Storage Period (Months)
R
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%
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Number of Cycles
P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 11

Performance Data
Battery Life (continued)
StandbyUse:Thefoatservicelife,orlifeexpectancyundercontinuouscharge,dependsonthefrequencyanddepthof
discharge,thechargevoltage,andtheambienttemperature.Atafoatvoltageof2.25Vto2.30V/cellandanambient
temperatureof20Cto25C(60Fto77F)Power-Sonicbatteriesshouldlastfourtofveyearsbeforethecapacity
dropsto60%ofitsoriginalrating.
ThegraphinFigure11showslifecharacteristicsinfoat(standby)serviceforambienttemperaturesrangingfrom
15Cto55C(60Fto130F).Ifprevailingambienttemperaturesarewellabove20Cto25C(68Fto77F)the
lifeexpectancyofthistypeofbatteryinfoatservicedependsgreatlyontemperaturecompensatedcharging.Thetypical
temperaturecoeffcientis2mV/cell/20Candunder.
FIgure 10: IndIcates now capacIty cnanges over tIme.
FIgure 11: ServIce IIfe at varIous ambIent temperatures
R
e
t
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t
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C
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Years
S
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v
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L
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(
Y
e
a
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s
)
Temperature (C)
12 weve 0ot Tne Power.

Performance Data
Over Discharge
Tooptimizebatterylife,itisrecommendedthatthebatterybedisconnectedfromtheload(eitherelectronicallyor
manually)whentheendvoltage-afunctionofthedischargerate-isreached.Itisthevoltagepointatwhich100%of
theusablecapacityofthebatteryhasbeenconsumedorcontinuationofthedischargeisuselessbecauseofthevoltage
droppingbelowusefullevels.ThefnaldischargevoltagespercellareshowninTable1(Page4).
Dischargingasealedlead-acidbatterybelowthisvoltageorleavingabatteryconnectedtoaloadwillimpairthebatterys
abilitytoacceptacharge.Topreventpotentialoverdischargeproblems,voltagecutoffcircuitsasshowninFigure12
maybeused.
FIgure 12: 0IrcuIts of 0ver-bIscnarge PreventatIve bevIce
Charging
Dependableperformanceandlongservicelife
dependuponcorrectcharging.Faultyproceduresor
inadequatechargingequipmentresultindecreased
batterylifeand/orunsatisfactoryperformance.The
selectionofsuitablechargingcircuitsandmethods
isasimportantaschoosingtherightbatteryforthe
application.
Power-Sonicbatteriesmaybechargedbyusinganyof
theconventionalchargingtechniques:
ConstantVoltage
ConstantCurrent
Taper-Current
TwoStepConstantVoltage
Toobtainmaximumservicelifeandcapacity,along
withacceptablerechargetimeandeconomy,constant
voltage-currentlimitedchargingisrecommended.
TochargeaPower-SonicSLAbattery,aDCvoltage
between2.30voltspercell(foat)and2.45voltsper
cell(fast)isappliedtotheterminalsofthebattery.
Dependingonthestateofcharge,thecellmay
temporarilybelowerafterdischargethantheapplied
voltage.Aftersometime,however,itshouldleveloff.
Duringcharge,theleadsulfateofthepositiveplate
becomesleaddioxide.Asthebatteryreachesfull
charge,thepositiveplatebeginsgeneratingdioxide
causingasuddenriseinvoltageduetodecreasing
internalresistance.Aconstantvoltagecharge,
therefore,allowsdetectionofthisvoltageincreaseand
thuscontrolofthecurrentchargeamount.
Additionalinformationregardingchargingmethodscan
befoundonpages13through19.
P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 13

Charging
Charging Characteristics
Duringconstantvoltageortapercharging,thebatteryscurrentacceptancedecreasesasvoltageandstateofcharge
increase.Thebatteryisfullychargedoncethecurrentstabilizesatalowlevelforafewhours.Therearetwocriteriafor
determiningwhenabatteryisfullycharged:(1)thefnalcurrentleveland(2)thepeakchargingvoltagewhilethiscurrent
fows.
Charging Methods
Selectingtheappropriatechargingmethoddependsontheintendeduse(cyclicorfoatservice),economic
considerations,rechargetime,anticipatedfrequencyanddepthofdischarge,andexpectedservicelife.Thekeygoalof
anychargingmethodistocontrolthechargecurrentattheendofthecharge.
FIgure 13: TypIcaI cnarge cnaracterIstIcs for cycIe servIce wnere
cnargIng Is non-contInuous and peak voItage can be nIgner.
FIgure 14: TypIcaI cnaracterIstIcs for standby servIce type cnarge. nere,
cnargIng Is contInuous and tne peak cnarge voItage must be Iower.

14 weve 0ot Tne Power.

Charging
Constant Voltage Charging
ConstantvoltagechargingisthebestmethodtochargePower-Sonicbatteries.Dependingontheapplication,batteries
maybechargedeitheronacontinuousornon-continuousbasis.Inapplicationswherestandbypowerisrequiredto
operatewhentheACpowerhasbeeninterrupted,continuousfoatchargingisrecommended.Non-continuouscyclic
chargingisusedprimarilywithportableequipmentwherechargingonanintermittentbasisisappropriate.
Theconstantvoltagechargemethodappliesaconstantvoltagetothebatteryandlimitstheinitialchargecurrent.Itis
necessarytosetthechargevoltageaccordingtospecifedchargeandtemperaturecharacteristics.Inaccuratevoltage
settingscauseover-orunder-charge.Thischargingmethodcanbeusedforbothcyclicandstandbyapplications.
FIgure 15: 0onstant voItage cnargIng cIrcuIt
FIgure 16: 0onstant voItage cnargIng cnaracterIstIcs
P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 15

Charging
Constant Current Charging
Constantcurrentchargingissuitedforapplicationswheredischargedampere-hoursoftheprecedingdischargecycleare
known.Chargetimeandchargequantitycaneasilybecalculated,howeveranexpensivecircuitisnecessarytoobtaina
highlyaccurateconstantcurrent.Monitoringofchargevoltageorlimitingofchargetimeisnecessarytoavoidexcessive
overcharge.
Whilethischargingmethodisveryeffectiveforrecoveringthecapacityofabatterythathasbeenstoredforanextended
periodoftime,orforoccasionaloverchargingtoequalizecellcapacities,itlacksspecifcpropertiesrequiredintodays
electronicenvironment.
Taper-Current Charging
Thismethodisnotrecommendedasitissomewhatabusiveofsealedleadacidbatteriesandcanshortenservice
life.However,becauseofthesimplicityofthecircuitandlowcost,taper-currentchargingisextensivelyusedtocharge
multiplenumbersand/orforcycliccharging.
Whenusingataper-currentchargerthechargertimeshouldbelimitedorachargingcut-offcircuitbeincorporatedto
preventovercharge.Pleasecontactourtechnicaldepartmentifyouneedassistancewiththis.
Inataper-currentchargingcircuit,thecurrentdecreasesinproportiontothevoltagerise.Whendesigningatapercharger
alwaysconsiderpowervoltagefuctuations.Inthiseventtheinternalresistancedropwillconverttoheat.Heatgenerated
bythecircuitshouldbemeasuredandifrequiredaheatsinkshouldbeincorporatedinthedesign.
FIgure 18: Taper-current cnargIng cnaracterIstIcs for tnIs
type of basIcaIIy unreguIated cnarger.
FIgure 17: Taper-current cnargIng cIrcuIt

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Overcharging
Asaresultoftoohighachargevoltageexcessivecurrentwillfowintothebattery,afterreachingfullcharge,causing
decompositionofwaterintheelectrolyteandprematureaging.
Athighratesofoverchargeabatterywillprogressivelyheatup.Asitgetshotter,itwillacceptmorecurrent,heatingup
evenfurther.Thisiscalledthermalrunawayanditcandestroyabatteryinaslittleasafewhours.
Undercharging
Iftoolowachargevoltageisapplied,thecurrentfowwillessentiallystopbeforethebatteryisfullycharged.Thisallows
someoftheleadsulfatetoremainontheelectrodes,whichwilleventuallyreducecapacity.
Batterieswhicharestoredinadischargedstate,orleftontheshelffortoolong,mayinitiallyappeartobeopen
circuitedorwillacceptfarlesscurrentthannormal.Thisiscausedbyaphenomenoncalledsulfation.Whenthis
occurs,leavethechargerconnectedtothebattery.Usually,thebatterywillstarttoacceptincreasingamountsofcurrent
untilanormalcurrentlevelisreached.Ifthereisnoresponse,eventochargevoltagesaboverecommendedlevels,the
batterymayhavebeeninadischargedstatefortoolongtorecover.
Ifinanydoubt,orifconceptsofproperuseandcareareunclear,pleaseensurethatyoucontactPower-Sonicstechnical
department.
Charging for Cycle Operation
Cyclicapplicationsgenerallyrequirethatrechargingbedoneinarelativelyshorttime.Theinitialchargecurrent,however,
mustnotexceed0.30xCamps.Justasbatteryvoltagedropsduringdischarge,itslowlyrisesduringcharge.Fullcharge
isdeterminedbyvoltageandinfowingcurrent.When,atachargevoltageof2.450.05volts/cell,thecurrentaccepted
bythebatterydropstolessthan0.01xCamps(1%ofratedcapacity),thebatteryisfullychargedandthechargershould
bedisconnectedorswitchedtoafoatvoltageof2.25to2.30volts/cell.Thevoltageshouldnotbeallowedtoriseabove
2.450.05volts/cell.
Charging for Standby Operation
Standbyapplicationsgenerallydonotrequirethatthebatterybechargedasfastorasfrequentlyasincycleoperation.
However,thebatterymustbekeptconstantlychargedtoreplacetheenergythatisexpendedduetointernallossand
deteriorationofthebatteryitself.AlthoughtheselossesareverylowinPower-Sonicbatteries,theymustbereplacedat
theratethebatteryselfdischarges;atthesametimethebatterymustnotbegivenmorethantheselossesoritwillbe
overcharged.Toaccomplishthis,aconstantvoltagemethodofchargingcalledfoatchargingisused.
Therecommendedconstantfoatvoltageis2.25-2.30voltspercell.Maintainingthisfoatvoltagewillallowthebattery
todefneitsowncurrentlevelandremainfullychargedwithouthavingtodisconnectthechargerfromthebattery.The
tricklecurrentforafullychargedbatteryfoatingattherecommendedchargevoltagewilltypicallyhoveraroundthe
O.OO1Crate(1OmAfora10AHbattery,forexample.)
Thefoatchargerisbasicallyaconstantvoltagepowersupply.Asincyclechargers,caremustbeexercisednottoexceed
theinitialchargecurrentof0.30xCamperes.
Charging
Caution! Never charge or discharge a battery in a hermetically sealed enclosure. Batteries generate a mixture of
gases internally. Given the right set of circumstances, such as extreme overcharging or shorting of the battery,
these gases might vent into the enclosure and create the potential for an explosion when ignited by a spark.
P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 17

Charging
Two-Step Constant Voltage Charging
Thismethodusestwoconstantvoltagedevices.Intheinitialchargephasethehighvoltagesettingisused.When
chargingisnearlycompleteandthechargevoltagehasrisentoaspecifedvalue(withthechargecurrentdecreased),the
chargerswitchesthevoltagetothelowersetting.Thismethodallowsrapidchargingincycleorfoatservicewithoutthe
possibilityofovercharging,evenafterextendedchargingperiods.
Charging in Series
Lead-acidbatteriesarestringsof2voltcellsconnectedinseries,commonly2,3,4or6cellsperbattery.Stringsof
Power-Sonicbatteries,upto48voltsandhigher,maybechargedinseriessafelyandeffciently.However,asthenumber
ofbatteriesinseriesincreases,sodoesthepossibilityofslightdifferencesincapacity.Thesedifferencescanresultfrom
age,storagehistory,temperaturevariationsorabuse.
Fullychargedbatteriesshouldneverbemixedwithdischargedbatterieswhencharginginseries.Thedischarged
batteriesshouldbechargedbeforeconnection.
Whenasingleconstantvoltagechargerisconnectedacrossanentirehighvoltagestring,thesamecurrentfowsthrough
allcellsinthestring.Dependingonthecharacteristicsoftheindividualbatteries,somemayoverchargewhileothers
remaininaslightlyunderchargedcondition.
Tominimizetheeffectsofindividualbatterydifferences,usebatteriesofthesameage,amphour,andhistoryand,if
possible,chargeinstringsofnogreaterthan24or48volts.
FIgure 19: buaI stage current IImIted battery cnarger.
FIgure 20: Two-step constant voItage cnargIng cnaracterIstIcs.

18 weve 0ot Tne Power.

Charging
Charging in Parallel
Power-Sonicbatteriesmaybeusedinparallelwithoneormorebatteriesofequalvoltage.
Whenconnectedinparallel,thecurrentfromachargerwilltendtodividealmostequallybetweenthebatteries.No
specialmatchingofbatteriesisrequired.Ifthebatteriesofunequalcapacityareconnectedinparallel,thecurrentwill
tendtodividebetweenthebatteriesintheratioofcapacities(actually,internalresistances).
Whenchargingbatteriesinparallel,wheredifferentratiosofchargearetobeexpected,itisbesttomakeprovisionsto
assurethatthecurrentswillnotvarytoomuchbetweenbatteries.
Temperature Compensation
Power-Sonicbatteriesperformwellbothatlowandhightemperatures.Atlowtemperatures,however,chargeeffciencyis
reduced;attemperaturesabove45C(113F),chargeeffciencyincreasessorapidlythatthereisadangerofthermal
runawayiftemperaturecompensationisnotprecise.
Theeffectoftemperatureonchargevoltageislesscriticalinfoatapplicationsthanincyclicuse,whererelativelyhigh
chargecurrentsareappliedforthepurposeofshortrechargetimes.
Temperatureeffectsshoulddefnitelybeconsideredwhendesigningorselectingachargingsystem.Temperature
compensationisdesirableinthechargingcircuit,especiallywhenoperatingoutsidetherangeof5Cto35C
(41Fto95F).Thetemperaturecoeffcientis-2mV/cell/Cbelow20C(68F)infoatuseand-6mV/cell/Cbelow
20Cincyclicuse.Forhighertemperaturesthechargevoltageshouldbecorrespondinglydecreased.
Top Charging
Allbatterylosecapacitythroughself-discharge,itisrecommendedthatatopupchargebeappliedtoanybatterythat
hasbeenstoredforalongperiodoftime,priortoputtingthebatteryintoservice.
Tosuccessfullytopchargeabatterystoredformorethan12months,theopencircuitvoltagemustbehigherthan2.0
voltspercell,inthiscase,alwaysconfrmopencircuitvoltagepriortoattemptingtopupcharging.
AmbIent 0narge VoItage Per 0eII
Temperature Cyclic Use (V) Float Use (V)
-40C(-40F) 2.852.95 2.382.43
-20C(-4F) 2.672.77 2.342.39
-10C(14F) 2.612.71 2.322.37
0C(32F) 2.552.65 2.302.35
10C(50F) 2.492.59 2.282.33
20C(68F) 2.432.53 2.262.31
25C(77F) 2.402.50 2.252.30
30C(86F) 2.372.47 2.242.29
40C(104F) 2.312.41 2.222.27
50C(122F) 2.252.35 2.202.25
TabIe 4: Recommended cnarge voItages for dIfferent temperatures.
P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 19

Charging Effciency
Thechargingeffciency()ofabatteryisexpressedbythefollowingformula:
Thechargingeffciencyvariesdependinguponthestateofchargeofthebattery,temperatures,andchargingrates.Figure
21illustratestheconceptofthestateofchargeandchargingeffciency.AsshowninFigure22.Power-Sonicbatteries
exhibitveryhighchargingeffciency,evenwhenchargedatlowchargingrates.
Charging
Figure 21: Charge effciency vs. state of charge.
C
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E
f
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State of Charge (%)
Figure 22: Charge effciency vs. charging current.
C
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Charging Current (xCA)

20 weve 0ot Tne Power.

Important Dos and Donts

Power-Sonicrechargeablesealedlead-acidbatteriesaredesignedtoprovideyearsofdependableservice.Adherenceto
thefollowingguidelineswillensurethatbatterylifeismaximizedandoperationistrouble-free.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Itisimportantthatyoufamiliarizeyourselfwiththesepriortohandling,installinganddisposingofallbatteries.If
thereareanyquestionsraisedfromthesepleasecontactPower-Sonicstechnicaldepartment.
Handling
Alwayswearinsulatedgloveswhenhandlingbatteries;especiallywhenconnectingseriesandparallelgroupsof
batteries.
FollowallprecautionsasdescribedinourMaterialsSafetyDataSheets(MSDS).Thisinformationissubjectto
changedependingupongovernmentlegislation.Visitourwebsite:www.power-sonic.comforup-to-datecopiesof
these.
Ifequipmentistobestoredforalongperiodoftimethebatteriesshouldbedisconnectedtoavoidunduedrainon
thebatteriesandanypotentialfordamagetotheequipment.
Installation
Fastenbatteriestightlyandmakeprovisionsforshockabsorptionifexposuretoshockorvibrationislikely.
Wheninstallingthebatterywithinapieceofequipment,fxitsecurelyatthelowestpracticablepoint.
Thebatteryshouldnotbeattachedtoanypieceofequipmentduringburn-intesting.
Donotapplyundueforcetotheterminalsorbendthem.Avoidapplyingheattotheterminalsthroughprocesses
suchassoldering.
Ifsolderingtothebatteryterminalsisunavoidableitmustbeaccomplishedwithin3seconds,usingasoldering
ironnogreaterthan100watts.
Donotplacebatteriesincloseproximitytoobjectswhichcanproducesparksorfames,anddonotcharge
batteriesinaninvertedposition.
Avoidexposingbatteriestoheat!Careshouldbetakentoplacebatteriesawayfromheat-emittingcomponents.If
closeproximityisunavoidable,provideventilation.Servicelifeisshortenedconsiderablyatambienttemperatures
above30C(86F).
Topreventproblemsarisingfromheatexchangebetweenbatteriesconnectedinseriesorparallel,itisadvisableto
provideairspaceofatleast0.4(10mm)betweenbatteries.
Donotmixbatterieswithdifferentcapacities,differentagesorofdifferentmakes.Thedifferenceincharacteristics
willcausedamagetothebatteriesandpossiblytotheattachedequipment.
BatterycasesandlidsmadeofABSplasticcansustaindamageifexposedtoorganicsolventsoradhesives.
Forbestresultsandgenerallyacceptableperformanceandlongevity,keepoperatingtemperaturerangebetween
-40C(-40F)and60C(140F).
Itisgoodpracticetoensurethattheconnectionsarere-torquedandthebatteriesarecleanedperiodically.
Donotattempttodisassemblebatteries.Contactwithsulfuricacidmaycauseharm.Shoulditoccur,washskin
orclotheswithliberalamountsofwater.Donotthrowbatteriesintoafre;batteriessodisposedmayruptureor
explode.Disassembledbatteriesarehazardouswasteandmustbetreatedaccordingly.

P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 21

Important Dos and Donts
Charging
Batteriesshouldnotbestoredinadischargedstateoratelevatedtemperatures.Ifabatteryhasbeendischarged
forsometime,ortheloadwasleftonindefnitely,itmaynotreadilytakeacharge.Toovercomethis,leavethe
chargerconnectedandthebatteryshouldeventuallybegintoacceptcharge.
Continuousover-orunderchargingisthesingleworstenemyofalead-acidbattery.Cautionshouldbeexercisedto
ensurethatthechargerisdisconnectedaftercyclecharging,orthatthefoatvoltageissetcorrectly.
AlthoughPower-Sonicbatterieshavealowself-dischargeratewhichpermitsstorageofafullychargedbatteryfor
uptoayear,itisimportantthatabatterybechargedwithin6monthsafterreceipttoaccountforstoragefrom
thedateofmanufacturetothedateofpurchase.Otherwise,permanentlossofcapacitymightoccurasaresultof
sulfation.Toprolongshelflifewithoutcharging,storebatteriesat10C(50F)orless.
AlthoughitispossibletochargePower-Sonicbatteriesrapidly,i.e.in6-7hrs.itisnotnormallyrecommended.
Unlimitedcurrentchargingcancauseincreasedoff-gassingandprematuredrying.Itcanalsoproduceinternal
heatingandhotspotsresultinginshortenedservicelife.Toohighachargecurrentwillcauseabatterytoget
progressivelyhotter.Thiscanleadtothermalrunawayandcandestroyabatteryinaslittleasafewhours.
Caution:Neverchargeordischargeabatteryinanairtightenclosure.Batteriesgenerateamixtureofgases
internally.Giventherightsetofcircumstances,suchasextremeoverchargingorshortingofthebattery,these
gasesmightventintotheenclosureandcreatethepotentialforanexplosionwhenignitedbyaspark.Generally,
ventilationinherentinmostenclosuresissuffcienttoavoidproblems.
Whenchargingbatteriesinseries(positiveterminalofonebatteryisconnectedtothenegativeterminalof
another)theinterconnectingcablesmustallbeofequallengthandresistancetoinsureequalizationoftheload.
Allbatteriesinthestringwillreceivethesameamountofchargecurrent,thoughindividualbatteryvoltagesmay
vary.
Whenchargingbatteriesinparallel(positiveterminalsareconnectedtothepositiveterminalandnegative
terminalstothenegative),allbatteriesinthestringwillreceivethesamechargevoltage,butthechargecurrent
eachbatteryreceiveswillvaryuntilequalizationisreached.
Highvoltagestringsofbatteriesinseriesshouldbelimitedtotwenty6voltorten12voltbatterieswhenasingle
constantvoltagechargerisconnectedacrosstheentirestring.Differencesincapacitycancausesomebatteries
tooverchargewhileothersremainunderchargedthuscausingprematureagingofbatteries.Itis,therefore,not
advisabletomixbatteriesofdifferentcapacities,make,orageinaseriesstring.
Tominimizetheeffectsofcellorbatterydifferences,chargethestringin24voltbatterygroupsthroughaconstant
currentsourcewithzenerdioderegulationacrossindividualbatteriesorbatterygroups.
Rechargetimedependsonthedepthoftheprecedingdischargeandtheoutputcurrentofthecharger.To
determinetheapproximaterechargetimeofafullydischargedbattery,dividethebatteryscapacity(amp.hrs)by
theratedoutputofthechargercurrent(amps)andmultiplytheresultingnumberofhoursbyafactorof1.75to
compensateforthedecliningoutputcurrentduringcharge.Iftheamountofamp.hrs.dischargedfromthebattery
isknown,useitinsteadofthebatteryscapacitytomakethecalculation.

22 weve 0ot Tne Power.

Notes
P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes 23

Notes

24 weve 0ot Tne Power.

Glossary
Active Material
Theactiveelectro-chemicalmaterialsusedinthemanufactureof
positiveandnegativeelectrodes.
Ambient Temperature
Theprevailingsurfacetemperaturetowhichabatteryisexposed.
Ampere
Unitofmeasurementforelectriccurrent.
Ampere-Hour
Theproductofcurrent(amperes)multipliedbytime(hours).
Usedtoindicatethecapacityofabattery.AlsoAmp.Hr.orA.H.
Battery
Twoormorecellsconnectedtogether,mosttypicallyinseries.
C
Usedtosignifyachargeordischargerateequaltothecapacity
ofabatterydividedbyonehour.ThusCfora1600mAhbattery
wouldbe1.6A.C/5forthesamebatterywouldbe320mAand
C/10wouldbe160mA.
Capacity
Theelectricalenergyavailablefromacellorbatteryexpressedin
ampere-hours.
Available capacity:ampere-hoursthatcanbedischarged
fromabatterybasedonitsstateofcharge,rateof
discharge,ambienttemperature,andspecifedcut-off
voltage.
Rated capacity (C):thedischargecapacitythe
manufacturerstatesmaybeobtainedatagivendischarge
rateandtemperature.
Capacity fade:thelossofcapacityduetoinadequate
recharging.
Cell
Thebasicbuildingblockofabattery.Thenominalvoltageofa
lead-acidcellis2volts.
Cell reversal:theactofdrivingacellintoreversepolarityby
excessivedischarge.
Primary cell:cellorbatterythatcanbedischargedonly
once.
Secondary cell:theprocessisreversiblesothatcharging
anddischargingmayberepeatedoverandover.
Charge
Theconversionofelectricalenergytochemicalenergy;the
processwhichrestoreselectricalenergytoacellorbattery.
Charge retention:abatterysabilitytoholdacharge.It
diminishesduringstorage.
Charge acceptance:quantifestheamountofelectric
chargethataccumulatesinabattery.
Float charge:maintainsthecapacityofacellorbatteryby
applyingaconstantvoltage.
Charge (Continued)
Trickle charge:maintainsthecapacityofacellorbatteryby
applyingasmallconstantcurrent.
Charge equalization:bringsallofthecellsinabatteryor
stringtothesamestateofcharge.
Closed Circuit Voltage Test
Atestmethodinwhichthebatteryisbriefydischargedata
constantcurrentwhilethevoltageismeasured.
Cutoff Voltage
Thefnalvoltageofacellorbatteryattheendofchargeor
discharge.
Cycle
Asinglechargeanddischargeofacellorbattery.
Deep Cycle
Acycleinwhichthedischargecontinuesuntilthebattery
reachesitscut-offvoltage,usually80%ofdischarge.
Direct Current (DC)
Thetypeofelectricalcurrentthatabatterycansupply.One
terminalisalwayspositiveandtheotheralwaysnegative.
Discharge
Theprocessofdrawingcurrentfromabattery.
Deep Discharge:thedischargeofacellorbatteryto
between80%and100%ofratedcapacity.
Depth of Discharge:theamountofcapacity-typically
expressedasapercentage-removedduringdischarge.
Self Discharge:thelossofcapacitywhilestoredorwhile
thebatteryisnotinuse.
Self Discharge Rate:thepercentofcapacitylostonopen
circuitoveraspecifedperiodoftime.
Drain
Thewithdrawalofcurrentfromabattery.
Electrode
Positiveornegativeplatecontainingmaterialscapableof
reactingwithelectrolytetoproduceoracceptcurrent.
Electrolyte
Conductsionsinacell.Leadacidbatteriesuseasulfuricacid
solution.
End of Charge Voltage
Thevoltagereachedbythecellorbatteryattheendofcharge,
whilethechargerisstillattached.
Energy Density
Ratioofbatteryenergytovolumeorweightexpressedinwatt-
hourspercubicinchorpound.

Glossary
Gas Recombination
Theprocessbywhichoxygengasgeneratedfromthepositive
plateduringthefnalstageofchargeisabsorbedintothe
negativeplate,preventinglossofwater.
High Rate Discharge
Averyrapiddischargeofthebattery.NormallyinmultiplesofC
(theratingofthebatteryexpressedinamperes).
Impedance
TheresistivevalueofabatterytoanACcurrentexpressedin
ohms().Generallymeasuredat1000Hzatfullcharge.
Internal Resistance
Theresistanceinsideabatterywhichcreatesavoltagedropin
proportiontothecurrentdraw.
Negative Terminal
Theterminalofabatteryfromwhichelectronsfowinthe
externalcircuitwhenabatterydischarges.SeePositiveTerminal
Nominal Voltage / Nominal Capacity
Thenominalvalueofratedvoltage/thenominalvalueofrated
capacity.Thenominalvoltageofalead-acidbatteryis2voltsper
cell.
Open Circuit Voltage
Thevoltageofabatteryorcellwhenmeasuredinanoload
condition.
Overcharge
Thecontinuouschargingofacellafteritachieves100%of
capacity.Batterylifeisreducedbyprolongedovercharging.
Parallel Connection
Connectingagroupofbatteriesorcellsbylinkingallterminals
ofthesamepolarity.Thisincreasesthecapacityofthebattery
group.
Polarity
Thechargesresidingattheterminalsofthebattery.
Positive Terminal
Theterminalofabatterytowardwhichelectronsfowthroughthe
externalcircuitwhenthecelldischarges.SeeNegativeTerminal.
Rated Capacity
Thecapacityofthecellexpressedinamperes.Commonly,a
constantcurrentforadesignatednumberofhourstoaspecifed
depthofdischargeatroomtemperature.
Recombination
Thestateinwhichthegassesnormallyformedwithinthebattery
cellduringitsoperationarerecombinedtoformwater.
Series Connection
Theconnectionofagroupofcellsorbatteriesbylinking
terminalsofoppositepolarity.Thisincreasesthevoltageofthe
batterygroup.
Self Discharge
Thelossofcapacityofabatterywhileinstoredorunused
conditionwithoutexternaldrain.
Separator
Materialisolatingpositivefromnegativeplates.Insealedlead
acidbatteriesitnormallyisabsorbentglassfbertoholdthe
electrolyteinsuspension.
SLA Battery
Sealedlead-acidbattery,generallyhavingthefollowing
characteristics:Maintenance-free,leak-proof,position-
insensitive.Batteriesofthistypehaveasafetyventtorelease
gasincaseofexcessiveinternalpressurebuild-up.Hencealso
theterm:Valveregulatedbattery.
GelCellsareSLAbatterieswhosedilutesulfuricacidelectrolyte
isimmobilizedbywayofadditiveswhichturntheelectrolyteinto
agel.
Service Life
Theexpectedlifeofabatteryexpressedinthenumberoftotal
cyclesoryearsofstandbyservicetoadesignatedremaining
percentageoforiginalcapacity.
Shelf Life
Themaximumperiodoftimeabatterycanbestoredwithout
supplementarycharging.
Standby Service
Anapplicationinwhichthebatteryismaintainedinafully
chargedconditionbytrickleorfoatcharging.
State of Charge
Theavailablecapacityofabatteryatagiventimeexpressedasa
percentageofratedcapacity.
Sulfation
Theformationordepositofleadsulfateonthesurfaceandin
theporesoftheactivematerialofthebatteriesleadplates.If
thesulfationbecomesexcessiveandformslargecrystalsonthe
platesthebatterywillnotoperateeffcientlyandmaynotworkat
all.
Thermal Runaway
Aconditioninwhichacellorbatteryonconstantpotential
chargecandestroyitselfthroughinternalheatgeneration.
Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery (VRLA)
SeeSLABatterylistedabove.
P0wR-S0NI0 RecnargeabIe BatterIes
Quality is always #1
WeemployIQC,PQCandISO9001QualityManagement
Systemstotestmaterials,monitormanufacturing
processesandevaluatefnishedproductspriorto
shipment.Allourbatteriesare100%testedwithadvanced
computerequipmentpriortobeingreleasedforsale.
Power-Sonicmanagementandstaffarecommitted
toprovidingthebestpossibleservicetosatisfyour
customersneeds,andfulfllourundertakingtodelivertop
gradeproductsontimeandatacompetitiveprice.
Ourbatteriesaremanufacturedtointernational
standardsincludingJIS,DINandIECandhaveULandCE
certifcation.
Corporate Headquarters and Domestic Sales
Power-SonicCorporation7550PanasonicWaySanDiego,CA92154USA
Phone:(619)661-2020Fax:(619)661-3650
Support:technical-support@power-sonic.com
Sales:national-sales@power-sonic.com
CustomerService:customer-service@power-sonic.com
International Sales
Power-SonicCorporationP.O.Box5242RedwoodCity,CA94063USA
Phone:(650)364-5001Fax:(650)366-3662
Sales:international-sales@power-sonic.com
European Sales
Power-SonicEurope,Ltd.3BuckinghamSquare,HurricaneWayWickford,EssexSS118YQEngland
Phone:(1268)560686Fax:(1268)560902
Sales:sales@power-sonic.co.uk
Website:www.power-sonic.co.uk
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