E-leaning Homework– Apirat –

คําถามข้อ 3 จงเขียนบทนํา (introduction) สําหรับบทความของท่าน

1 Introduction
Solid oxide fuel cell is a device for the electrochemical production of electricity from fuel gas and air at high
temperatures, 750ºC - 1000 ºC, in moderate to high levels of moisture environment. This environment is the reason
of many problems for materials, especially the interconnect (or bipolar) plates and sealant.
For selecting the seal materials in planar design of solid oxide fuel or p-SOFC, glass [1] - [3] and glass–
[2]

ceramic [4] are good candidates only when their coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) match components of the
cells (typically, in the range of 10x10-6 to 13x10-6 ºC -1). Nevertheless, they have disadvantages of inherent brittleness
and rigid bonding to cell components, especially with the metallic interconnect in planar fuel cells. As an alternative,
compressive seals, such as metallic gaskets [5] and mica, [6] allow nondestructive disassembly of stacks and higher
tolerance of thermal shock and vibrations. Unfortunately, these sealants suffer variable deformation at every loading
and high leak rates even with a very high loading pressure, which is prone to damaging the cells and deteriorating
electrical contact between the cells and interconnect.
In efforts to develop suitable glass-ceramics seals for SOFCs, many glass-forming systems have been
studied, including alkali and alkaline-earth silicates, aluminosilicate, borosilicate, and aluminophosphate glasses
[7][8][9]. The design of a sealing system involves the consideration of a number of potential problems, including
thermal-expansion mismatch, poor thermochemical stability, and deleterious interfacial reactions with other fuel-cell
components. An example of the latter is the formation of a BaCrO4 reaction product at the interface between BaO-
containing glass sealants and Cr-steel interconnects (such as Crofer 22 and AISI 430 stainless steel). Such
interfacial reaction products may compromise the long-term mechanical stability of the sealant [10].
Almost invention of glass and glass ceramic seals were contained B2O3. Boron is interested due to its
suitable effect on the viscosity of glass, which is important for the joining process. In contrast, the volatilization of
boron-containing species restricts its application as a main component for SOFC sealing applications. Such as,
glasses with B2O3 as the only glass formerly experienced up to a 20% weight loss and extensive interaction with
SOFC components, in both air and fuel gas atmospheres.[11]
I.W. Donald [12] have reviewed glasses and glass-ceramics compositions to be used as seal and coating
on metal. The paper reviews and summarizes the CTE of many glass ceramic compositions. Some compositions
show the CTEs in range of requirement for sealing on SOFC (10-13x10-6 K-1). In this work some of glass
compositions were selected by considering the CTE close to the cell components. The composition in system of
SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-Na2O shows high CTE as 9-11 x 10-6 K-1 and prone to be used as glass ceramic seal for SOFC
[13].
In this paper, a barium free and boron free glass ceramic compositions were designed and prepared in
system of R2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (R=Na, K). The primary requirements as p-SOFC’s glass-ceramic sealant were
investigated which is Tg, Tc, coefficient of thermal expansion and joining ability with AISI 430 stainless steel. The
Na2O and K2O component were varied in the compositions and measure the thermal properties and awork are to
originate new glass-ceramic compositions to fulfill the requirements of SOFCs seal and improve thermal cycle
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stability with environmental friendly compositions. Thereby the selected glass compositions of SOFCs glass-ceramic
seal are based on consideration of boron free and barium free.
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2 Reference

[1] D. Bahadur, N. Lahl, K. Singh, L. Singheiser, and K. Hilpert, ‘‘Influence of Nucleating Agents on the Chemical
Interaction of MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–B2O3 Glass Sealants with Components of SOFCs,’’ J. Electrochem. Soc., 151 [4]
A558–A562 (2004).
[2] R. Zheng, S. R. Wang, H. W. Nie, and T.-L. Wen, ‘‘SiO2–CaO–B2O3–Al2O3 Ceramic Glaze as Sealant for Planar
ITSOFC,’’ J. Power Sources, 128 [2] 165–172 (2004).
[3] Z. Yang, K. D. Meinhardt, and J. W. Stevenson, ‘‘Chemical Compatibility of Barium–Calcium–Aluminosilicate-
Based Sealing Glasses with the Ferritic Stainless Steel Interconnect in SOFCs,’’ J. Electrochem. Soc., 150 [8]
A1095–A1101 (2003).
[4] S.-B. Sohn, S.-Y. Choi, G.-H. Kim, H.-S. Song, and G.-D. Kim, ‘‘Suitable Glass–Ceramic Sealant for Planar Solid-
Oxide Fuel Cells,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 87 [2] 254–260 (2004).
[5] J. Duquette and A. Petric, ‘‘Silver Wire Seal Design for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack,’’ J. Power Sources,
137 [1] 71–75 (2004).
[6] Y.-S. Chou, J. W. Stevenson, and L. A. Chick, ‘‘Ultra-Low Leak Rate of Hybrid Compressive Mica Seals for Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells,’’ J. Power Sources, 112 [1] 130–136 (2002).
[7] S.B. Sohn, S.Y. Choi, G.H. Kim, H.S. Song, and G.D. Kim, “Stable Sealing Glass for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel
Cell”, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 297, 103-112 (2002).
[8] Z. Yang, J.W. Stevenson, and K.D. Meinhardt, “Chemical Interactions of Barium-Calcium-Aluminosilicate-Based
Sealing Glasses with Oxidation Resistant Alloys”, Solid State Ionics, 160, 213 (2003).
[9] Saswati Ghosh, P. Kundu, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, “Microstructure and property evaluation of
barium aluminosilicate glass–ceramic sealant for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell”, J. Euro. Ceram. Soc. 28
69–76 (2008).
[10] Z. Yang, Kerry D. Meinhardt and J. W. Stevenson, Chemical compatibility of barium–calcium–aluminosilicate-
based sealing glasses with the ferritic stainless steel interconnect in SOFCs. J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, A1095–
A1101 (2003).
[11] Teng Zhang, William G. Fahrenholtz, Signo T. Reis and Richard K. Brow. “Borate Borate Volatility from SOFC
Sealing Glasses”, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 91 [8] 2564–2569 (2008)
[12] I. W. Donald, “W Preparation, properties and chemistry of glass and glass-ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings”.
J. Mater. Sc., 28, 2841-2886 (1993).
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[13] F. Smeacetto, M. Salvo, M. Ferraris, V. Casalegno, P. Asinari, “Glass and composite seals for the joining of
YSZ to metallic interconnect in solid oxide fuel cells.” J. Euro. Ceram. Soc., 28, 611–616 (2008).