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3V FM Transmitter The objective of this 3V FM Transmitter design is to provide a simple low-power transmitter solution for broadcasting audio from

various audio sources. This transmitter transmits audio using small sensitive microphone. Transmitter's frequency, as built is tunable via 15pF trimmer to the desired frequency, and the coil is embedded on the circuit board. This implementation is adapted to rebroadcast the output of a CD player, television receiver, or radio receiver. I use this transmitter so that I can move about the house and listen to my favorite programs without disturbing others. Within and the house, I find that I can get 50 to 100 meters away from the transmitter with the small pocket FM receiver I carry in my shirt pocket.

200M FM Transmitter
escription. A very stable and simple FM transmitter circuit is given here. With a matching antenna, this transmitter can attain a range of around 200 meters. I assembled this transmitter few years and got very good results. Let us see how the circuit works. A condenser microphone (K1) is used to pick the sound to be transmitted. Capacitor C1 is a DC decoupler and the sound signal is coupled to the base of Q1 which wired as a preamplifier.R2 and R3 are the biasing resistors of Q1. Amplified sound signal will be available at the collector of Q1 and it coupled to the emitter of transistor Q2 through the capacitor C4 and 1mH inductor L1. Capacitor C4 decouples the DC component from the preamplifier output. Q2 performs the job of oscillator and modulator. Inductor L2 and variable capacitor C5 forms the tank circuit necessary for creating oscillations. Capacitor C6 is the feedback capacitor. The modulated FM wave will be available at the collector of Q1 and it is transmitted using the antenna A1. Circuit diagram.

Notes.

Assembling the circuit on a good PCB will give better results. I used a 12V battery for powering the circuit. A 9V PP3 battery will also do the job.

A battery eliminator is also fine but it will induce noise. Antenna A1 can be a 25cm long copper wire. K1 is a condenser microphone. C2 should be a Tantalum capacitor. Variable capacitor C5 can be used to adjust the transmission frequency. This simplified formula will help you in making inductors, L = (dn) / (18d+40l). Where L is the inductance of the coil in uH , d is the coil diameter in inches, l is the coil length in inches and n is the number of turns. Just try to make the inductor your self using this formaula. If you cant, then comment here.I will give you the winding details.
FM demodulator circuitM demodulator.

A simple PLL FM demodulator circuit using IC XR2212 is shown here. XR2212 is a highly stable, monolithic PLL (phase locked loop) IC specifically designed for communication and control system applications. The IC has 0.01 Hz to 300KHz frequency range, 4.5 to 20V operating voltage range, 2mV to 3Vrms dynamic range, high temperature range, TTL / CMOS compatibility and adjustable tracking range. The block diagram of a typical PLL FM demodulator circuit is shown below.

The working of a PLL FM demodulator is very easy to understand.The input FM signal and the output of the VCO is applied to the phase detector circuit. The output of the phase detector is filtered using a low pass filter, the amplifier and then used for controlling the VCO. When there is no carrier modulation and the input FM signal is in the center of the pass band (i.e. carrier wave only) the VCOs tune line voltage will be at the center position. When deviation in carrier frequency occurs ( that means modulation occurs) the VCO frequency follows the input signal in order to keep the loop in lock. As a result the tune line voltage to the VCO varies and this variation is proportional to the modulation done to the FM carrier wave. This voltage variation is filtered and amplified in order to get the demodulated signal.

Composite FM signal is applied to pin 2 of the IC. Input impedance of this pin is around 20K and the voltage swing of the input signal must be between 10mV to 5V. Capacitor C5 is meant for frequency compensating the internal output opamp. The capacitor C5 is connected between pin 6 and 8 of the IC and its value can be 20 to 30pF. Co is the timing capacitor for the internal voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO frequency is inversely proportional to the value of the timing capacitor Co and its range can be 200pF to 10uF. C4 is the input supply by-pass capacitor. Free running frequency of the VCO is determined by the external timing resistor Ro. Value of Ro can be between 10 and 100K. Rx can used for fine tuning the VCO frequency. R1 and C1 forms a PLL loop filter. Resistors Rf and Rc sets the gain of the output amplifier section.
Design. 1. Center frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) , fo must be selected equal to the frequency of the FM carrier wave. 2. Value of Ro can be in the range 10K to 100k and the recommended value is 20K. 3. Co = 1/Rofo 4. C1 = Co/4. 5. Rf can be taken as 100K and RC can be taken as 80.6K for a +/-4V output swing.

6. R1 can be taken as 89.3K.

FM Radio jammer
Description. Circuit shown here can be used to jam FM radios in its vicinity. The circuit is nothing but a classic single transistor oscillator operating in the VHF region. Working principle of the circuit is very simple and straight forward. Powerful VHF oscillations from the circuit will interfere with the FM signals to nullify it. Jammer circuits like this are illegal in many countries and you must assemble this circuit on your own responsibility. This circuit is intended only for fun and i request you not to misuse it.

Notes.

For L1 make 6 turns of 16AWG enamelled copper wire on a 9mm plastic former. The circuit can be powered using a 9V PP3 battery. For extended range, use an antenna. A 30cm long wire connected anywhere on the coil will do for the antenna. For better performance, assemble the circuit on a good PCB.

Simple wireless microphone


www.hobby-hour.com

This wireless FM microphone is simple to build and it has a useful transmitting range (over 300 meters in the open air). Despite its small component count and a 3V operating voltage it will easily penetrate over three floors of an apartment building. It may be tuned anywhere in the FM band (87-108MHz) and its transmissions can be picked up on any standard FM receiver. The coil (L1) should be about 3mm in diameter with 5 turns 0.61 mm copper wire. You can vary the Tx frequency by simply adjusting the spacing of the coils. The antenna should be a half or quarter wavelength long (for 100 MHz 150 cm or 75 cm). Circuit description: The audio amplification stage (T1) is a standard common emitter amplifier. The 47nF capacitor isolates the microphone from the base voltage of the transistor and only allows AC signals to pass. The LC tank circuit is constructed with T2, the feedback capacitor C5 and the parallel LC circuit L1, C4. The coupling capacitor(C6) directs the signal to the RF amplifier (T3). Circuit calibration: Place the transmitter about 10 feet from a FM radio. Set the radio to somewhere about 89 - 90 MHz. Spread the winding of the L1 coil apart to tune to the desired frequency.

Parts list:

T1,T2,T3: 2N2222 transistor R1: 10k 5% R2: 33k lin. R3: 12k 5% R4: 5.6k 5% R5: 2.2k 5% R6,R8: 47k 5% R7: 470 ohms 5% R9: 180 ohms 5% C1,C2: 47nF C3: 1nF C4: 33pF C5: 5.6pF C6: 8.2pF C7: 10nf L1: 3mm in diameter with 5 turns 0.61 mm copper wire K1: SPDT toggle switch Other parts: 2 AA battery holder, Electret microphone, antenna wire

FM Radio Receiver Circuit


This simple fm radio receiver circuit consists of a regenerative rf stage, TR1, followed by a two of threestage audio amplifier, TR2 to TR4. In some areas 3 stages of audio amplification may not be necessary, in which case TR3 and its associated components can be omitted and the free end of capacitor C5 connected to the collector of TR2.

The critical part of the fm radio receiver is the first stage, TR1/VC1, where the wirings must be kept as short as possible. Coil L1 is formed by winding 8 turns of 1mm (20 swg) enamelled copper wire on a 6 mm diameter former, which is then removed. After that L1 should be stretched carefully and evenly to a length of about 13mm. Transistors List TR1 = BF199 TR2 = TR3 = TR4 = BC547 The tunning capacitor VC1 is one of the two fm sections of a miniature fm transistor radio with built-in trimmers (VC2). The earthy end (moving vanes and spindle) is connected to the 22pF capacitor C1. The value of the rf choke L2 is not critical, anything from 1H to 10H being suitable. The output is suitable for ordinary earphones connected in series to provide an impedance of 64. Tuning-in the fm radio receiver To operate the radio receiver, potentiometer VR1 must first be advanced slowly (towards the end of the track connected to battery positive) until, at about the half-way point, a sudden slight increase in background noise will be heard, indicating the onset of oscillation. It then should be backed off, very slowly, until oscillation just stops; it then should be possible to tune in some stations. The correct frequency range of 87 MHz to 108 MHz can be obtained by adjusting VC2 at the high frequency (108 MHz) and slightly stretching or squeezing together the turns of coil L1 at the end (87 MHz).

2 km FM transmitter
Description. With a matching antenna, the FM transmitter circuit shown here can transmit signals up to a range of 2 kilo meters. The transistor Q1 and Q2 forms a classic high sensitive preamplifier stage. The audio signal to be transmitted is coupled to the base of Q1 through capacitor C2. R1, R3, R4, R6, R5 and R9 are the biasing resistors for the preamplifier stage comprising of Q1 and Q2. Transistor Q3 performs the collective job of oscillator, mixer and final power amplifier.C9 and L1 forms the tank circuit which is essential for creating oscillations. Inductor L2 couples the FM signal to the antenna. Simple FM Receiver Circuit

Notes.

Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB. The circuit can be powered from anything between 9 to 24V DC. Inductor L3 can be a VK220J type RFC. For L1 make 3 turns of 1mm enamelled copper wire on a 10mm diameter plastic former. On the same core make 2 turns of 1 mm enamelled copper wire close to L1 and that will be L2. Frequency can be adjusted by varying C9. R9 can be used to adjust the gain. For optimum performance, value of C8 must be also adjusted. Using a battery for powering the circuit will reduce noise.

This is the most simple fm receiver with good performances that works great even if the sensitivity is not too high. The working principle of this radio receiver may seem a little unusual. It is made of an oscillator (T2 and T3) that is synchronized with the received frequency of T1 which works as a broadband preamplifier in VHF range. How does the fm receiver works The oscillator is adjusted between 87 108 MHz with C5. Because of the synchronization, the oscillator output will have the same frequency deviation as the received signal from the fm antenna. This deviations are caused by the broadcasted audio information. The frequency modulated signal show up on P1 + R5. Low pass filter R6/C6 extracts the audio signal and then is amplifier by T4 T6 and transmitted at the output through C9 capacitor.

The coil details are presented in the fm receiver circuit diagram. The radio receiver is adjusted on different stations with the help of C5. P1 potentiometer is adjusted untill the best reception is obtained. If we attach an audio amplifier and a speaker then this frequency modulated receiver can be made very compact as a pocket radio.

WIRELESS MICROPHONE
by Harry Lythall - SM0VPO
Here is the super NEW miracle improved "Frequency Modulation Wireless Microphone" (BUG) with added easablilty, readability and copyability. This was necessitated after the number of EMail questions posed by people who were confused by the layout of the project(s). Before proceeding with the interesting bits, please note:

There are TWO different circuits:

1. Build it yourself with wound coil etc. (BASIC) 2. Build on my PCB foil, coil INCLUDED on PCB (PCB) The only TWO critical components are: 1. Tuning capacitor 12p (6.8p). 2. Feedback capacitor 2p7 (1p8). Both versions of the circuit perform identically.

INTRODUCTION
This project is a miniature, VHF FM (wideband) Wireless Microphone transmitter of the type that are commonly refered to as BUG's. Note that "BUGS" are illegal but "Wide-Band Frequency Modulation Wireless Microphones" (WBFMWMs) are not, as so many people have told me (including the RSGB!). Besides, the AF sensitivity of this transmitter prevents it from being an effective bug for eaves-dropping! I personally use one of these WBFMWMs plugged into my HF rig headphone socket so that I can "earwig" QSO's and nets when sitting on the toilet, washing the dishes, bringing in the coal, etc. I know from experience that this project can be used to stimulate interest in Radio in older children, and this was also one of the projects given to a group of scouts and girl- guides to construct. Surprisingly, I found the girls made a better job of soldering than the boys! The circuit is very simple and needs no explanation for construction although the kids needed some guidance when soldering.

THE TUNING COIL


The coil version uses a 1/4" (4mm) diameter coil wound on a drill bit, although the PCB version has the coil fabricated on the PCB itself. A simple piece of insulated wire about 60 cm (2 feet) was fine for the antenna, and is connected to a 1-turn tapping of the coil. Use tinned copper wire for the tuning coil and not the enamelled wire for kids to build. It is much easier for them to solder the antenna, without "mashing-up" the coil, whilst trying to remove the enamel. The PCB version is ideal for the kits as there is no coil to wind, see the photographs on this page.

NOTE: Since the antenna is coupled directly to the tuned circuit coil, the final frequency of the oscillator will vary if the antenna or the battery is touched. This could make this little circuit seem unstable. This is a normal feature of this type of circuit. To avoid this you will need to add an antenna buffer/amplifer but this only adds to the complexity - not exactly ideal for beginners. See my FM wireless microphone V5 if you need a more stable circuit.

COMPONENT CHOICES
If you wish to use the BUG (sorry!) FM Wireless Microphone from the headphone socket of an HF rig, then delete the 4K7 resistor (and reverse the 1uf capacitor). The circuit shown is for an "Electret" condenser microphone. The transmitter may be received by any VHF FM radio, but the pocket radio I use about the house was free with WEETABIX box-tops a few years ago. The unit should have a range of at least 100 meters (250 feet) but increase the "220 ohm" emitter resistor to 1K to reduce the range (if you think that little Johnny could plant it in you and your wife's bedroom). Here is a table to give you an idea of the performance of the BUG (sorry! for get I said that!) FM Wireless Microphone Transmitter:
Emitter Resistor Supply current Range (approx) 100R 220R 330R 1K0 30 mA 11 mA 8 mA 5 mA 500metres 120metres 100metres 50metres

FINISHED MIC
For those who would like to see what a finished microphone lookes like, here is one ready built. Note that there is no pad for the microphone, the wires are to be fitted accross the 1n0 capacitor.

MICROPHONES
The 4K7 resistor feeds the Electret condenser microphone with DC and the internal FET amplifer will develop an AF signal accross this resistor. I originally used a 47K resistor here. It

worked fine but many electret microphones require up to 1mA to operate. Reducing the value to 4K7 increases the microphone sensitivity quite a lot. If you want to use a dynamic microphone then you may omit this resistor completely although it will do no harm to leave it in circuit. Please note that the audio sensitivity of the microphone is not fantastic - i.e. you cannot use it to bug a room. It is intended for you to speak directly into the microphone as you would with any other normal microphone. Do NOT expect to hear a whisper at 5 meters (15 feet) because you won't. The microphone sensitivity is quite low. This is normal for this type of circuit not incorporating a microphone amplifer. A high-output type microphone is therefore required. If you need a microphone amplifer then see my FM wireless microphone V5 for a suitable circuit.

RANGE vs STABILITY
Now we come to the crunch. Everyone wants 5Km range and 100% stability! Well you know how the old saying goes?
"you can please all the people most of the time and most of the people all of the time, but you can't please all the people all of the time".

Range and stabilty are mutually exclusive. This circuit is an LC oscillator which is unstable by definition. If it were not then you would not be able to modulate it with speech! If you reduce the tapping of the coil you will improve the stability a lot but the range will reduce. Here is how you reduce the tapping on the PCB version: loop the antenna wire back along the board over the link and thread it under the 1n0 (102) capacitor:

With the original values shown the output power and stability are at the best compromise for a normal domestic FM radio receiver with an AFC function. If the transmitter battery connections are in close contact with some form of ground-plane, chassis (telephone line?) or a long microphone cable then stability will become excellent. If the unit is hand-held then it may become almost unuseable. Adding an extra antenna wire connected to the one of the battery tracks on the PCB will improve this considerably.

GETTING IT WORKING
No difficulty should be experienced by anyone, but if you are using components that are at hand in the junk box, then all resistors may vary from minus 50% to +200%. All capacitors used for coupling and decoupling may be anything from 470p to 100u. The 1n0 accross the microphone

may be anything from 270p to 2n2, if it is too large then the modulation will lack the higher treble frequencies. With the component values given, the BUG (sorry!!) Wireless Microphone will operate at about 106MHz. Increasing the tuning capacitor 12p (6.8p) will lower the frequency. With the PCB version you will have no difficulty finding the BUG (sorry!!) Wireless Microphone carrier frequency on a domestic FM radio set, it will be at about 106MHz. If, however, you cannot find the carrier then:
1. Check the battery supply current and compare it with the table above. If the current is not aproximately as listed then check your wiring for shorts, broken tracks and solder blobs. 2. Touch the coil with your finger and watch the battery supply current. If it changes then the BUG (sorry!) is oscillating Ok. If not then check your wiring and check for short circuits, broken tracks or solder blobs. 3. Try to find it again, but put the radio and BUG (sorry!!) in a metal box, bucket, cupboard, filing cabinet etc. It could be that a strong local FM station is hiding it. 4. (Not PCB version) Adjust the coil size a little and try again.

AND FINALLY
Incidentally, this little .. er! .. transmitter, works well on 10 meters FM with a lower (and quite acceptable) deviation. The coil is 14 turns with a ferrite slug (tuning) and the tuning and feedback capacitors increased by a factor of 3. Take care with the positioning of the tuning coil, as this will alter the frequency. It should not be possible for a user to touch the coil. In the FM version this is of no consequence. This unit can also be used toan electric guitar and your FM radio/stereo becomes a guitar amplifier!

FM Wireless Microphone Circuit Design Explained Posted by hitman

Cordless microphone and amplifier units are generally used during public address programs, stage entertainment programs or in all forms of occasions where voice signals are required to be amplified so as to make them audible over a wider area and distance. However since microphones are normally held by the hand while speaking, the unit needs to be perfectly hassle free so that the individual holding it is able to move about the premise freely. In this article we learn how to construct a simple wireless microphone circuit and use exactly for the above intended purpose.

A microphone is a device which is able to convert voice or sound vibrations in the air into electrical pulses. They are generally used for public address purposes and entertainment programs. Here we learn a very simple way of making an FM microphone that requires no wires for the specified operation

Older types of mics carried a wire or an electrical cord from the mic up to the amplifier, making things very cumbersome and inconvenient for the user. The cord used to dangerously dangle about the legs of the user making him vulnerable to entanglement and even stumbling because of the mess.

This led to the invention of much sophisticated wireless types of mics which became much comfortable to handle and use on any platform, moreover the distance of the user from the amplifier also was no longer an issue now.

However the invention could take place only after the invention and improvements in the FM broadcast technology, because the wireless mic actually incorporated a small FM transmitter which sent the voice signals in the form of FM waves to the FM receiver before it could get amplified in to the loudspeakers.

These wireless mics are still being used effectively for the intended applications and have become quite indispensable with the specific users.

Though the device may look quite sophisticated with its operations, but did you know it is actually very easy to construct at home and therefore can be made by any electronic enthusiast? It is definitely one of the best fun electronic projects as it not only provides thorough amusement while making it but can be proudly used by the constructor for displaying the impressive wireless transmission capabilities of the built device.

Construction Clues

Let's try to understand how to build a wireless FM microphone unit. The mic section actually consists of a mini FM transmitter which is so small that literally it can be accommodated in a space of less a square inch and if its made using SMD, it could well be made within an area of 1 square cm. Actually the unit can be experimented in many different ways as the parameters involved are truly flexible. The power consumption being negligible allows us to use button cells for the operations. However pencil cells would be more preferable if the unit is intended to be used for long hours of speech transmission. The main active part of the circuit is the general purpose transistor, while the other supporting passive parts are also very few making the item very compact as far as part count is concerned.

The circuit assembly strictly does not require a designed PCB, nope! And in fact is not recommended either. The whole circuit can be fitted over a small piece of veroboard, or probably if you have a good hand with soldering, you would be able to stitch the parts together over a thin piece of plastic or rubber strip.

The figure shown alongside illustrates the details of the transmitter part, all thats required for completing the wireless microphone section. A plastic pipe or any similar enclosure may be used for housing the circuit along with the battery and the switch.

The transistor, the inductor and the relevant capacitors are mainly responsible for generating the FM carrier waves; the configuration quite resembles a Colpitts oscillator. The capacitors C1, C2 and C3 mainly determine the oscillator frequency and can be altered for changing the reception positions over the FM receiver band. The MIC converts the voice signals spoken close to it into electrical pulses. These electrical pulses hit the base of the transistor, which now suddenly functions as an audio amplifier, amplifying the signals at its collector arm. However since the tank configuration responsible for manufacturing the carrier waves is also included at the collector arm get influenced by these amplified voice signals. The carrier waves now start getting modulated or rather ridden by the audio signals constituting the transmission of the audio in the air.

The transmitted waves can be received over any standard FM radio receiver, or if the unit is to be operated directly in association with a high power amplifier unit then probably a FM receiver module may have to be built with a headphone jack integrated for allowing an easy plug-in with the amplifier LINE IN socket. The FM module are easily available ready-made in the market with presets for the necessary frequency adjustments. These are quite small PCB assemblies having built-in presets and discrete outputs for volume control, audio, and antenna. The only section that does not become a part of these assemblies is the amplifier which any way we dont need as the amplification function is primarily associated with the PA system where the FM module needs to be fixed through the relevant LINE input sockets. The FM module can be easily accommodated inside a small plastic square box with the embedded large jack protruding out of the box and also the antenna in the form of a neatly wrapped flexible piece of wire. However for hobby purpose you may use your home FM radio for the receptions.

Testing and Setting up the Transmitter

Once the transmitter is built, it may be tested with the following few simple steps:

Connect a 3 volts supply to the circuit, preferably from two AAA pencil cells.

Keep a FM receiver somewhere around the transmitter at about 2 meters from it initially and start tuning the receiver until you find the null spot where the hissing from the radio suddenly becomes zero. Now tap or speak loudly over the mic of the transmitter, which should be audible over the receiver clear and loud. Now take the FM radio further away from the transmitter to about 10 meters and repeat the procedure by readjusting the tuning of the radio until the reception is crystal clear. The testing of the wireless mic is done and its ready to be used.

House the e entire assembly inside a suitable enclosure as described in the above section and you are all ready with an efficient cordless microphone.Well,.. now nobody can stop you from becoming a home-brewed karaoke rock star.

http://www.flashwebhost.com/circuit/fm_wire less_mike.php FM Wireless Mike


FM Wireless Mike can transmit voice signals to any FM Radio receiver 100 meters away. The circuit is basically a frequency modulated transmitter working at 100 MHz. The frequency of the transmitter can be varied slightly by changing the trimmer C5. You can use ordinary condenser mike in this circuit. The transistors can be replaced by any low power transistors like BC148 or BF494. The coil L1 is air core 6 turn 24 SWG. Third turn is tapped and connected to telescopic antenna. You can replace telescopic antenna with a small piece of wire.

Mobile Phone Travel Charger Circuit Diagram


Published at: 2/26/2010 Category: battery and chargers Charge Your Mobile Phone While Enjoying The Journey Here is an ideal Mobile charger using 1.5 volt pen cells to charge mobile phone while traveling. It can replenish cell phone battery three or four times in places where AC power is not available. Most of the Mobile phone batteries are rated at 3.6 V/500 mA. A single pen torch cell can

provide 1.5 volts and 1.5 Amps current. So if four pen cells are connected serially, it will form a battery pack with 6 volt and 1.5 Amps current. When power is applied to the circuit through S1, transistor Q1 conducts and Green LED lights. When Q1 conducts Q2 also conducts since its base becomes negative. Charging current flows from the collector of Q1. To reduce the charging voltage to 4.7 volts, Zener diode D2 is used. The output gives 20 mA current for slow charging. If more current is required for fast charging, reduce the value of R4 to 47 ohms so that 80 mA current will be available. Output points are used to connect the charger with the mobile phone. Use suitable pins for this and connect with correct polarity. The circuit comes from here.

Parts: R1 = 1K R2 = 470R R3 = 4.7K R4 = 270R R5 = 27R C1 = 100uF-25V D1 = Green LED D2 = 4.7V/1W Zener B1 = 1.5Vx4 Cells S1 = On/Off Switch Q1 = BC548 Q2 = SK100

Mobile Phone Battery Charger

Mobile phone chargers available in the market are quite expensive. The circuit presented here comes as a low-cost alternative to charge mobile telephones/battery packs with a rating of 7.2 volts, such as Nokia 6110/6150.

Parts R1 = 1K R2 = 47R R3 = 10R R4 = 47R C1 = 1000uF-25V D1 = LEDs any color D2 = LEDs any color D3 = LEDs any color D4 = 1N4007 D5 = 1N4007 IC1 = LM7806 T1 = 9VAC Xformer 250mA BR1 = Diode bridge 1A

Circuit Operation: The 220-240V AC mains supply is down-converted to 9V AC by transformer T1. The transformer output is rectified by BR1 and the positive DC supply is directly connected to the chargers output contact, while the negative terminal is connected through current limiting resistor R2. D2 works as a power indicator with R1 serving as the current limiter and D3 indicates the charging status. During the charging period, about 3 volts drop occurs across R2, which turns on D3 through R3.

An external DC supply source (for instance, from a vehicle battery) can also be used to energies the charger, where R4, after polarity protection diode D5, limits the input current to a safe value. The 3-terminal positive voltage regulator LM7806 (IC1) provides a constant voltage output of 7.8V DC since D1 connected between the common terminal (pin 2) and ground rail of IC1 raises the output voltage to 7.8V DC. D1 also serves as a power indicator for the external DC supply. After constructing the circuit on a veroboard, enclose it in a suitable cabinet. A small heat sink is recommended for IC1.

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