02 GO - NP2004 - E02 - 0 GSM Coverage Planning-102 PDF

GSM Coverage Planning
When you have completed this course you should be able to:
Grasp coverage planning process Grasp link budget process and factors that impact it Grasp ZTE link budgets of various series equipment Grasp meanings of common propagation models
Contents
1 Overall Thought of Coverage Planning & Step Description .................................................................. 1 1.1 Aims .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Steps .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2.1 Confirm the Size and Scope of the Area to Be Covered ........................................................ 1 1.2.2 Confirming Coverage Level Requirement and Coverage Probability.................................... 2 1.2.3 Link Budget of Uplink/Downlink Power Balance ................................................................. 8 1.2.4 Propagation Model Selection and Parameter Correction ....................................................... 8 1.2.5 Cell Radius Estimation ........................................................................................................... 9 1.2.6 Size Estimation (Coverage).................................................................................................. 10 1.2.7 Site Layout ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.8 Coverage Simulation ............................................................................................................ 13 1.3 Prompt for Key Points..................................................................................................................... 13 2 Descriptions of Various Parameters in Link Budget............................................................................. 15 2.1 Mainstream Equipment ................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Mainstream Equipment ........................................................................................................ 15 2.1.2 Carrier Frequency/Set-top Output Power ............................................................................. 16 2.1.3 Combiner .............................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.4 Networking Combiner Modes and Corresponding Losses of Various Main Equipment ..... 28 2.1.5 Coverage Enhancement Technique ...................................................................................... 39 2.2 MS Transmission Power ................................................................................................................. 41 2.3 Sensitivity ....................................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.1 BTS Receiver Sensitivity ..................................................................................................... 42 2.3.2 MS Receiver Sensitivity ....................................................................................................... 45
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2.3.3 Gain of TMA to BTS Receiver Sensitivity ...........................................................................45 2.4 Feeder, Jumper and Connector ........................................................................................................48 2.4.1 Without Tower Amplifier ......................................................................................................48 2.5 Antenna ............................................................................................................................................50 2.5.1 BTS Antenna Gain ................................................................................................................50 2.5.2 BTS Antenna Height .............................................................................................................50 2.5.3 MS Antenna Gain .................................................................................................................51 2.5.4 MS Antenna Height ..............................................................................................................52 2.5.5 Diversity Gain .......................................................................................................................52 2.6 Margins ............................................................................................................................................52 2.6.1 Rayleigh Fading (Fast Fading) Margin .................................................................................52 2.6.2 Shadow Fading (Slow Fading) Margin (Log-normal Fading Margin)..................................53 2.6.3 Interference Margin ..............................................................................................................59 2.6.4 Body Loss .............................................................................................................................59 2.6.5 Building Penetration Loss .....................................................................................................59 2.6.6 Car Penetration Loss .............................................................................................................60 2.7 Recommended Minimum Required Level and Design Level ..........................................................60 2.7.1 900M .....................................................................................................................................60 3 Link Budget ...............................................................................................................................................63 3.1 Link Budget Process ........................................................................................................................63 3.1.1 Downlink Budget ..................................................................................................................63 3.1.2 Uplink Budget.......................................................................................................................63 3.1.3 Equivalent Maximum Allowed Path Loss ............................................................................64 3.2 Link Budget Tool V3.3 (Promoted for Use) ....................................................................................64 3.3 Link Budget Tool V3.2.X (Not Promoted from Now on) ................................................................64 3.3.1 Tool Structure........................................................................................................................65
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3.3.2 Precautions ........................................................................................................................... 69 4 Common Propagation Model & Its Parameter Values ......................................................................... 71 4.1 Okumura-Hata Model ..................................................................................................................... 71 4.1.1 Applicable Scope.................................................................................................................. 71 4.1.2 Propagation Loss Formula ................................................................................................... 71 4.1.3 Various Correction Factors ................................................................................................... 72 4.2 Cost231model ................................................................................................................................. 76 4.2.1 Applicable Scope.................................................................................................................. 76 4.2.2 Propagation Loss Formula ................................................................................................... 76 4.2.3 Various Correction Factors ................................................................................................... 77 4.3 Common Expression of Okumura-Hata and COST231 Model....................................................... 77 4.3.1 Applicable Scope.................................................................................................................. 77 4.3.2 Propagation Loss Formula ................................................................................................... 77 4.3.3 Common Correction Factors ................................................................................................ 77 4.4 Standard Universal Model (AIRCOM Expression Formula) .......................................................... 78 4.4.1 Applicable Scope.................................................................................................................. 78 4.4.2 Propagation Loss Formula ................................................................................................... 78 4.4.3 Propagation Model Parameter Value .................................................................................... 79 5 Precautions for Coverage Simulation ..................................................................................................... 85 5.1 Consider Coverage Probability ....................................................................................................... 85 5.2 Do Not Consider Coverage Probability .......................................................................................... 86 6 Recommendations on Project Operation ............................................................................................... 87 6.1 Adopt V3.2.1 Method for New Project ........................................................................................... 87 6.2 Adopt V3.1.2 Method for Old Continuous Project ......................................................................... 87 6.3 Maximum Difference between Two Versions ................................................................................. 87
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1 Overall Thought of Coverage Planning & Step Description

1.1 Aims
Under the precondition that the required coverage level and coverage probability are satisfied and via uplink/downlink power balance link budget and cell radius estimation, the coverage planning aims to estimate the site size that satisfies the coverage requirement, lay out sites the via information such as ground object information in the electronic map, building highlight in Google Earth and layout sites of existing sites, and to coverage simulation authenticate site layout result via coverage simulation where conditions permit, thereby ensuring coverage planning rationality.
1.2 Steps
On the whole coverage planning includes the following several steps: Confirm the size and scope of the area to be covered Confirm coverage level requirement and coverage probability Uplink/downlink power balance link budget Calibration and selection of propagation model parameter Cell radius estimation Size estimation (in the aspect of coverage) Site layout Coverage simulation Below is introduction to every link.
1.2.1 Confirm the Size and Scope of the Area to Be Covered

Confirming the size and scope of the area to be covered is the precondition for coverage planning, so it is necessary to do our best to do a good job in documentation in the material collecting period.
The coverage area is mainly demonstrated by Polygon. Classifying and conducting area statistics on different wireless environment coverage areas by defining the boundary and attribute (DU/MU/SU/RU) of polygon are the basic input conditions for size estimation. There are several methods for getting Polygon in various wireless environments: To be provided by customer. Relatively mature carrier usually provides in his tender documents the Polygon necessary to be covered according to the local conditions before releasing his tender documents, such as Hunch. In this case, it is necessary to conduct subsequent coverage planning according the Polygon defined by the customer. Collect information before bidding. For annual key project, it is necessary to push the market department and the local representative office put in human power and resources in advance, collect and reserve Polygon and population distribution information to form Polygon base so that network planning can be conducted in the possible earliest time when the project is kicked off. Collection means includes buying the latest local electronic map (planet format) and combining it with GE, instructing local employees to draw Polygon or buying population distribution situation and zone area of various zones or organizations such as local design institutes, third party consultation companies or collecting information about network sizes of other local carrier. Kick off outsourcing in advance, which shall determine coverage areas of various grades via survey and consulting electronic map.
1.2.2 Confirming Coverage Level Requirement and Coverage Probability

Confirming the level and coverage probability required by the customer is the primary condition for link budget and radius estimation. This can be handled in two cases: 1. If the customer definitely puts forward the required level and coverage probability n the tender documents or makes definite answers to them in his clarifications, we take the level required by the customer as the acceptance level and calculate design level according to it. 2. If the customer does not put forward them in the tender documents, or does not clarify them, or that it is directive bidding, it is necessary for us to provide level value and coverage probability recommendation. At this time, the acceptance level should keep consistent with the calculated minimum required level, thereby calculating design level.
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The following are definitions of acceptance level, design level and minimum required levels. 1.2.2.1 Minimum Required Level The minimum level needs to satisfy MS receiving sensitivity, and usually in the network design it is also necessary to reserve certain margin to offset (compensate) Rayleigh Fading, interference and body loss in wireless environment. If indoor and in-car coverage is required, it is also necessary to consider building penetration loss (BPL) and car penetration loss (CPL), so as to ensure the conversation experience of indoor or in-car subscriber. The receiving end needs to reach the minimum level requirement, that is, the minimum level requirement necessary for maintaining normal conversation in a real case (outdoor/indoor/in-car). The minimum required level is impacted by wireless environment and is mainly related to the average building penetration loss of indoor subscribers in different environments. Usually it is possible to calculate it with the following formula:
SSmin_req (outdoor) = MSsen + RFmarg + IFmarg + BL MS outdoor
Where, SSmin_req MSsen RFmarg IFmarg BL CPL BPL 1.2.2.2 Design Level Besides the various above-mentioned margins, it is also necessary to add additional margins on SSmin_req to process the impact of slow fading on coverage probability. In planning, it is necessary to consider these factors and consider coverage level and coverage probability. We call the level value at this time design level, SS design. The formula to calculate design level is:
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Signal Strength of Minimum Require MS sensitivity Rayleigh Fading Margin Interference Margin Body Loss Car Penetration Loss Building Penetration Loss
Minimum required level MS receiving sensitivity Fast fading margin interference margin Body loss Car penetration loss Building penetration loss
SS design (outdoor) = SSmin_req(outdoor) +LNFmarg
MS outdoor
Where, LNFmarg 1.2.2.3 Acceptance Level When cell planning is completed, it is necessary to use network measure means to conduct reasonable verification. The aim is to measure the receiving level and estimate whether this level value can satisfy the expected coverage KPI index. This index is closely related to wireless environment, the expectations of different wireless environment for target coverage KPI should be different. We call such coverage KPI expectation acceptance level. Generally speaking, the customer defines in acceptance level in the tender documents (but it is not necessary to put forward definite phrase acceptance). Common expressions are as follows: DU: 70dBm@95% MU: 75dBm@95% SU: -80dBm@95% RU: 85dBm@95% Highway: -87dBm@90% Note: The expression before @ is acceptance level, and the expression after @ is the required coverage probability (generally it is area coverage probability). When the customer has defined acceptance level, it is possible to get the design level by directly adding the shadow fading margin on the acceptance level. When the customer has not clarified the acceptance level, we may believe that acceptance level SS acceptance is equal to the minimum required level SSmin_req in various corresponding environments. The formula is: SSacceptance=SSby_operator Where, SSby_operator is the acceptance level required the operator. Or, the formula is:
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Log-normal Fading Margin
Slow fading margin
Chapter Error! Use the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Error! U se the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. SS acceptance (outdoor) = SSmin_req (outdoor) SS acceptance (in-car) = SSmin_req (in-car) SS acceptance (indoor) = SSmin_req (indoor) MS outdoor MS in-car MS indoor
In the DT process of the coverage acceptance procedure, it is recommended to adopt car top antenna to avoid introducing extra body loss and car loss. Of course, it is also necessary to consider loss compensation when car top antenna is introduced, such as the loss of feeder that connects the antenna and the mobile phone, and the gain of car top antenna. In acceptance, if we do not adopt car top antenna, it is necessary to consider car loss and body loss. It is necessary to note that , here the expressions such as MS outdoor, in-car, and indoor only refer to the names of the target level values determined by behaviors of different subscribers in different wireless environments, which are descriptive vocabulary, and they do not stand for measurement sites. For example, indoor is -70dBm does not mean that requiring to measure the level in indoor area and get the level of -70dBm, instead it should be understood that, to satisfy the conversation need of indoor subscriber, outdoor (at street level) measure level needs to reach -70dBm (considering mainly the indoor building penetration loss). Here the expression Indoor has no further meaning, and can be replaced by many other words, such as good coverage, perfect, class 1, and 1. In the same analysis, the meanings of the words such as deep indoor, in-car are so too. 1.2.2.4 Calculation of Several Levels Case 1: When the customer has not definitely put forward acceptance level.
Outdoor SSmin_req No. A B C D E F G Parameter Receiver sensitivity Fast fading margin Body loss Interference margin Building penetration loss Car loss Slow fading margin Minimum required level Y Y Y Y N N N SSdesign Design level Y Y Y Y N N Y SSacceptance Acceptance level Y Y Y Y N N N
Calculation result
H=A+B+C+D
H=A+B+C+D+G
H=A+B+C+D
Indoor SSmin_req No. A B C D E F G H Parameter Receiver sensitivity Fast fading margin Body loss Interference margin Building penetration Loss car loss Slow fading margin Calculation result Minimum required level Y Y Y Y Y N N H=A+B+C+D+E SSdesign Design level Y Y Y Y Y N Y H=A+B+C+D+E+G SSacceptance Acceptance level Y Y Y Y Y N N H=A+B+C+D+E
In-car SSmin_req No. A B C D E F G H Parameter Receiver sensitivity Fast fading margin Body loss Interference margin Building penetration loss Car loss Slow fading margin Calculation result Minimum required level Y Y Y Y N Y N H=A+B+C+D+F SSdesign Design level Y Y Y Y N Y Y H=A+B+C+D+F+G SSacceptance Acceptance level Y Y Y Y N Y N H=A+B+C+D+F
Case 2: When the customer has definite put forward the acceptance level.
Outdoor SSmin_req No. Parameter Receiver sensitivity Fast fading margin Body loss Interference margin Minimum required level A B C D Y Y Y Y SSdesign Design level Y Y Y Y SSacceptance Acceptance level Y Y Y Y
Chapter Error! Use the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Error! U se the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Building penetration loss Car loss Slow margin Calculation result fading
E F G H
N N N H=A+B+C+D
N N Y H= value defined by customer + G
N N N Value defined by customer
Note: When the customer has put forward acceptance level value, we get design level by directly adopting the value defined by the customer + slow fading margin. At this time it no long demonstrates minimum required level. Indoor SSmin_req No. Parameter Receiver sensitivity Fast fading margin Body loss Interference margin Building penetration loss Car loss Slow margin Calculation result fading Minimum required level A B C D E F G H Y Y Y Y Y N N H=A+B+C+D+E SSdesign Design level Y Y Y Y Y N Y H= Value defined by customer + G SSacceptance Acceptance level Y Y Y Y Y N N Value defined by customer
Note: When the customer has put forward acceptance level value, we get design level by directly adopting the value defined by the customer + slow fading margin. At this time it no long demonstrates minimum required level. In-car SSmin_req No. Parameter Receiver sensitivity Fast fading margin Body loss Interference margin Building Minimum required level A B C D E Y Y Y Y N SSdesign Design level Y Y Y Y N SSacceptance Acceptance level Y Y Y Y N
penetration loss F G H Car loss Slow margin Calculation result fading Y N H=A+B+C+D+F Y Y H= Value defined by customer + G Y N Value defined by customer
Note: When the customer has put forward acceptance level value, we get design level by directly adopting the value defined by the customer + slow fading margin. At this time it no long demonstrates minimum required level.
1.2.3 Link Budget of Uplink/Downlink Power Balance

Link budget of uplink/downlink power balance refers to estimating the system uplink/downlink coverage capability by reviewing various factors in the path for system uplink/downlink signal propagation, and getting the maximum path loss allowed by the link under the precondition that a certain quality is ensured. We respectively assess the maximum path losses allowed by uplinks/downlinks, and adopt the lower one as the final maximum path loss, and take this as the path loss in estimating coverage radius. Various parameters relating to link budget are described in detail in the following chapter. Currently link budget tool mainly includes two: LinkBudget.exe tool and excel tool. LinkBudget.exe tool needs license support.
1.2.4 Propagation Model Selection and Parameter Correction

Currently the common propagation model is the standard macro cell model, which belongs to empirical model, and mainly adopts the universal model applied in AIRCOM and CNP. It originates from Okumura-Hata model and COST231 model, and adds more environment parameters on this basis, enabling the model to describe the real environment more precisely. For micro cell the best way is to adopt the ray track model, and currently in the industry, the relatively universal one is Volcano model. However, ray track model has a very high requirement for the precision of the electronic map (it is required that the precision is at least 5 m and streets and buildings are clearly described), and its calculation speed is extremely slow, so it is rarely used in large-sized projects.
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The propagation features of each country, each region, each landform and each relief are different. For each country and each region, it is recommended to correct out the propagation model suitable for this area via CW test (continuous wave test). Otherwise, it may result in the case that the deviation between the estimated radius and the real one is too big. It is generally believed that, for a relatively reasonable model to be compared with the real test data of CW, the Mean Error is 0, and Standard Deviation < = 8dB. Seen from the status quo, to correct a set of propagation model for each country and each region, it is necessary to input huge resources such human resource and material resource. And various projects are different in their respective urgencies, so they have different requirements for the precision of the propagation model. Currently there are two main measures: One is that, for large or key project, it is recommended to push the market department and local representative offices to input resources and start outsourcing in advance before the project is kicked off and correct the propagation model for the local area in detail, and complete documentation in network planning department and network optimization department. The second is, for general project or when the project is urgent in time, and there is no reserve in the local area, it is advisable to select, from the documented propagation model base, the model whose environment is the same or similar, and apply it into the project. It is worthwhile to note that the corrected propagation model only reflects the change of the median level of the local signal propagation, and combines Clutter offset and Clutter Through km/dB to characterize the contribution of each ground object to the median of signal level and the impact of each ground object on the median of signal level, and it cannot reflect coverage probability. If it is necessary to reflect coverage probability, it is also necessary to consider shadow fading margin. In CNP, relative to AIRCOM, it is possible to reflect coverage probability via adding Coverage Probability graphic layer and Coverage Subcell graphic layer.
1.2.5 Cell Radius Estimation

In the preceding two steps, one gets the maximum path loss allowed by uplink/downlink; the other succeeds in correcting the reasonable model that can reflect the local wireless signal propagation. The following step is to inversely deduce the cell coverage radius. This process is relatively simple, and the formula is as follows.
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Lb=k1+k2lgd+k3Hm+k4lgHm+k5lgHb+k6lgHbLgd+k7*diffraction + clutter Loss We know Lb, various K value parameters in model, Hm (MS height), Hb (BTS antenna height), it is only necessary to inversely deduce d (the distance between BTS and Ms, km). At this time, d is the estimated radius (R) and is unit is km. It is necessary to note that: 1. In link budget tool, it is impossible to combine with electronic map, so it is impossible to consider the impact of various ground objects on median level (Clutter Loss) in real case, nor to consider the impact of diffraction caused by topographic relief. So in conducting link budget and estimating the radius, we generally only consider the impact of 6 parameters, namely, k1~ k6, and do not list k7 and Clutter in the table. But it does not mean that k7 and Clutter are unimportant; on the contrary, these two parameters, k7 in particular, have a huge impact on coverage, especially in foothill area and mountain area where is relatively big topographic relief. 2. In submitting propagation model parameters to the customer, or conducting simulation in the real case, it is necessary to set k7. If propagation model is corrected, it is also necessary to set the corresponding Clutter offset and Clutter Through km/dB. 3. There may be deviation between the radius in simulation and the one calculated in link budget, mainly the deviation is relatively big in mountain area, and generally in plain area the deviation should be within 100m~200m. 4. If uplink in link budget is limited, there is also a certain deviation between coverage simulation result and link budget result. It is mainly due to the fact that simulation only calculates downlink path loss without considering uplink path loss. The case will appear that the radius in simulation is bigger than the estimated result of cell radius in link budget. 5. For the configurations, meanings and impacts of k7 and Clutter, see Simulation FAQ.
1.2.6 Size Estimation (Coverage)

When the coverage radius of the typical level in every kind of environment (DU/MU/SU/RU/Road) is obtained, it is necessary to calculate the area covered by a
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single site. The formula is:
Omni site S single site = 2.6 x R^2
Directional site S single site = 1.95 x R^2 When we get S single site, we use divide the area of each Polygon by the area of the corresponding single site, and we get the number of the sites within this Polygon. By adding up the numbers of the sites within all Polygons, it is possible to get the site size of the whole network.
For directional site, the cell radius is R (the side length of regular hexagon is 1/2R). The area of each regular hexagon is 3 x sqr t (3) R*R/8, and the area of three regular hexagons in one three-sector base station is 9 x sqrt (3) R*R/8, which is approximately equal to 1.94856*R*R. Reserve two digits after the decimal point, and the coverage area of one three-sector base station is 1.95*R*R. In the network with ideal cell topology, the distance between two three-sector directional sites is 1.5R.
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For omni site, the cell radius is R (the side length of the regular hexagon is R). The area of each regular hexagon is 6 x sqrt (3)*R*R/4, which is approximate equal to 2.598076*R*R. Cancel the two digits after the decimal point, and the coverage area of one omni cell is 2.6*R*R. In the network with ideal cell topology, the distance between two omni sites is about 1.73R.
1.2.7 Site Layout

When the network size is obtained, in the next step it is necessary to lay these sites out into each Polygon. There are two methods: 1. Automatic site layout and manual adjustment When Polygon is drawn, it is advisable to use automatic site layout tool to complete automatic site layout. The principle of automatic site layout is based on the coverage radius of the set cell, and to draw grid within Polygon. The sites laid out with the automatic site layout tool are evenly distributed in various Polygons. Currently the self-developed tool APSTool (Automatic Plotting Site Tool) can support automatic site layout and use license to control the use authority. Later we integrate this tool into planning simulation soft CNP. Currently the automatic site layout tool supports: For vacant network, it is advisable to lay sites according to ideal cell. Import the sites of the existing network and combine the sites of the automatic
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site layout result and the existing network sites by defining certain combination rules, and use the existing resources of existing networks. Analyze abnormal sites, list all sites that break the rules and are within too short distance, and implement automatic association of maps to facilitate engineers to adjust some sites. Of course, one of the input conditions of automatic site layout tool is Polygon. Without this input, automatic site layout cannot be implemented. Manual site layout Manually lay out sites in plan area, and workload increases obviously. For project short of Polygon, it is only possible to lay out sites manually.
1.2.8 Coverage Simulation

Import site layout result into AIRCOM or CNP simulation software and conduct field intensity coverage simulation. Because the simulation software considers the factors in the electronic map such as topographic relief, the simulated coverage map and the coverage radius of the single site may be somewhat inconsistent with the radius estimated in link budget. Reasonably adjust some sites whose coverage is obstructed by landform or whose coverage is too big due to landform so as to meet coverage index. One of the conditions for simulation is that it is necessary to have electronic map in 3-dimensional Planet format without which simulation cannot be done.
1.3 Prompt for Key Points

1. If the required receiving level is directly appointed by the carrier, in link budget it is only necessary to consider shadow fading margin, and all other margins can be ignored. At this time, the receiving level defined by the customer is thought to be sufficient to ensure reliable reception for end subscribers, and in planning, it is only necessary to consider shadow fading margin to ensure coverage probability. 2. If the required receiving level is not appointed, instead it is calculated according to receiving sensitivity (our recommended value), in link budget, it is necessary to consider all margins on the basis of the sensitivity in order to ensure reliable reception.
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3.
In coverage simulation, if we use AIRCOM and need to reflect coverage probability, we need to consider slow fading margin on EiRP (or PA value). For example, when the size of the pre-sales bidding project is estimated and its sites are also laid out, it is necessary t o consider the coverage of the corresponding coverage probability. If CNP simulation is used, it is unnecessary to consider the slow fading margin on PA, it is possible to bet coverage subcell graphic by setting std dev of various clutters, target coverage probability and target edge coverage level (acceptance level). The graphic layers displayed by various colors in the graph are the coverage ok graphs of the corresponding subcell layers.
4.
In coverage simulation, if it is unnecessary to reflect coverage probability, it is no longer necessary to consider any margin on the basis of EiRP (or PA value). For example no margin needs to be considered in CW test propagation correction, and the comparison between the path test of the existing network and simulation result (when it does not reflect coverage probability)
5.
Propagation model correction is very necessary, propagation model documentation and base establishment are equally important, and it is necessary to push many departments to jointly concern with it. Automatic tool for propagation model selection is developed in CNP road map so that it is possible to select from the propagation model base the propagation model similar to the current environment.
6. 7.
Drawing Polygon is the precondition for automatic site layout tool. In simulation, it is necessary to consider k7. The algorithm for the effective height of BTS antenna is recommended to set to be Relative or Slop. Particularly, in the environment where there are mountains and hills with relatively large ups and downs of landforms, it is necessary to adopt Relative or Slop algorithm. Propagation mode correction tool in CNP can correct the K value of regular models and it can also provide the effective height of BTS antenna and the diffraction algorithm that most comply with this environment.
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2 Descriptions of Various Parameters in Link Budget

Uplink/downlink power balance link budget plays a key role in estimating size as well as one of the technical points with which customers are concerned most. To facilitate you to operate and understand it and to unify the output, we have successively developed two sets of link budget tools: Excel-based link budget tool programmed with VBA macro, and exe tool (recommended to use) developed on the basis of the former. Chapter 2 describes in detail the meanings of various parameters in link budget, and precautions in the setup.
2.1 Mainstream Equipment

2.1.1 Mainstream Equipment
Link budget tool contains the mainstream equipment of ZTE in three periods, namely, V2 series, 8000 series and SDR series. S8001in 8000 series is Pico base station, generally to satisfy indoor coverage, the current link budget tool does not contain (it is mainly due to the fact that macro cell model is not applicable to indoor signal propagation prediction). V2 equipment is no longer promoted in bidding, use 8000 series and SDR series base stations as much as possible when there is no special requirement or when equipment is not appointed.
Product Series BTS TYPE RU02 SDR series RU60 R8860 B8018 8000 series B8112 M8202 M8206 BTS V2 V2 series OB06 BS30
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BS21
It is necessary to note that: 1. The difference of carrier frequency output powers of different mainstream equipment and carrier frequency configuration factors cause different set-top output powers for each type of equipment under each type of combiner mode, having a relatively big impact on link budget. Before conducting link budget, it is necessary to firstly confirm with the International Market Department the equipment promoted in various scenarios for this bidding, and get the latest parameters of the equipment and unify the standard in order to avoid the inconsistency between the link budget parameter and the equipment actually used. 2. For the link budget of bidding project, calculate according to the equipment actually selected and the nominal index. 3. For the link budget of the existing network, when the set-top output power is actually measured, fill in set-top output power according to the real conditions. If no actual measurement is conducted, then calculate according to nominal index. 4. For the nominal index parameters of the specific equipment, refer to PD or the quick-finding manual for product index. Download PD and quick-finding manual for the latest product index in the equipment materials of GSM product material server, and it is also advisable to pay attention to materials released via mails.
2.1.2 Carrier Frequency/Set-top Output Power

The following is a list showing the carrier frequencies/set-top output powers of various main equipment types, pay attention to the descriptions in the remark.
Equipment Type TX POWER GMSK(Voice, CS1~CS4,MCS1~MCS4) 8-PSK(MCS5~MCS9) Remark
Set-top power is related to carrier frequency configuration. It is applicable when the RU02 45w (set-top power) 28w (set-top power) number of carrier frequencies in each cell is smaller than 4. When it is bigger than 2 carrier frequencies, it needs to pass a combiner, and
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DPCT/DDT/FWDR/IRC technology. It is dual density carrier. Set-top power is related to the number of logic carrier frequencies configured on each RRU. It RU60 60w (set-top power) 40w (set-top power) supports DDT/FWDR/IRC technology, but does not support DPCT. It is multi-density carrier. Set-top power is related to the number of logic carrier frequencies configured on each RRU. It R8860 60w (set-top power) 40w(set-top power) supports DDT/FWDR/IRC technology, but does not support DPCT. It is multi-density carrier. Set-top power is related to cell carrier B8018 60w (carrier frequency 40w (carrier output power) frequency frequency configuration, combiner selection and whether to add antenna. It supports DPCT/DDT/FWDR/IRC technology. It is dual density carrier. Set-top power is related to cell carrier B8112 60w (carrier frequency 40w( carrier frequency frequency configuration, combiner selection and whether to add antenna. It supports DPCT/DDT/FWDR/IRC technology. It is dual density carrier. M8202 has no Combiner (without built-in or external one), set-top output is always 30w M8202 30w (set-top power) 19w(set-top power) (GMSK)/19w (8PSK), and does not support DPCT, and it only supports DDT/FWDR/IRC. t is dual density carrier. M8206 has external combiner ECU and considers ECU loss when it is necessary to combine paths. In DPCT, ECU is introduced to synthesize power in ECU, and then return it to M8206 30w (set-top power) 18w (set-top power) the CMB within the carrier frequency for phase detection. At this time, ECU loss is no longer carrier. calculated. M8206 supports DPCT/DDT/FWDR/IRC. It is dual density
output power)
output power)
output power)
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850M/1800M/1900M: 60W 40w (EDGE (non-EDGE carrier carrier frequency) frequency) 900M/EGSM: BTSV2 60W 40w 80w (EDGE (non-EDGE (non-EDGE carrier carrier carrier frequency) frequency) frequency) All are carrier frequency output power 850M/1800M/1900M: 60W 40w (EDGE (non-EDGE carrier carrier frequency) frequency) 900M/EGSM: OB06 60W(EDGE frequency) 40w 80w (non-EDGE (non-EDGE carrier carrier frequency) frequency) All are carrier frequency output power 900M/EGSM: 2W 40W BS30 1800M: 2W 20W All are carrier frequency output power (used as indoor coverage ) (used as indoor coverage ) 900M/EGSM: 2W 40W 1800M: 2W 20W All are carrier frequency output power (used as indoor coverage ) (used as indoor There is 1 carrier frequency for each cabinet of BS30. In indoor coverage, the carrier frequency output power is 2w. In outdoor coverage, carrier frequency output power is 40w (900), 20w (1800). coverage ) carrier 40w (EDGE carrier Set-top power is relate to cell carrier frequency configuration, coverage frequency) All are carrier frequency output power combiner combination technique. and whether to add antenna. It does not support enhancement EDGE carrier frequency power is 60w. There are still two other carrier frequencies that do not support EDGE, and their output powers are respectively 40w and 80w. Where, only GSM900M has the power of 80w, and other 3 frequency bands, namely, 850M, 1800M, and 1900M do not have. 40w (EDGE carrier Set-top output power is related to cell carrier frequency configuration, combiner selection and whether to add antenna. It does not support coverage enhancement technique. EDGE carrier frequency power is 60w. There are still two other carrier frequencies that do not support EDGE, and their output powers are respectively 40w and 80w. Where, only GSM900M has the power of 80w, and other 3 frequency bands, namely, 850M, 1800M, and 1900M do not have. frequency) All are carrier frequency output power
18
Chapter Error! Use the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Error! U se the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. 850M/1800M/1900M: 60W 40w (EDGE (non-EDGE carrier carrier frequency) frequency) 900M/EGSM: BS21 60W(EDGE frequency) 40w 80w (non-EDGE (non-EDGE carrier carrier frequency) frequency) All are carrier frequency output power carrier 40w (EDGE carrier Set-top power is relate to cell carrier frequency configuration, coverage frequency) All are carrier frequency output power combiner combination technique. and whether to add antenna. It does not support enhancement EDGE carrier frequency power is 60w. There are still two other carrier frequencies that do not support EDGE, and their output powers are respectively 40w and 80w. Where, only GSM900M has the power of 80w, and other 3 frequency bands, namely, 850M, 1800M, and 1900M do not have.
2.1.3 Combiner
2.1.3.1 Combiner Loss List Loss of combiner unit used on SDR series equipment: In adopting RU02 (or RU02 + RU02A) to configure the cell to be S4, it is necessary to pass Combiner within TPAU unit (recorded as COM here), and the combiner loss is 3dB (those of 900M and 1800M are all 3dB). Loss of combiner used in V3 series equipment:
Combiner (900M) CDUG CEUG CENG CENG/2 ECDUG ECU Loss (dB) 4.4 3.5 5.3 5.3 1 3.5
Combiner (1800M) CDUD CEUD CEND CEND/2 ECDUD ECU
Loss (dB) 4.6 3.6 5.5 5.5 1 3.5
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Loss of combiner used in V2 series equipment:

Combiner (900M) CDUG CEUG ECDUG Combiner (1800M) CDUD CEUD ECDUD Loss (dB) 4.4 3.5 1 Loss (dB) 4.6 3.6 1
2.1.3.2 NCDU
(a) is front panel diagram, and (b) is internal structure connection diagram
NCDU port description: TX1-2: TX port connecting DTRU ETX: Output port connecting built-in/external combiner RX1-4: RX port connecting DTRU ERX1-2: Connect NCEU and NCEN to expand the quantity of carrier frequencies of single cell. According to different operation frequency bands, NCDU is divided into NCDUG (900M frequency band) and NCDUD (1800M frequency band). NCDU module has built-in combiner and directly provides external antenna interface.
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2.1.3.3 NCEU
(a) is front panel diagram, and (b) is internal connection diagram
NCEU port description: OTX1-2: ETX port connecting NCDU ERX1-2:ERX port connecting NCDU TX1-4: TX port connecting DTRU RX1-4: RX port connecting DTRU According to different operation frequency bands, NCEU can be divided into NCEUG (900M frequency band) and NCEUD (1800M frequency band). NCEU mainly functions to expand TX and RX port quantity. ERX1/2 and OTX1/2 respectively connect to the splitter that splits one path into two and the combiner that combines two paths into one. When it is used together with CDU unit, it is possible to conveniently expand the capacity of B8018, B8112 base station from S444 to S888.
21
2.1.3.4 NCEN
(a) is front panel diagram, and (b) is internal connection diagram.
NCEN port description: OTX1-2: ETX port connecting NCDU ERX1-2: ERX port connecting NCDU TX1-6: TX port connecting DTRU RX1-8: RX port connecting DTRU According to different operation frequency bands, NCEN can be divided into CENG (900M frequency band) and CEND (1800M frequency band). The main advantage of NCEU module lies in its ability to implement quick capacity expansion. All carrier frequency modules are connected to NCDU via NCEN. ERX1/2 port and OTX1/2 port butt the corresponding RX/TX ports of NCDU. Via combined application, it is possible to implement the case in which 12 carrier frequencies in one cell use only one pair of antenna and feeder. When quantity of carrier frequencies is 5~6 carrier frequencies, it is advisable to use NCEN/2 + CDU Bypass to reduce combiner loss and to balance the power at the same time. The difference between NCEN/2 and NCEN is that NCEN contains two splitters, each of which splits one route into four routes while NCEN/2 contains two splitters, each of which splits one route into two routes. The diagram for the internal connection
22
of NCEN/2 is shown in the figure below.
23
2.1.3.5 NECDU
NECDU port description: ITX: TXcom port connecting DTRU RX1-2:RX port connecting DTRU RXD1-2: RX div port connecting DTRU According to different operation frequency bands, NECDU is divided into NECDUG (900 frequency band) and NECDUD (1800 frequency band). NECDU module is the special combiner/splitter module when the base station adopts DPCT and 4 way diversity reception technology. In the module, there are only one set of duplexer and two way receiving splitter units. It is possible to conveniently to enable 2 carrier frequencies to implement 4 way diversity receptions. For heavily configured site, in order to implement DPCT and 4 way diversity reception technology, it is necessary to use NCDU to replace NECDU in order to provide more diversity reception ports.
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2.1.3.6 NMCDU
NMCDU port description ITX: TXcom port connecting DTRU or output port connecting built-in combiner RX1-2: RX port connecting DTRU RXD1-2: RX div port connecting DTRU According to different operation frequency bands, NMCDU is divided into NMCDUG (900M frequency band) and NMCDUD (1800M frequency band). The module has a built-in duplexer and 2 way receptions, it is possible to use one NMCDU module to implement diversity reception. This combiner is designed specially to meet the demands of co-frame networking of dual frequency network. By using NMCDU, single rack of B8018 base station can configure a maximum of S222 (frequency band 1) + S444 (frequency band2); and single rack of B8112 base station can configure a maximum of S222 (frequency band 1) + S222 (frequency band 2). If the carrier needs further expansion, it is necessary to adopt NCDU to replace NMCDU. Additionally, NMCDU can also be used to deploy and implement DPCT and FWDR enhancement coverage technology. 2.1.3.7 ECU ECU is combiner extension module, which is passive module. It is mainly used to conduct extension configuration and provide external combiner function, and is used in the cases such as DPCT and indoor coverage. ECU is external combiner unit and is
25
used according to real configuration and installed at the bottom of RTU. The figure below shows its internal structure:
ECU includes ECDU and ECGU, which can be used in the following two configurations.

ECGU: 824 MHz~960 MHz frequency range ECDU: 1710 MHz~1990 MHz frequency range
The figure below shows the ECU external structure.
ECU External Interface Description

Interface ID COM0 COM1 ANT0 ANT1 Connect to RTU Description Connect to antenna or load port
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Chapter Error! Use the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Error! U se the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. MON LOAD
Connect to RTU Connect to COM0 or COM1
Through combination, the signals of the two ports of ANT0 and ANT1 are output from COM0 and COM1. According to site type configuration requirement, COM0 and COM1 can select to connect antenna or load port.
MON port can conduct coupling on the output power of COM0 port and send it to RTU for detection.
LOAD provide absorption load.
2.1.3.8 EFU EFU is external filter unit. It consists of two filters with the same index, installed on the back of base station RTU. It receives via the antenna two ways diversity signals with the same frequency band, at the same time, it interferes with signals beyond the signal frequency band and suppresses spurious radiation. Use it according to real configuration. The external filter is applied in S1/1 site or in the case in which it is necessary to increase diversity antennae. The figure below shows the exterior structure of the filter.
EFU External Interface Description

Interface ID ANT0 ANT1 RX0 RX1 TNC model connector Connect to RTU Interface Model N model connector Description Connect to antenna
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2.1.4 Networking Combiner Modes and Corresponding Losses of Various Main Equipment
2.1.4.1 B8200 + RU60 S1/1/1-S6/6/6 (do not use DDT and FWDR) For single sector with 6TRX sites or less, RF configuration and connection are completely different, it is necessary to configure 3 pieces of RU60 modules for both,. For base band, according to the TRX quantity, it is necessary to configure one UBPG it is below S4/4/4, and to configure two pieces of UBPGs when it exceeds 12 TRX. The figure below shows the connection of RU60 antenna and feeder. In the configuration, the total set-top output power of each cell is 60W, and the power is equally shared by various TRXs. For example, there are 1 RRU and 3 carriers for each cell, the set-top output power of each carrier is 60/3 = 20w.
S7/7/7-S12/12/12 (do not use DDT and 4-way transmission diversity) When the sinle sector exceeds 6 carrier frequencies, it is necessary to configure two RU60 modules for each cell. In terms of base band, the quantity of base band boards is still determined according to carrier frequency quantity. When each cell has two pieces
28
of RU60, it is still necessary to have a duplex bipolarization antenna, and the two pieces of RU60 are bridged via extension RX interface. The set-top output power of each RU60 maintains 60W, which is equally shared by various TRXs. The specific antenna connection is as follows:
S1/1/1-S6/6/6 (use DDT + FWDR) When transmitting and receiving diversity technology is adopted, each cell must be configured with two pieces of RU60, at the same time, it is also necessary to have two duplex bipolarization antennae. The same signal transmitted by two pieces of RU60 is logically thought to be in the carrier frequency. At this time, the quantity of base band boards needs to be calculated according to the quantity of physical carrier frequencies. For example S4/4/4 under DDT+FWDR mode should calculate and configure base bands according to 24TRX. The connection of antenna and feeder under this mode is shown in the figure below:
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Additonally, the configuration principle of dual frequency networking is the same as that of the single one. The difference is that each RU60 module can only support one frequency band, so the dual requency cell needs at least two RU modules. For example, for GSM900S222 + GSM1800S222, it is necessary to configure one RU60-900 and one RU60-1800 for each cell. If it is necessary to share the antenna and the feeder, it is also necessary to configure external bandwidty combiner. 2.1.4.2 B8200 + RU02 (RU02A) 1.
Configure via RU02 Single RU02 supports S2 configuration (does not use DDT or FWDR), and the set-top output is 45w (GMSK).
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RU02 supports 4 diversity reception S2 configuration and the set-top output is 45w (GMSK).
TX1 TX2
TX1 TX2
TDUP
TPAU
COM
OUT IN2
TTRU
PA1
TX 2
LNA_ LNA_ LNA_LNA_ RX11 RX12 RX22 RX21 TX 1
PA2
IN1
RX_OUT1 RX_OUT2 RX_IN1 RX_IN2
RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
RPDC
TDUP
LNA_ LNA_ LNA_LNA_
TX 2 RX11 RX12 RX21 RX22 TX 1
Note: In the figure above, for RU02 module, only TDUP module is drawn, which is necessary for schematic diagram, and it does not mean this module has a special structure or other module. There are similar cases in the following figures, see
31
them.
Single RU02 supports S2 configuration (uses DDT and FWDR), and its set-top output is 45w (GMSK).
RU02 has only two antenna ports, so it is necessary to input another two diversity receivers from other modules. Under 4 diversity S1 configuration, it is necessary to add one RU02 unit to implement another 2 ways of diversity reception. At this time, it is advisable to adopt delay transmission diversity technology to improve the downlink quality of the 2 ways of transmission, or the two ways of transmission can adopt DPTC mode, and upon power combination, output large power to improve downlink quality.
TX1 TX2
TX1 TX2
TDUP
TPAU
COM
OUT IN2
TTRU
PA2
TX 2
PA1
IN1
RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
RPDC
TX1 TX2
TX1 TX2
TDUP
TPAU
COM
OUT IN2
TTRU
PA2
TX 2
PA1
RX_ OUT 1 RX_OUT2 RX_IN1 RX_IN2
IN1
RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
RPDC
S2 configures 4 diversity receivers + DPCT, and its set-top output power is 80w (GMSK).
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TX1 TX2
TX1 TX2
TDUP
TPAU
COM
TTRU
PA2
TX 2
PA1
RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
RPDC
TX1 TX2
TX1 TX2
TDUP
TPAU
COM
TTRU
PA2
TX 2
PA1
RX_ OUT 1 RX_OUT2 RX_IN1 RX_IN2
RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
RPDC
S4 (does not use DDT and FWDR), and its set-top output power is 22.5w (GMSK).
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TX1 TX2
TX1 TX2
TDUP
TPAU
COM
TTRU
PA2
TX2 TX_OUT RX_ OUT1 RX_ OUT2 RX_IN1 RX_IN2
LNA_ LNA_ LNA_ LNA_ RX11 RX12 RX22 RX21
TX1
PA 1
RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
RPDC
TX1 TX2
TX1 TX2
TPAU
COM
PA 1 PA2
TTRU
TX_OUT RX_IN1 RX_ IN 0
RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
RPDC
Networking is conducted via RU02A. There is no antenna and feeder interface on RU02A panel, and as compared with RU02, its interior has one TDUP module less. So it is impossible to conduct separate networking configuration for RU02A. RU02A processes base band signals and conversion of RF signals. It does not have antenna and feeder port, so it is impossible to conduct separate configuration for RU02A. When it is unnecessary to implement 4 way diversity reception, or when it combines with RU02 to expands its capacity from S2 to S4 or when it forms S4 with RU02 for use , the set-top output power is 22.5w (GMSK). In this mode, S4 is configured via two RU02, it is possible to reduce a part of the cost and lowers power consumption.
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2.1.4.3 B8200+R8860 B8200 + R8860 implements remote radio head, which is called BBU + RRU form. It is advisable to install it near the antenna in order to save feeder loss. The calculation method of R8860 set-top output power is the same as that of RU60, and no further description is provided here. BBU+RRU can be applied in special scenarios such as indoor areas in buildings, tunnels, high-speed railways and highways. 2.1.4.4 B8018 One cabinet of B8018 can support a maximum of 18 carriers, configures a maximum of S666, supports the cascade of 3 cabinets, and supports a maximum of S18/18/18
35
configuration. For the specific configuration, see ZXG_DCI_060302_V601_0705 ZXG10 B8018 Configuration Guide.doc.
TRX Number 1 2 3 4 5 Solution CDU(BYPASS) CDU(BYPASS) CDU CDU CDU CDU+CEU CDU(BYPASS)+CENU CDU+CEU CDU(BYPASS)+CENU CDU+CEU CDU+CENU CDU+CEU CDU+CENU 1 1 4.4 4.4 4.4 7.9 6.3 7.9 6.3 7.9 9.7 7.9 9.7 850/900 1800/1900 1 1 4.6 4.6 4.6 8.2 6.5 8.2 6.5 8.2 10.1 8.2 10.1 3 CDU+CEU 9~12 CDU+CENU 9.7 10.1 7.9 8.2 and pairs of Remark
antennae/cell, increases antenna cost 2 pairs of
antennae/cell 3 pairs of
CDU+CENU
9.7
10.1
antennae/cell, 2-level combiner
13~18
pairs
of
antennae/cell, and set-top at this time is only about CDU+CEU+CENU 13.2 13.7 2w.
2.1.4.5 B8112 One cabinet of B8112 supports a maximum of 12 carriers, configures a maximum of S444, supports the cascade of 3 cabinets, and supports a maximum of S12/12/12 configurations. For the specific configuration, see ZXG_DCI_060303_V601_0705 ZXG10 B8112 Configuration Guide.doc.
36
Chapter Error! Use the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Error! U se the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. TRX Number 1 2 3 4 5 Solution CDU(BYPASS) CDU(BYPASS) CDU CDU CDU CDU+CEU CDU(BYPASS)+CENU CDU+CEU CDU(BYPASS)+CENU CDU+CEU CDU+CENU CDU+CEU CDU+CENU 1 1 4.4 4.4 4.4 7.9 6.3 7.9 6.3 7.9 9.7 7.9 9.7 850/900 1800/1900 1 1 4.6 4.6 4.6 8.2 6.5 8.2 6.5 8.2 10.1 8.2 10.1 It 9~12 CDU+CENU 9.7 10.1 supports a of The same as 8018 Remark
maximum S12/12/12
2.1.4.6 M8202 Each cabinet of M8202 has 2 carriers, supports the maximal cascade of 3 cabinets, and supports a maximum of S2/2/2 configuration. M8202 does not support combiner (without built-in or external one), so it does not support DPCT. M8202 set-top output is always 30w (GMSK)/19w (8PSK). Each TRX has RX/TX and separate RX diversity reception channel, so it supports the case that the 2 carrier frequencies in one cabinet are divided into two cells, S11. For specific configuration, see ZXG_DCI_060305_V601_0706 ZXG10 M8202 Configuration Guide.doc. 2.1.4.7 M8206 M8206 is modular base station. In principle, for site type S11, S111 or omni site O1, O2 site type, it is recommended to use DPCT. For site type S22, S222, it is not recommended to use DPCT (carrier frequency is doubled), and record set-top 30w (GMSK). For S444 type configuration, it is not recommended to use DPCT, and if it is necessary to reach set-top power 30w (GMSK), the number of antennae configured
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should be doubled, otherwise, set-top power is 13w. For indoor coverage, generally receiver diversity is not necessary. For outdoor coverage, generally receiver diversity is necessary.
Configuration Type Enhancement Technique CTU Quantity ECU Quantity EFU Quantity Antenna Quantity Set-top Output Power
RTU Quantity
1 (single carrier O1 1 frequency module) O1 O1 DPCT DDT/receiver diversity DPCT/4diversity reception Receiver diversity DPCT DDT/receiver diversity receiver diversity 4 way receiver 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 53 30 0 0 1 30
O1 O2 O2 O2 O2 O4 O4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 (1 single
0 1 0 2 2 2 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 2 2 2 2 4
53 13.5 30 53 13.5 13.5 30
diversity
S111
carrier frequency module)
30
S111 S111 S11 S22 S22 S222 S222 S444
DDT/receiver diversity DPCT Receiver diversity Receiver diversity Receiver diversity
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
3 3 1 2 2 3 3 6
0 3 0 2 0 3 0 6
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 3 4 2 4 3 6 6
30 53 30 13.5 30 13.5 30 13.5
For specific configuration, see ZXG_DCI_060304_V611_0809 ZXG10 M8206 Configuration Guide.doc.

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2.1.4.8 BTSV2
TRX Number BTS V2 1 CDU CDU(BYPASS) 2 CDU CDU(BYPASS) 3 4 5~12 CDU CDU CDU+CEU Solution 850/900 4.4 1 4.4 1 4.4 4.4 7.9 1800/1900 4.6 1 4.6 1 4.6 4.6 8.2
2.1.4.9 OB06
TRX Number OB06 1 Solution CDU(BYPASS) CDU 2 CDU(BYPASS) CDU 3 4 5 6 CDU CDU CDU+CEU CDU+CEU 1 4.4 1 4.4 4.4 4.4 7.9 7.9 850/900 1800/1900 1 4.6 1 4.6 4.6 4.6 8.2 8.2
2.1.4.10 BS30 BS30 needs to deduct 1dB duplexer loss. 2.1.4.11 BS21
TRX Number BS21 1 2 4 Solution ECDU CDU(BYPASS) CDU 1 1 4.4 850/900 1800/1900 1 1 4.6
2.1.5 Coverage Enhancement Technique

2.1.5.1 DPCT Dual Power Combining Transmission (DPCT), namely, two transmitters send out the same burst pulse at the same time, and forms via combiner one carrier in form, thereby getting the maximum transmitting gain of 3dB. The nominal gain of DPCT to downlink is 2.5dB. DPCT and DDT in the following paragraph cannot be used at the same time.
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When DPCT technology is adopted, the carrier frequency quantity needs to be doubled, and single site cost is increased. However, in term of network size, it is possible to reduce the quantity of sites. It is usually used together with uplink coverage enhancement technique TMA, or FWDR, IRC. 2.1.5.2 DDT Downlink delay diversity transmission refers to the case in which two transmitters send the same signal within a short delay, and the two transmitters are used as one virtual transmitter, and mobile phone terminal receives the two signals which carry the same information and completely different interference noises, and conducts diversity processing to strengthen downlink signals. Time domain delay value can be set at OMC client with step-length being 0.125, and the maximum step-length can reach 5 fields. It can get the maximum signal gain of 3dB. The nominal gain of DDT to downlink is 3dB. DDT and DPCT cannot be used at the same time. When DDT technology is adopted, the carrier frequency quantity needs to be doubled, and single site cost is increased. However, in term of network size, it is possible to reduce the quantity of sites. It is usually used together with uplink coverage enhancement technique TMA, or FWDR, IRC. 2.1.5.3 FWDR FWDR (Four Way Diversity Receive) technology, namely, each transmission channel has 4 ways of diversity reception, and relative to common 2 way diversity, FWDR brings an additional gain of 2~5dB. Generally we get the uplink gain of 2dB. At this time, the general 2 way diversity gain 3dB is also calculated together, that is, the real diversity gain is 5dB. FWDR requires 4 pairs of antennae for each cell, and the cost of antenna and feeder of the single site has doubled. However, in terms of the whole network size, it is possible to reduce the quantity of sites. It is usually used together with downlink coverage enhancement technique DDT, DPCT or jumper or combiner. 2.1.5.4 IRC In all received signals, select from the RX of DTRU the signal with the largest power. The comparison results are generated in DTRU and are combined into relatively large received signals for further demodulation. That is the maximum ratio combination technology MRC.
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IRC (Interference Rejection Combining) function can be thought to be a kind of more advanced diversity reception function, which can improve the quality of uplink signal and gain. Via software combination, it is possible to improve C/I gain by 11dB and to get the gain of 5-6dB in typical urban area. IRC requires two way receiving antennae (receiver diversity), and we get generally 3dB for IRC gain. The following table sums up how the current SDR, V3 and V2 equipment support the above four coverage enhancement techniques.
Equipment Type RU02 RU60 R8860 B8018 B8112 M8202 M8206 BTSV2 OB06 BS30 BS21 Y N N Y Y N Y N N N N DPCT Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N DDT Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N IRC Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N FWDR
2.2 MS Transmission Power

According to GSM protocol, MS transmission power is specified according to different Classes:
GSM 900 Nominal Maximum output power -----8 W (39 dBm) 5 W (37 dBm) 2 W (33 dBm) 0.8 W (29 dBm) DCS 1800 Nominal Maximum output power 1 W (30 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm) 4 W (36 dBm) PCS 1900 Nominal Maximum output power 1 W (30 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm) 2 W (33 dBm)
Power Class 1 2 3 4 5
Currently most mobile phones in the market support 4 types of GSM900 terminals, 2W (33dBm). The terminal that supports DCS1800 is Type 1, 1W (30dBm).
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In conducting link budget, do not consider power control. Calculate according to the standard that the maximum transmission power of GSM900 MS is 33dBm, and the maximum transmission power of GSM1800 MS is 30dBm.
2.3 Sensitivity
2.3.1 BTS Receiver Sensitivity
2.3.1.1 Definition of Receiver Sensitivity Receiver sensitivity refers to the minimum signal power that the receiver input end must reach in order to ensure that signals can be successfully detected and decoded (or to maintain the necessary FER). 2.3.1.2 Calculation of Receiver Sensitivity The formula for calculating receiver sensitivity is: Sin (dBm) = hot noise power + system noise coefficient + signal to noise ratio Where, 1. 2.

Sin (dBm) is receiver sensitivity. The formula for calculating hot noise power is K*T*BRF (dBm). K is Boltzmann constant (W/Hz/K) and it is equal to 1.381 x 10-23 W/Hz/K. T is temperature (K). Room temperature is 290K. BRF is RF carrier bandwidth (Hz), which is 200000Hz.
Hot noise power = 10 x log (1.381 x 10-23 W/Hz/K x 290K x 200000Hz x 1000mW/W) = -121 dBm System noise coefficient NF When the signal passes the receiver, the receiver adds noise to the signal, and noise coefficient is a method for measuring the added noise. In value, it is equal to input signal to noise ratio divided by output signal to noise ratio. The formula is:
F=
SNRinput SNRout
(2.2.1-1)
It characterizes the degradation degree of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) after signal
42
passes the system, the ideal scenario is the system has no additional noise, and it only amplifies input signal and noise at the same time, and at this time, F 1. However in a real case, this scenario cannot happen. In active network, the noise increases due to the gain just as the signal does and there are also additional hot noise and shot noise generated by active components For passive network whose attenuation is L, noise is kTB, and output signal changes into 1/L of the input. According to the definition in formula (2.2.1-1), at this time, the noise coefficient is L. So after the signal passes the system, SNR degrades, F>1. Generally we, we habitually use dB to express this coefficient, namely
NF = 10 log F
(2.2.1-2)
It is usually the case that we want to the noise coefficient of the whole system when we know the noise feature of the component. The figure below provides a typical cascade system diagram, which F, G respectively stand for the noise factor, gain and bandwidth of various parts. In this way, the noise coefficient of whole system is:
F = F1 +
F 1 F2 1 F3 1 + + L + n n1 G1 G1G2 Gi
i =1
(2.2.1-3)
From this formula it is easy to see that the first noise coefficient has the largest impact on the whole noise coefficient, so in receiver, the first one tends to be low noise amplifier (LNA).
n 1
In formula (2.2.1-3), denominator
G
i =1
can actually be seen as the total gain of
the preceding n-1 ones (here G is not converted into dB).
In ZTE GSM_BTS receiving system, noise coefficient is approximately NF (dB) = 2.5.Where, the noise coefficient of the front end duplexer + LNA is 2, and its gain is 19.2. The noise coefficient of the back end receiver is 10. Eb/No (dB): Minimum signal to noise ratio required in demodulation. For GMSK, it
43
should not be bigger than 9dB. Eb/No of ZTE GSM system can reach 7dB. To sum up the above, BTS receiver sensitivity=-121+2.5+7=-111.5dBm. 2.3.1.3 BTS Receiver Sensitivity List The following table shows the nominal the static receiver sensitivities of various products. In link budget, calculate according to static nominal sensitivities.
BTS TYPE RU02 RU60 R8860 B8018 B8112 M8202 M8206 BTS V2 OB06 BS30 BS21 850M -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -110 -110 -110 -110 900M/EGSM -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -110 -110 -110 -110 1800M -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -110 -110 -110 -110 1900M -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -110 -110 -110 -110
The following table shows the BTS receiver sensitivities under static, TU50 no SFH, HT100 no SFH and RA250 no SFH conditions that are provided by the R&D Department. Where, the R&D Department has not provided GSM1800 static receiver sensitivity, and here calculate it according to GSM900 temporarily.
GSM900 TU50 Static no SFH TCH/FS PDTCH/CS1 PDTCH/CS2 PDTCH/CS3 PDTCH/CS4 PDTCH/MCS1 PDTCH/MCS2 PDTCH/MCS3 PDTCH/MCS4 PDTCH/MCS5 PDTCH/MCS6 -112 -113.5 -111.5 -110.5 -105 -111.5 -111 -110 -107.5 -104 -103 -104 -104 -100 -98 -90 -102.5 -100.5 -96.5 -91 -96.5 -94 HT100 no SFH -104 -103 -99 -96 * -102 -100 -95.5 * -95 -91 RA250 no SFH -104 -104 -101 -98 * -103 -100.5 -92.5 * -96 -91 GSM1800 TU50 no SFH -104 -104 -100 -98 -88 -102.5 -100.5 -96.5 -90.5 -95.5 -94 HT100 no SFH -104 -103 -99 -94 * -101.5 -99.5 -94.5 * -93 -85.5 RA250 no SFH -104 -104 -101 -98 * -103 -100.5 -92.5 * -96 -91
Static
-112 -113.5 -111.5 -110.5 -105 -111.5 -111 -110 -107.5 -104 -103
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Chapter Error! Use the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Error! U se the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. PDTCH/MCS7 PDTCH/MCS8 PDTCH/MCS9 -100.5 -98.5 -97.5 -89 -84 -80 -86** -81.5** * -87** * * -100.5 -98.5 -97.5 -87 -86.5** -83** * * * -87** * *
2.3.2 MS Receiver Sensitivity

MS receiver sensitivity is the minimum signal power necessary to be reached in order to ensure that signal can be successfully detected and decoded. Generally MS static receiver sensitivity is required to be -102dBm. The following table shows the nominal indices of the MS receiver sensitivities under static, TU50 no FH and TU50 idea FH conditions with reference to those of other manufacturers.
GSM900 Static Voice CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 MCS1 MCS2 MCS3 MCS4 MCS5 MCS6 MCS7 MCS8 MCS9 -102 -102 -102 -102 -99 -104 -104 -104 -101.5 -98 -96 -93 -90.5 -86 -102/-102 -98/-99 -96/-97 -89/-89 -102.5/-103 -100.5/-101 -96.5/-96.5 -91/-91 -93/-94 -91/-91.5 -84/-84.5 -83/-83 -78.5/-78.5 TU50/TU50 idea FH Static -102 -102 -102 -102 -99 -104 -104 -104 -101.5 -98 -96 -93 -90.5 -86 -102/-102 -98/-98 -96/-96 -86/-86 -102.5/-103 -100.5/-101 -96.5/-96.5 -90.5/-90.5 -93.5/-93.5 -91/-91 -81.5/-80.5 -80/-80 n.a/n.a GSM1800 TU50/TU50 idea FH
Like voice, in calculating data service, including the corresponding MS receiver sensitivity in the calculation, thereby getting the minimum required level and design level.
2.3.3 Gain of TMA to BTS Receiver Sensitivity

Tower amplifier includes two types: One-way tower amplifier (uplink, it is usually called TMA) and two-way tower amplifier (uplink/downlink, usually called Booster). Generally in a project, TMA is often used.
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TMA is a network equipment that improves receiving performance of the base station by adding, at the front end of receiving system of the base station, namely, close to the lower part of the antenna, a low noise and high linearity amplifier used to amplify uplink signals to improve the level gain of the base station uplink. In technical principle, TMA improves receiver system sensitivity of the base station by lowering the noise coefficient of the receiver system of the base station. TMA improves the uplink receiver sensitivity at the edge of coverage area, can effectively enlarge the uplink receiving range of the base station and improves uplink/downlink balance. Like TMA, Booster can lower the noise coefficient of the receiving end on uplink and improve base station receiver sensitivity. As a power amplifier is added on downlink, it can also improve downlink coverage. The general performance parameters of TMA are as follows:
Parameter Gain TMA noise coefficient Insertion loss 12dB 1.6dB 0.5dB Index
When TMA is introduced, it is necessary to increase bias T connector. This bias T connector functions to isolate direct current within RF path and to isolate RF within direct current path. Direct current is input from power distribution unit input and is conveyed via coaxial cable to antenna/tower amplifier, and to supply power to low noise amplifier. T connector insertion loss is 0.3dB. Additionally, when TMA is introduced, it is necessary to increase two Din connectors and a piece of 1/2 soft jumper (usually 2m), which are used to connect the main feeder cable and tower amplifier. The loss of the two Din connector is 2 x 0.05dB. The loss of 2m 1/2 soft jumper is calculated to be 2m x 1/2 jumper per meter loss. According to formula 2.2.1-3, it is possible to calculate the system noise coefficient when TMA is added and when TMA is not added. Suppose: The base station noise coefficient = 2.5dB, and it is 1.7783 when it is converted into non-dB. The noise coefficient (before TMA is added) of feeder connector is equal to feeder connector loss (before TMA is added) = 3dB, and it is 1.99526 when converted into
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non-dB. Feeder connector gain (before TMA is added) is the reciprocal (non dB) of the loss, 0.501187, namely, dB calculation -3dB. The noise coefficient of feeder connector (when TMA is added) is equal to feeder connector loss (when TMA is added) = 3+0.3+0.05 x 2 +0.1 = 3.5dB, and is 2.23872 when converted into non dB. Feeder connector gain (when TMA is added), is the reciprocal (non dB) of loss, and is 0.446684, namely, dB calculation -3.5dB. TMA noise coefficient1.6dB is 1.44544 when converted into non dB. TMA gain 12dB is 15.8489319 when converted into dB. All take antenna port as reference points. When TMA is not added Regard BTS and feeder (containing connector) as one cascade system. For uplink, the first level is feeder and the second level is BTS. At this time, the equivalent noise coefficient of antenna port is calculated according to the following formula (include them all according to non dB value): NF1 = feeder loss when TMA is not added + (BTS noise coefficient-1)/feeder gain when TMA is not added Then, NF1=3.54813 When converted into dB for expression, then NF1=5.5dB When TMA is added Regard BTS, feeder (containing connector) and TMA as one cascade system. For uplink, the first level is TMA, and the second level is feeder and the third level is BTS. At this time, the equivalent noise coefficient of antenna port is calculated according to the following formula (include them all according to non dB value): NF2= TMA noise coefficient + (the feeder loss when TMA is added -1)/TMA gain + (BTS noise coefficient-1)/(feeder gain when TMA is added *TMA gain)
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Then, NF2=1.63353 If converted into dB for expression, then NF2=2.131278dB Noise coefficient gain to the system when TMA is added TMA Contribution = NF1-NF2=5.5-2.131278=3.368722dB It can be seen from the above calculation process that: The gain obtained by using tower amplifier is related to the following several factors: feeder cable loss, amplifier gain, amplifier noise coefficient, base station noise coefficient. The bigger the feeder cable loss is, the bigger the amplifier gain is; the smaller the amplifier noise coefficient is, the bigger the base station noise coefficient is; and the bigger the function of using tower amplifier to improve the whole system noise coefficient is. Contrarily, the smaller the gain of improving the whole system noise coefficient is. Additionally, it is necessary to note that: Tower amplifier mainly functions to improve uplink coverage, but in fact it is an active component which objectively increases interference with downlink, equivalent to increasing downlink load and reducing the real capacity of downlink. In link budget, downlink needs to increase 0.5dB insertion loss generated by introduction of TMA. In the system, tower amplifier is not suitable for use in the environment of urban area or dense city area. TMA is suitable for use in suburban area, vast rural areas and on highways.
2.4 Feeder, Jumper and Connector

2.4.1 Without Tower Amplifier
The cables leading out set-top box are all installed with DF connectors and DM connectors are installed at both ends of the soft jumper. Jumper Set-topdischarger (indoor jumper), top of main feeder antenna (outdoor jumper)
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For the sake of simplification, the length of this part of jumper is generally 5m by default. The following table shows the typical loss value of every 100 m jumper:
Feeder Type 1/2 jumper 11.2 850/900 1800/1900 16.6 Unit dB/100m
Note: The feeder cable loss of every 100 m jumper listed here is all based on the SPEC of Hansen product. There may be a difference between the loss here and that of feeder cable produced by other manufacturers, and the loss in a real case prevails. It is the same in the following. Main feeder Generally it is advisable to use 7/8feeder cable. But when feeder loss is bigger than 3dB, it is recommended to use thicker feeder cable to reduce feeder loss. In terms of cost influence, it increases feeder cable cost of single site, but in terms of network size, it is possible to reduce the quantity of sites. In consideration of the fact that a part of main feeder leads to the equipment room in usual conditions, so it is advisable to get antenna height + 5m for the length of the main feeder. The following table shows the typical loss value of every 100 m main feeder:
Feeder Type 7/8 Feeder 1-1/4 Feeder 1-5/8 Feeder Fiber 3.88 2.77 2.29 0 850/900 1800/1900 5.75 4.16 3.47 0 Unit dB/100m dB/100m dB/100m dB/100m
Connector 2 DM connectors of indoor jumper, 2 DM connectors of outdoor jumper, 2 pieces of 7/8 main feeder DF connectors, a total of 6 For the loss of each connector, various frequency bands all get 0.05dB/piece, and when tower amplifier is not added, the total connector loss is 0.3dB. Discharger 0.2dB (DM/DF connectors at both ends are included).
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2.5 Antenna
2.5.1 BTS Antenna Gain
Determine BTS antenna gain according to BTS antenna model selection principle.
Area Dense urban Urban area Suburban area Rural area Highway or long and narrow valley High mountains and hills Antenna Gain (dBi) 15.5~17 15.5~17 17~18 18~20 18~20 (narrow beam) 17~18
For GSM1800, to maximize 1800M coverage, it is advisable to select the antenna whose gain is 1~2dB bigger than 900. For dual frequency network, it is advisable to select dual frequency antenna to save antenna installation space. At this time, pay attention to whether the parameters of the dual frequency antenna can meet the requirement of the two frequency bands, and it is necessary to consult the SPEC of this antenna.
2.5.2 BTS Antenna Height

Determine BTS antenna height according to BTS antenna model selection principle. The general principle is:
Wireless Environment DU MU SU RU Road 25 30 35 45 45 Recommended Height (m)
The antenna height here refers to the height from the center point of the antenna panel to the ground. If it is roof tower or bole, the antenna height = the height from the center point of the antenna panel to the house top surface + building height. If it is ground tower, the antenna height = the height from the center point of the antenna panel to the ground.
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The antenna height calculated here should be in fact understood to be absolute height. In simulation, it is advisable to consider landform (height) information and calculate relative height. For the difference between the relative height and absolute height, see Simulation FAQ. It is necessary to note that: Network planning can only provide antenna height but cannot provide the type and height of the tower, so it is necessary for the International Market Department to make a comprehensive consideration. Especially it is necessary to consider the height required by micro wave at the same time. The antenna height in link budget is an absolute value while relative value is used in the simulation, so there is surely a difference between the coverage radius in simulation and that of link budget. It is particularly obvious in hill and mountain areas where there are relatively large ups and downs of landforms. If the customer requests to provide the reasons, it is advisable to make explanations from this aspect.
2.5.3 MS Antenna Gain

If it is general mobile network, in using mobile phone terminal, then MS antenna gain is generally 0. If it is WLL network, the scenarios should be considered in two cases: If the terminal of WLL network is the same as general mobile phone, it is also a phone with mobility, and MS antenna gain is 0. If the terminal of WLL network is a fixed station, then the antenna gain of a fixed station is not 0. Generally speaking, if it is the indoor antenna of a fixed station, the gain is generally about 2dBi. If it is the outdoor antenna of a fixed station, the gain is generally 9~12dBi. It is necessary to clarify it in the planning. In addition to the fact the gain of WLL indoor antenna and that of WLL outdoor antenna are different, there are also others things that call for attention. When we adopt indoor antenna, in calculating minimum required level, we need to deduct building penetration loss and handle it according to indoor conditions. When we adopt outdoor antenna, in calculating minimum required level, we do not deduct building penetration loss and handle it according to outdoor conditions.
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2.5.4 MS Antenna Height

If it is general mobile network, in using mobile phone terminal, then MS antenna height is generally thought to be 1.5m. It is WLL network, it is necessary consider it in two cases: 1. If the terminal of WLL network is the same as general mobile phone, it is also a mobile phone with mobility, and then MS antenna height is generally thought to be 1.5m. 2. If the terminal of WLL network is a fixed station, heights for fixed station antenna are different. Generally speaking, if it is the indoor antenna of the fixed station, the antenna height is also generally about 1.5m. If it is the outdoor antenna of the fixed station, the antenna height is generally 3m~10m. It should be firstly clarified before planning.
2.5.5 Diversity Gain

The diversity gain here refers to 2 way diversity gain, as 2 way receivers bring uplink gain. If it is 4 way diversity receptions, it is necessary to add FWDR gain on this 2 way diversity gain. Generally diversity gain gets 3dB.
2.6 Margins
2.6.1 Rayleigh Fading (Fast Fading) Margin
Rayleigh fading refers to the case in which multi-path interference is caused on the ground and standing wave field is formed due to the fact that propagation is reflected by spurious bodies (mainly human-made buildings) or natural barriers (mainly trees) within 50~100 wavelengths around the mobile station. When the mobile phone passes this standing wave, the received signals undergo short fading with a relatively large fluctuation of field intensity. The features of this kind of fading comply with Rayleigh distribution, so it is called Rayleigh fading and it is also called fast fading. Under the impact of multi-path effect, it is the receiving level necessary for reaching the voice quality when there is only the internal noise of receiver. The introduced addition volume is called fading margin.
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Generally speaking, 3dB is obtained for voice and data.
2.6.2 Shadow Fading (Slow Fading) Margin (Log-normal Fading Margin)

Due to the impact of buildings and topographic relief and landform, the obstruction of these barriers causes electromagnetic shadow effect, resulting in the intensity fading of received signals, which is called shadow fading. The probability intensity distribution of this kind of fading complies with lognormal distribution, so it is also called Log-normal Fading. Generally speaking, the propagation model can only describe the change of the local mean value of the signal level. That is to say, at this time, the coverage probability at the cell edge is 50%. To ensure that base station covers the cell edge with a certain probability, the base station must reserve certain transmission power to overcome shadow fading, and the reserved power is shadow fading margin. The calculation of shadow fading margin is related to several factors: Edge (area) coverage probability, standard variance and path loss coefficient. 2.6.2.1 Coverage Probability In the figure below, X stands for base station and the little black dot stands for mobile phone.
We review the receiving level value of a certain point near the base station, and by conducting statistics on this value within a period of time, it is possible to get a series of level values, and then we seek the mean value X0 and the standard deviation sigma. If our measure data is sufficient, we can get the following curve:
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Where, the horizontal coordinate is level value and the vertical coordinate is the proportion that this level occupies. When the level value is x0, the proportion it occupies is the largest, and the sum of the percentages of all points should be 1. We set a threshold value Xthresh, and when the level value of this point is bigger than Xthresh, we think this point is covered. Suppose Xthresh>X0, we get the coverage probability of this point by adding the percentages to which the level values in the shadow correspond.
It can be known by analysis that, When the mobile phone is relatively near to base station, X0 > Xthresh, and the coverage probability is relatively big, >50% When the mobile phone is relatively far from the base station, X0<Xthresh, the
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coverage probability is relatively small, <50% If there is a point X0 = Xthresh, the coverage probability is 50% For every point on the circumference, we can get its coverage probability value in the same way. Here we suppose the coverage probability of every point on the circumference is the same, and we can make an irregular circumference. The probability of site on the circumference whose level value is bigger than Xthresh is the edge coverage probability. The probability of the points of the whole area within the circumference whose level is bigger than Xthresh is area coverage probability.
2.6.2.2 Calculation of Shadow Fading Margin Suppose that the coverage probability of each point on the circumference we have drawn is 50%, namely, every point on the circumference X0 = Xthresh (solid line). There is another circumference, whose edge coverage probability is 75% (dash line).
Edge Reliability:50% Edge Reliability:75%
It can be known from the above analysis that, X0 > Xthresh, and for shadow fading margin whose edge coverage probability is 75
, X0-Xthresh.
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According to Jakes Single Cell Equation Px0(R)=1/2 1/2erf((Xthresh X0)/(sigma*sqrt(2)))
Where, Px0 (R) is edge coverage probability. Xthresh-X0 is the shadow fading margin that reaches this edge coverage probability. Sigma is the standard variance of shadow fading. When Fade Margin = Xthresh-X0=0, Px0(R) = 50%. It is possible to get the correspondence relation as shown in the figure below:
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2.6.2.3 Conversion between Edge Coverage Probability and Area Coverage Probability The relation between area coverage probability and edge coverage probability is shown in the formula below: Fu=1/2-1/2erf(a)+1/2exp((1-2ab)/b^2)*[1+erf(ab-1)/b]
Where, a=(Xthresh X0)/(sigma*sqrt(2)) 1/2-1/2erf (a) in the yellow background is in fact edge coverage probability.
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n is path loss coefficient, its value is 3~4, and the value is generally 3.5. Generally speaking, under the same condition, area coverage probability is bigger than edge coverage probability. To understand it in physics, for measuring within cell coverage scope and measuring at cell edge, the probability of reaching the same Xthresh based on plane is a surely bigger. Area coverage probability can be quantified, and the method is to conduct drive test within the cell coverage scope, and count the probability of various points on the drive test line whose level value is bigger than Xthresh. Relatively speaking, edge coverage probability cannot be quantified. So generally carriers take area coverage probability as design conditions. In network design, it is necessary to consider the requirement for edge (area) coverage probability, so it is necessary to calculate shadow fading margin according to Jack formula. 2.6.2.4 Quick-finding Table for Common Shadow Fading Margin Below is a quick-finding table for shadow fading margin when the path loss coefficient is 3.5 in general condition.
Area Type Area Coverage Probability Dense Urban Sigma=10dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99% Medium Urban Sigma=8dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99% Suburban +Rural +Road Sigma=6dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99% 1 5 7.7 11.7 19 0 3.3 5.5 8.7 14.7 0 1.6 3.4 5.9 10.5 LNFmarg (dB)
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2.6.3 Interference Margin

We know that one of the essential elements of calculating receiver sensitivity is the signal to noise ratio, namely, the ratio between signal and noise, which is expressed as C/N here. When there is frequency multiplex, receiving power had to cope with both noise and interference, which is expressed as C/(N+I). In network design, it is necessary to consider interference margin. Interference margin is related to frequency multiplex and system load. GSM system is a typical interfered and limited system. Co-frequency and adjacent-frequency interferences caused by unavoidable frequency multiplex can be reduced by using technologies such as frequency hopping, dynamic power control and DTX, but it is still impossible to completely eliminate them. So it is recommended to consider 3dB interference margin in designing network. In link budget of voice and data services, we get 3dB for interference margin.
2.6.4 Body Loss

Body loss refers to the loss caused signal block and absorption due to the fact that handheld phone is very close to human body. Body loss depends on the position of the mobile phone relative to human body. When handheld phone is at the waist and shoulders of the user, the field intensities of its received signals respectively lower by 4~7dB and 1~2dB as compared with the case in which antenna is several wavelength away from human body. In link budget of voice service, its value is generally 3dB. In link budget of data service conducted with data card, its value is 0dB.
2.6.5 Building Penetration Loss

Building penetration loss refers to the attenuation undergone by radio wave when it passes the external structure of a building, which is equal to the difference between the field intensity median of the outdoor area of the building and that of the indoor area of the building. Building penetration loss is close related to building structure, types and sizes of doors and windows, and building floors. Penetration loss varies with the change of the heights of building floors. The higher the frequency band is, the stronger the radio wave penetration capability is,
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but the weaker the radio wave diffraction capability is. The indoor radio wave can be seen as the sum of penetration component and diffraction component.1800M penetration capability is stronger than that of 900M, but its diffraction capability is lower than that of 900M. Part of the signal of 1800M entering the indoor area penetrates out through the wall, leading to uneven distribution of signals in indoor space, showing a very big difference of signal levels in the same position. So generally we reserve more building penetration losses for 1800M.The penetration loss value of 1800M is generally about 5dB bigger than that of 900M in area of the same class.
Area Classification Dense urban area General urban area Suburban rural area area and 900M loss (dB) 18~22 15~20 10~15 1800M loss (dB) 23~27 20~25 15~20
2.6.6 Car Penetration Loss

Car loss is generally 6~8dB.
2.7 Recommended Minimum Required Level and Design Level

When the customer has not definitely put forward acceptance level, it is necessary to take the minimum required level as the acceptance level and calculate design level according to it. The recommended values of the minimum required levels of 900M and 1800M SSmin_req and design level SSdesign are respectively as follows.
2.7.1 900M
Area Type Coverage Probability Dense Urban Sigma=10dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99% Medium Urban Sigma=8dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99% 20 20 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 BPL(dB) CPL(dB) SSmin_req (dBm) -73 -73 -73 -73 -73 -78 -78 -78 -78 -78 1 5 7.7 11.7 19 0 3.3 5.5 8.7 14.7 LNFmarg (dB) SSdesign (dBm) -72 -68 -65.3 -61.3 -54 -78 -74.7 -72.5 -69.3 -63.3
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Chapter Error! Use the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Error! U se the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Suburban Sigma=6dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99% Rural Sigma=6dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99% Road Sigma=6dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99% 13 13 13 13 13 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -83 -83 -83 -83 -83 -85 -85 -85 -85 -85 0 1.6 3.4 5.9 10.5 0 1.6 3.4 5.9 10.5 0 1.6 3.4 5.9 10.5 -80 -78.4 -76.6 -74.1 -69.5 -83 -81.4 -79.6 -77.1 -72.5 -85 -83.4 -81.6 -79.1 -74.5
Note: Indoor level is considered for all DU/MU/SU/RU. In-car level is considered for all Roads.
2.7.1.1 1800M
Area Type Coverage Probability Dense Urban Sigma=10dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99% Medium Urban Sigma=8dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99% Suburban Sigma=6dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99% Rural Sigma=6dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 18 18 18 18 18 15 15 15 15 BPL(dB) CPL(dB) SSmin_req (dBm) -68 -68 -68 -68 -68 -73 -73 -73 -73 -73 -75 -75 -75 -75 -75 -78 -78 -78 -78 1 5 7.7 11.7 19 0 3.3 5.5 8.7 14.7 0 1.6 3.4 5.9 10.5 0 1.6 3.4 5.9 LNFmarg (dB) SSdesign (dBm) -67 -63 -60.3 -56.3 -49 -73 -69.7 -67.5 -64.3 -58.3 -75 -73.4 -71.6 -69.1 -64.5 -78 -76.4 -74.6 -72.1
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99% Road Sigma=6dB 75% 85% 90% 95% 99%
15 8 8 8 8 8
-78 -85 -85 -85 -85 -85
10.5 0 1.6 3.4 5.9 10.5
-67.5 -85 -83.4 -81.6 -79.1 -74.5
Note: Indoor level is considered for all DU/MU/SU/RU. In-car level is considered for all Roads.
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3 Link Budget
3.1 Link Budget Process
When we get to know the meanings of various parameters in link budget process, then we need to conduct uplink/downlink power balance budget. The main aim of this process is to budget whether uplink/downlink is balanced. If uplink is limited, it is necessary to consider suitably reducing BTS transmission power, or adopt uplink coverage enhancement technique. If the downlink is limited, it is necessary to consider increasing BTS transmission power, or adopt other downlink coverage enhancement techniques.
3.1.1 Downlink Budget

Parameter Carrier frequency A Sign dBm Unit
transmission power Combiner loss BTS set-top output power Feeder connector loss BTS antenna gain MS antenna gain SSdesign MS receiver sensitivity Various margins Downlink technique Downlink allowed path loss maximum K=C-D+E+F-G+J dB enhancement B C=A-B D E F G H I=G-H J dB dBm dB dBi dBi dBm dBm dB dB
Where, various margins include shadow fading margin, fast fading margin, interference margin, body loss, building penetration loss and car loss.
3.1.2 Uplink Budget

Parameter MS transmission power MS antenna gain A B Sign dBm dBi Unit
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BTS antenna gain Diversity gain Feeder connector loss BTS receiver sensitivity Contribution of TMA to sensitivity Various margins Uplink technique Uplink maximum allowed path loss enhancement
C D E F G
dBi dB dB dBm dB
H=SSdesign-MSsens I
dB dB
J=A+B+C+D-E-F+G-H+I
dB
Where, various margins include shadow fading margin, fast fading margin, interference margin, body loss, building penetration loss and car loss, and hey keep consistent with calculated downlink margins.
3.1.3 Equivalent Maximum Allowed Path Loss

Compare the maximum allowed path losses of the uplink and downlink, and select the smaller one as the equivalent maximum path loss of the whole link. Generally speaking, the link is thought to be basically balanced when the difference between the uplink and the downlink.
3.2 Link Budget Tool V3.3 (Promoted for Use)

Description is to be provided after LinkBudget.exe tool is officially released.
3.3 Link Budget Tool V3.2.X (Not Promoted from Now on)
In V3.2.X version of Excel-version link budget tool mainly conducts link budget for voice service and does not involve data service. The excel version tool is not so convenient and standardized, it is difficult to maintain it, so when the exe version link budget tool is launched, the previous excel tool ceases to be used. GSMLinkBudgetTool.exe, the link budget tool in EXE version, considers GPRS/EDGE, has more friendly interface and is more convenient for use, so planning engineers are required to use tool. To control its copyright, it is necessary to apply for the license.
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3.3.1 Tool Structure

The whole tool programmed on the basis of VBA macro and function. It includes 13 Sheets. Where, input condition is reflected in Input, and output is reflected in Link Budget (Complete) Table and Link Budget (Simple) Table. The functions of various tables are respectively described below. 3.3.1.1 Version This table provides the officially released version information, including releasing time, maker, reviewer and changed items. Pay attention to the latest version. This sheet is generally visible. 3.3.1.2 Specification This table provides, in eye-catching fonts, the key points that call for attention precautions before using this tool. Use it strictly according to specification description, otherwise link budget result can be made incorrect. This sheet is generally visible. 3.3.1.3 Input The setting of all link budget parameters is conducted in Input table. Where, some parameters are links in other tables, which are values by default. If it is necessary to make temporary change, it is advisable to make change in Input table. When the tool is opened next time, the tool restores default values. If it is necessary to make permanent change, or to save various settings in the tool as the template of this project for later query, it is necessary to make change in the corresponding sheet. This sheet is generally visible. Places where default values are changed: 1. TX Power Change it in 52~53 lines in TX RX PART voice. 2. Technology gain in New Tech Change it in Tech in V3 table in 26~30 lines in TX RX PART voice. 3. Combiner Total Loss
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Change it in 63~67 lines in V2 configuration. 4. BTS RX Sensitivity Change it in 14~24 lines in TX RX PART voice. 5. Ant Height Change it in 2~4 lines in Feeder ANT Part. 6. Ant Gain Change it in 5~9 lines in Feeder ANT Part. 7. MS Height Change it in 10~12 lines in Feeder ANT Part. 8. MS gain Change it in 13~15 lines in Feeder ANT Part. 9. Ant Diversity Gain Change it in 16~18 lines in Feeder ANT Part. 10. Sigma Change it in the third line in Margins Part1. 11. Path Loss Exponent Change it in the fourth line in Margins Part1. 12. Rayleigh Fading Margin Change it in the sixth line in Margins Part 1. 13. Interference Margin Change it in the ninth line in Margins Part 1. 14. Body Loss Change it in the 12th line in Margins Part 1. 15. Propagation Model Change it in 21~27 lines in (COST model) in Propagation Model and 44~79 lines (Standard model).
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3.3.1.4 Link Budget (Complete) Complete version of link budget result. It mainly reflects the process of calculating SSmin_req. This version is relatively suitable for directive bidding, namely, it is used when the customer has not definitely provided acceptance level. This sheet is generally visible. 3.3.1.5 Link Budget (Simple) Simplified version of link budget result does not reflect the process of calculating SSmin_req. This version is relatively suitable for use when the customer has definitely put forward the acceptance level. This sheet is generally visible. 3.3.1.6 Propagation Model Setting default parameters in propagation model Fill in k1~k7 values according o the corrected result of the propagation model. Or select in Common Propagation Models and Parameters Setting the model parameters relatively suitable for local environment. This sheet is generally hidden. Opening method: tool > macro > Visual Basic editor, select in the engineering resource manager the sheet to be queried, and select-1-xlSheetVisible in Visible option of the attribute window. Select
0-xlSheetHidden if you want to hide it. 3.3.1.7 Prop Model Trans The method of transformation between COST-HATA model parameters and Standard model parameters provides an example. If there is transformation demand, it is necessary to conduct transformation according to this method. This sheet is generally hidden. Opening method: Tool > macro > Visual Basic editor, select in the engineering resource manager the sheet to be queried, and select-1-xlSheetVisible in Visible option of the attribute window. Select
0-xlSheetHidden if you want to hide it.
67
3.3.1.8 TX RX PART (Voice) Places where the default parameters of BTS output power of voice service, BTS receiver sensitivity (static), and new technology gain are set. This sheet is generally hidden. Opening method: Tool > macro > Visual Basic editor, select in the engineering resource manager the sheet to be queried, and select-1-xlSheetVisible in Visible option of the attribute window. Select
0-xlSheetHidden if you want to hide it. 3.3.1.9 V2 Configuration Combiner loss of various V2 equipment in various configurations actually includes the intermediate calculation process of combiner loss of all equipment of V2 and V3. This sheet is generally hidden. Opening method: tool > macro > Visual Basic editor, select in the engineering resource manager the sheet to be queried, and select-1-xlSheetVisible in Visible option of the attribute window. Select
0-xlSheetHidden if you want to hide it. 3.3.1.10 V3 Configuration Regarding combiner loss of various V3 equipment in various configurations, in fact the process of V3 calculation is reflected in the in the intermediate process in Table V2 Configuration. This sheet is generally hidden. Opening method: tool > macro > Visual Basic editor, select in the engineering resource manager the sheet to be queried, and select-1-xlSheetVisible in Visible option of the attribute window. Select
0-xlSheetHidden if you want to hide it. 3.3.1.11 Feeder ANT Part Places where some parameters are set, such as BTS antenna gain, default BTS antenna height, MS height, MS antenna gain, 2 way diversity gain, various jumpers, feeder cable and connector loss, TMA parameter and BTS noise coefficient This sheet is generally hidden. Opening method: tool > macro > Visual Basic editor, select in the engineering resource manager the sheet to be queried, and select-1-xlSheetVisible in Visible option of the attribute window. Select
0-xlSheetHidden if you want to hide it.
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3.3.1.12 Margins Part 1 The settings of the following: various Margins, including calculating shadow fading margin Sigma, path loss coefficient, fast fading margin, interference margin, body loss and building penetration loss. This sheet is generally hidden. Opening method: tool > macro > Visual Basic editor, select in the engineering resource manager the sheet to be queried, and select-1-xlSheetVisible in Visible option of the attribute window. Select
0-xlSheetHidden if you want to hide it. 3.3.1.13 Margin Value Calculation of shadow fading margin and the intermediate process of the conversion between area coverage probability and edge coverage probability This sheet is generally hidden. Opening method: tool > macro > Visual Basic editor, select in the engineering resource manager the sheet to be queried, and select-1-xlSheetVisible in Visible option of the attribute window. Select
0-xlSheetHidden if you wan to hide it.
3.3.2 Precautions
1. Before use, in Tool--> Load Macro firstly tick Analyze Database and Analyze DatabaseVBA Function, otherwise the slow fading margin calculation tool cannot be used and #name error occurs. 2. Every time we change frequency band, we need to re-select Propagation Model, otherwise propagation model parameters cannot be automatically updated! It is chiefly due to the fact that initialization is not considered in programming and it is planned to be updated in subsequent version. The current processing method is: If we select 900M for the first time and we want to change it into 1800M template, change frequency band at the left upper corner in Table Input first, parameters in Propagation Model column do not automatically change with the above change, it is necessary to manually re-select it. If it was previously Standard model by default, then select Cost mode, and re-select Standard model. At this time, read 1800M parameters into the corresponding cell. 3. To select different BTS Type every time, it is necessary to re-select the corresponding TX Power, otherwise in calculating set-top power, data of the previous time is used.
69
4.
When BTS Type (especially when M8206 is switched with other equipment types) is changed every time, it is necessary to pay attention to ECU and Non ECU options in Combiner Type. It is chiefly due to the fact that initialization is not considered in programming and it is planned to be updated in subsequent version.
For specific M8206 configuration, see forms in V3 Configuration or the content of Subchapter 2.1 Main Equipment in this article. For example, When we select from 8018 to 8206, we firstly select 30w in TX Power. At this time, options such as ECU Non ECU do not appear in Combiner Type. It is necessary to select DPCT in New Tech, and at this time, select ECUDPCT in Combiner Type. If at this time, 8206 does not use DPCT, then re-cancel DPCT option, and select Non ECU or ECU in Combiner Type. It is necessary to pay attention to 8206 configuration description. If you select to return from 8206 to other equipment, select 8018 in BTS Type. For the case in which the number of carrier frequencies selected in Configuration (TRX/CELL) is bigger than 4, you can select a combination in Combiner Type at your discretion. Then select the quantity of real carrier frequencies in Configuration (TRX/CELL) according to real scenarios. At this time, options in the drop-down menu under Combiner Type are updated. At this time, make sure to re-select output power in TX Power. 1. When the customer definitely put forward requirements for Acceptance Level, execute according to the customer requirements. At this time, it is recommended to use Link Budget (simple) template for link budget result output. When the customer has not definitely put forward the requirement, Acceptance Level should be equal to Minimum Required Level. At this time, it is recommended to use Link Budget (complete) template for link budget result output. 2. Calculate Min. required level and design level in the tool according to formula. Do not change it.
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4 Common Propagation Model & Its Parameter Values

4.1 Okumura-Hata Model
4.1.1 Applicable Scope
Frequency: 150M 1500M Hb: 30~200m Hm: 1~10m Communication distance:1
35km.
4.1.2 Propagation Loss Formula

Lb = 69.55 + 26.16 lg f 13.82 lg hb a (hm ) + (44.9 6.55 lg hb )(lg d )
Formula description: The unit of d is km and the unit of f is MHz.
Lb
,
is the median of the basic propagation loss in city urban area. --the effective height of the base station, mobile station antenna, and its unit is
hb hm
m.
Calculate the effective height of the base station antenna: Suppose the height from the base station antenna to the ground is
hs
, the altitude from the base station ground is
hg
the height from the mobile station antenna from the ground is the ground where the mobile station is located is base station antenna antenna is
hm
, and the altitude of
hmg
. Then the effective height of the
hb hs hg hmg
= + -
, and the effective height of the mobile station
hm
(Note: There are many methods for calculating the effective height of the base station antenna, such averaging the altitudes of the grounds within 5~10 km around the base station, and the fitting line of altitudes of the grounds within the base station 5~10 km around the base station. Different calculation method is related to propagation models
71
used, and it is also related to calculation precision requirement.) Correction factors for mobile station antenna height:
Remote propagation correction factor:
= 1 + (0.14 + 1.87 10 4 f + 1.07 10 3 h )(lg d ) 0.8 b 20
d 20 d > 20
4.1.3 Various Correction Factors

(1) Kstreetstreet connection factor General materials only provide the loss correction curve that is parallel to or perpendicular to the propagation direction. To facilitate calculation, the fitting formula for any angle is provided below. Suppose the inclosed angle between the propagation direction and the street is , then:
11 10 (5.9 + lg d ) sin (7.6 lg d ) cos 1 d K street = 6 6 (5.9 sin + 7.6 cos ) d <1
In fact street effect generally disappears beyond the scope of 8~10 km, so it is only considered within 10km. (2) Kmrsuburban area correction factor
K mr = (2(lg( f / 28)) 2 + 5.4)

(3) Qocorrection factor for vast area
Qo = (4.78[lg f ]2 18.33 lg f + 40.94)

(4) QrCorrection factor for quasi-vast area
72
Q r = Q 0 + 5 .5
(5)
Ru
Correction factor for rural area
Ru = (lg
f 2 ) 2.39(lg f ) 2 + 9.17 lg f 23.17 28
(6) KhCorrection factor for hill area
0 h < 15 K h = (5.7 + 0.024h + 6.96 lg h) (9.5 lg h1 7.2) h 15, h1 > 1 (5.7 + 0.024h + 6.96 lg h) + 7.2) h 15, h1 1
hIt is topographic relief height, as shown in the figure below. Calculate from the
mobile station, extend 10 km to the direction of the base station (calculate according to real distance when it is not up to 10 km), calculate within this range the difference between 10% of the topographic relief height and 90% of topographic relief height (suitable for multiple topographic relieves, and the number of topographic relieves >3).
h
h.
10% 90%
h1 = hmg - h/8- hmin . hmin is the minimum landform height of the calculation section
(7) KspCorrection factor for general slope landform
73
The ground second reflection many occur to slope landform. When the level distance d2 > d1, in the figure above, the second ground reflection may occur to both positive slope and negative slope. The approximate correction factor for slope area is:
K sp = 0.008d m 0.002d m + 0.44 m

The unit of
m is milli-radian and the unit of d is km.
m is the average tilt angle of the heights of relieves within 1 km before and after the
mobile station on the connection line section between the mobile station and the base station (use least square method) (8) Kim Correction factor for isolated mountain peak. Here knife-edge diffraction loss is used for calculation. The calculation is more precise thought it requires larger quantity of calculations, as shown in the figure below:
r1 h1
hp
r2
h Firstly seek the 4 parameters of a single knife-edge, namely, r1 , r2 , p , and operation

wavelength
Use these 4 parameters to calculate new parameter v :

74
v = hp
2 1 1 ( + ) r1 r2
Calculate diffraction loss:
6.9 + 20 lg( (v 0.1) 2 + 1 + v 0.1) v > 0.7 K im = 0 v <= 0.7

(9) KsCorrection factor for sea (lake) hybrid path When propagation path meet water area, the scenarios are considered in two cases, as shown in the figures below:
The correction factor is defined to be:

2 (a ) : (7.0 / q + 0.68q 0.81q d ) K ts = 2 (b) : (0.48qd + 9.6q )
Where, q = ds / d (%).
ds
is the length of all the water body on the section.
The method to select formula (a) or (b): If on the section between the base station and the mobile station, there is water body within 200 km near the base station, then:
K s = ( K (a ) + K (b)) / 2
Otherwise
K s = K (b)
(10) S( )Correction factor for building density
(30 25 lg a) 5 < a 100 2 s (a) = (15.6(lg a) + 0.19 lg a + 20) 1 < a 5 20 a 1

abuidling density, % expresses.
The combined use of various amending factors
75
Overall path loss:
L = Lb + K street
0 K s R K u h + S (a) + + K sp + K mr K im Q0 0 Qr
4.2 Cost231model
Frequency: 1.5G Hb:30~200m Hm:1~10m
2G

Lb = 46.3 + 33.9 lg f 13.82 lg hb a (hm ) + (44.9 6.55 lg hb )(lg d )
The unit of d is km and the unit of f is MHz.
Lb
is the basic propagation loss median of urban area.
Hb, hm-- base station, effective height of mobile station antenna, with m being unit Calculation of the effective height of the base station antenna: Suppose the height from the base station antenna to the ground is
hs
, the altitude of the base station ground is
hg
, the height from the mobile station antenna to the ground is
hm
, the altitude of the
ground where the mobile station is located is station antenna hb = antenna is
hmg
. Then the effective height of the base
hs hg hmg
+ -
, and the effective height of the mobile station
hm
Height correction factor for mobile station antenna:
76
Correction factor for remote propagation:
= 1 + (0.14 + 1.87 10 4 f + 1.07 10 3 h )(lg d ) 0.8 b
d 20 d > 20
20
4.2.3 Various Correction Factors

They are the same as Okumura-Hata model.
4.3 Common Expression of Okumura-Hata and COST231 Model

Frequency: 0.5G Hb:30~200m Hm:1~10m
2G

Lb=A1+A2Lgf+A3LgHb+(B1+B2LgHb)Lgd-a(hm)
band A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 a(hm) 69.55 26.16 -13.82 44.9 -6.55 0.013647703 850 900 69.55 26.16 -13.82 44.9 -6.55 0.0158818 1800 46.3 33.9 -13.82 44.9 -6.55 0.0429745 1900 46.3 33.9 -13.82 44.9 -6.55 0.0450878
4.3.3 Common Correction Factors

DU/MU/SU/RU/Road/Open Correction Factors Calculated according to Theoretical Values.
77
OFFSET DU MU SU RU Road Open 0 -2
850 0
900 0
1800 0
1900
Note (Theoretical Value)
-2 -9.943 -19.21 -23.01 -28.51
-2 -11.939 -21.915 -26.424 -31.924
-2 -12.109 -22.152 -26.727 -32.227 Kmr=-(2*(log(f/28))^2+5.4) Ru=-(lg(f/28))^2-2.39*(lgf)^2+9.17lgf-23.17 Qr=Q0+5.5 Q0=-(4.78*(lgf)^2-18.33*lgf+40.94)
-9.7942 -19.014 -22.763 -28.263
Through experience judgment, the theoretical calculation values of the above correction factors are a bit exaggerated than the real case. In fact, it is necessary to adjust the values of the above various parameters according to model correction result. Sometimes customers provide their recommended correction values, at this time, it is necessary to determine the values according to specific conditions. The following table shows the general recommendations.
OFFSET DU MU SU RU Road Open 0 -2 -6 -15 -17 -20 850 0 -2 -6 -15 -17 -20 900 0 -2 -8 -17 -20 -22 1800 0 -2 -8 -17 -20 -22 1900
4.4 Standard Universal Model (AIRCOM Expression Formula)

Frequency: 0.5G~2G Hb: 30~200m Hm: 1~10m

Lb=k1+k2*lgd+k3*Hms+k4*lgHms+k5lgHeff+k6*lgHeff*Lgd+k7*diffn+ C_loss Where: d Hms Distance from the base station to the mobile station (km). Height of the mobile station above ground (m). This figure may be
78
specified either globally or for individual clutter categories. Heff Diffn Effective base station antenna height (m). Diffraction loss calculated using either Epstein, Peterson, Deygout or Bullington Equivalent knife edge methods. K1,k2 Intercept and Slope. These factors correspond to a constant offset (in dBm) and a multiplying factor for the log of the distance between the base station and mobile. K3 Mobile Antenna Height Factor. Correction factor used to take into account the effective mobile antenna height. K4 K5 Okumura-Hata multiplying factor for Hms. Effective Antenna Height Gain. This is the multiplying factor for the log of the effective mobile antenna height. K6 Log(Heff)Log(d). This is the Okumura-Hata type multiplying factor for log(Heff)log(d). K7 Diffraction. This is a multiplying factor for diffraction calculations. A choice of diffraction methods is available. C_loss Clutter specifications such as heights and separation are also taken into account in the calculation process.
4.4.3 Propagation Model Parameter Value

Listed below are the corrected propagation models in several places. When local propagation models are not corrected, see propagation models with similar landforms and ground objects.
1800M
(1) Indonesia Heji Project-Makassar and Banjiamasin The collected Makassar propagation model is as follows
MU K1 K2 K3 155.85 44.9 -2.55 Ground object compensation value Dense Urban Dense urban high 2.28 -0.84
79
K5 K6 K7
-13.82 -6.55 0.8
Industrial/commercial
-2.468
SU
K1 K2 K3 K5 K6 K7
152.3 44.9 -2.55 -13.82 -6.55 0.8
Ground object compensation value Dense urban Mean urban Sparse forest -0.2775 -1.394 -0.245
RU
K1 K2 K3 K5 K6 K7
145.21 44.9 -2.55 -13.82 -6.55 0.8
Ground object compensation value Open land Residential River Sparse forest -4.354 0.583 -0.767 1.545
The collected Banjiamasin propagation model is as follows (landform is quasi-flat):

MU K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 155.91 44.9 -2.55 0 -13.82 -6.55 1.63 Ground object compensation value Dense urban Industrial/commercial Mean urban 0.5166 -3.62 -0.031
SU
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7
150.93 44.9 -2.55 0 -13.82 -6.55 0.8
Ground object compensation value Agriculture Open land Mean urban Residential Sparse forest River -2.764 3.03 -0.04 0.156 -1.99 -0.56
80
Chapter Error! Use the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Error! U se the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. RU K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 147.69 44.9 -2.55 0 -13.82 -6.55 0.8 Ground object compensation value Agriculture Open land Mean urban Residential Sparse forest 1.579 6.337 -3.838 -3.4 -0.818
Pakistan Project-Lahore
DU (old city) K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 160.15 41.28 -2.89 0 -12.7 -2.94 -0.374
DU (new city)
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7
158.78327 42.435563 -2.89 0 -12.871 -6.195408 -0.75697
DU(old city) Clutter Height Sep'n Through (dB/km) agriculture/plantation airport coast/sea dense_urban forest high_residential industrial_areas low_residential open_areas 0 0 0 20 5 10 7 8 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 -3.07 0.00 0.00 13.02 0.00 -8.47 -13.44 0.00 6.97 offset (dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 -0.03 -5.85 1.34 3.34
DU(new city) Through (dB/km) 4.97 -6.00 0.00 1.08 0.00 -3.47 6.64 0.00 10.63 offset (dB) -2.67 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.00 -0.50 2.86 4.81 -2.07
81
open_in_urban park semi_open_areas urban water
0 0 0 10 0
0 0 0 1 0
-6.60 2.32 3.31 3.63 0.00
-1.62 0.53 -0.98 0.47 0.00
-3.92 1.30 7.42 0.20 -4.33
-0.11 1.11 -0.17 0.20 0.00
900M
Vietnam Heji Project
Model Type Plain urban area Plain area Plain rural area Hill urban area Hill suburban area Hill rural area Mountain area Mountain suburban area Mountain area Highway Seaside city River-and-lake city 139.11 141.82 143.66 38.24 40.25 40.00 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 -13.82 -13.82 -13.82 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 0.00 0.04 0.02 rural 138.93 38.75 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.02 141.35 39.25 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.14 urban 140.87 140.88 139.73 137.36 144.93 38.68 42.00 41.25 39.50 41.50 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -13.82 -13.82 -13.82 -13.82 -13.82 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 0.04 0.10 0.09 0.04 0.06 suburban K1 152.39 149.33 K2 43.83 39.25 K3 -2.55 -2.55 K4 0.00 0.00 K5 -13.82 -13.82 K6 -6.55 -6.55 K7 0.05 0.05
Pakistan Project-Lahore
DU city) (old K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 149.66275 45.038991 -2.58 0 -14.99366 -5.287317 0.609819
DU city)
(new
K1 K2
147.664 42.870705
82
Chapter Error! Use the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Error! U se the Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 -2.58 0 -14.027928 -4.507256 1.511571
MU
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7
147.39482 42.744224 -2.58 0 -14.585 -6.561 0.583088
Clutter agriculture airport coast/sea dense_urban forest high_residential industrial_areas low_residential open_areas open_in_urban park semi_open_areas urban water
Height 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 5.00 10.00 7.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00
Sep'n 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00
Through (dB/km) -13.06 0.00 0.00 10.55 0.00 12.16 -11.91 0.00 -9.45 -15.99 -17.54 -15.33 10.97 4.41
offset (dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 -1.02 -11.07 0.00 -0.18 -3.54 2.10 0.92 0.55 0.00
Through (dB/km) -0.43 0.00 0.00 4.71 0.00 4.13 7.87 0.00 -4.25 -19.10 -15.30 3.94 6.93 1.81
offset (dB) -4.06 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 -0.09 5.12 0.00 0.72 -0.57 0.02 0.70 0.15 0.00
Through (dB/km) -3.40 -2.03 0.00 6.25 0.00 -0.99 7.57 0.00 0.06 -12.61 -0.19 -5.31 6.00 0.84
offset (dB) -3.64 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.00 0.68 -0.83 0.00 -5.18 -1.49 -0.83 0.37 0.25 -3.10
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5 Precautions for Coverage Simulation

The propagation model can only describe the change of the local signal median, which is expressed in the slope-intercept mode. The Best Server in AIRCOM characterizes the coverage of signal median. In static simulation, it is impossible to express coverage probability. So the level coverage expressed by Best Server can be seen as the coverage of signal median when edge coverage probability is 50%.
5.1 Consider Coverage Probability

In the process of the preliminary design, it is usually necessary to consider certain coverage probability. In this case, how to reflect it in the simulation? (1) Set the level threshold of Coverage Threshold to be acceptance level. Measure: When we set PA value (PA value is understood to be set-top transmission power), we consider shadow fading margin on this basis. Example: Through the aforesaid presentation, acceptance level can be seen as signal median level. On this basis, it is necessary to consider certain coverage probability, such as 95% area coverage probability, so in calculating design level, it is necessary to consider shadow fading margin (such as 8.7dB) on the basis of acceptance level. When acceptance level is -70dBm, design level is -61.3dBm. To reflect coverage probability in coverage simulation, in setting PA, deduct 8.7dB shadow fading margin on the basis of set-top output power. At this time, on the coverage simulation map, within the area covered by level value -70dBm, the area coverage probability is 95%. If shadow fading margin is not deducted, at this time, within the area covered by level value -70dBm, the area coverage probability is about 75% (edge coverage probability is 50%, sigma = 8, n = 3.5). Set the level threshold of Coverage Threshold to be design level. Measure: In setting PA value, set according to real set-top output power, it is no longer necessary to consider shadow fading margin. Example: It is the same as the above one. If we set Coverage Threshold to be design
85
level-61.3dBm, within the area covered by -61.3dBm level, the area coverage probability is 75%. It is equivalent to the fact that in these areas, it is possible to reach -70dBm coverage with area coverage probability being 95%. Generally speaking, in order to intuitively express acceptance level, it is recommended to adopt mode 1.
5.2 Do Not Consider Coverage Probability

In simulation, if it is unnecessary to consider coverage probability, in setting PA value, it is advisable to set it according to real set-top output power without having to consider any margins. Generally speaking, the case in which it is unnecessary to consider coverage probability mainly appears in model correction, the comparison between real drive test and simulation. That is to say, in correcting model, it is unnecessary to deduct shadow fading margin. In using the drive test data of the existing network to detect simulation result, it is also unnecessary to consider margin.
86
6 Recommendations on Project Operation

6.1 Adopt V3.2.1 Method for New Project
For new project or old project that has little relation with previous one, it is recommended to implement the project according to new link budget method, see Tool version V3.2.1 and late versions. It is necessary to introduce design level, acceptance level and minimum required level.
6.2 Adopt V3.1.2 Method for Old Continuous Project

For continuous project which needs to keep consistent with previously submitted result, it is still necessary to execute the project according to previous method, see Tool V3.1.2 version.
6.3 Maximum Difference between Two Versions

1. V3.2.1 and later versions have put forward such concepts as design level, acceptance level and minimum required level, and in downlink budget, on the basis of acceptance level, it is still necessary to consider shadow fading margin, fast fading margin, interference margin and body loss. V3.1.2 version and previous versions have not put forward the above three level concepts, and in downlink budget, on the basis of acceptance level, it is only necessary to consider shadow fading margin, and fading margin, interference margin, body loss and building loss are no longer considered. 2. Propagation model parameters used in V3.2.1 and later versions and those used in V3.1.2 and previous versions are different. 3. When we use V3.2.1 and later versions, in setting PA value, we execute the operation according to what is described in Chapter 5. When we use V3.1.2 and previous versions, in setting PA value, it is necessary to deduct 4 margins (shadow fading margin, fast fading margin, body loss and interference margin) on the basis of set-top power. That is, as compared with later versions, on the basis that both need to consider coverage probability, previous version has to consider an additional 9dB margin (3dB fast fading margin +3dB body loss +
87
3dB interference margin). 4. Seen from the coverage simulation comparison, the coverage after version upgrade is better than the coverage before version upgrade.
88

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GSM Coverage Planning

1 Overall Thought of Coverage Planning & Step Description

1.2.1 Confirm the Size and Scope of the Area to Be Covered

GSM Coverage Planning

1.2.2 Confirming Coverage Level Requirement and Coverage Probability

GSM Coverage Planning

SS design (outdoor) = SSmin_req(outdoor) +LNFmarg

Log-normal Fading Margin

Slow fading margin

GSM Coverage Planning

N N Y H= value defined by customer + G

N N N Value defined by customer

GSM Coverage Planning

1.2.3 Link Budget of Uplink/Downlink Power Balance

1.2.4 Propagation Model Selection and Parameter Correction

1.2.5 Cell Radius Estimation

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1.2.6 Size Estimation (Coverage)

single site. The formula is:

Omni site S single site = 2.6 x R^2

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1.2.7 Site Layout

1.2.8 Coverage Simulation

1.3 Prompt for Key Points

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2 Descriptions of Various Parameters in Link Budget

2.1 Mainstream Equipment

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2.1.2 Carrier Frequency/Set-top Output Power

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Combiner (1800M) CDUD CEUD CEND CEND/2 ECDUD ECU

Loss (dB) 4.6 3.6 5.5 5.5 1 3.5

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Loss of combiner used in V2 series equipment:

(a) is front panel diagram, and (b) is internal connection diagram

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(a) is front panel diagram, and (b) is internal connection diagram.

of NCEN/2 is shown in the figure below.

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(a) is front panel diagram, and (b) is internal connection diagram.

(a) is front panel diagram, and (b) is internal connection diagram.

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The figure below shows the ECU external structure.

ECU External Interface Description

Connect to RTU Connect to COM0 or COM1

LOAD provide absorption load.

EFU External Interface Description

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GSM Coverage Planning

LNA_ LNA_ LNA_LNA_ RX11 RX12 RX22 RX21 TX 1

RX_OUT1 RX_OUT2 RX_IN1 RX_IN2

RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4

LNA_ LNA_ LNA_LNA_

TX 2 RX11 RX12 RX21 RX22 TX 1

RX_OUT1 RX_OUT2 RX_IN1 RX_IN2

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LNA_ LNA_ LNA_LNA_ RX11 RX12 RX22 RX21 TX 1

RX_OUT1 RX_OUT2 RX_IN1 RX_IN2

RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4

LNA_ LNA_ LNA_LNA_ RX11 RX12 RX22 RX21 TX 1

RX_ OUT 1 RX_OUT2 RX_IN1 RX_IN2

RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4

LNA_ LNA_ LNA_LNA_ RX11 RX12 RX22 RX21 TX 1