International Journal of CivilJOURNAL Engineering andOF Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 AND (Print), INTERNATIONAL CIVIL ENGINEERING

G ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)

ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), pp. 36-48 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.3277 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJCIET
IAEME

BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH 50 PERCENTAGE FLY ASH

P.S.Joanna , Jessy Rooby , Angeline Prabhavathy , R.Preetha , C.Sivathanu Pillai
1 1 2 3 4 5

Civil Engineering Department, Hindustan University,Padur- 603103, India. Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Hindustan University,Padur- 603103, India. 3 Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Hindustan University, Padur-603103, India. 4 Scientific Officer,Civil Engineering Division,Indira Ghandhi Centre for Atomic Research,Kalpakkam- 603 102, India. 5 Associate Director,Civil Engineering Division,Indira Ghandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam- 603 102, India.
2

ABSTRACT Fly ash has emerged as novel engineering materials which lead to global sustainable development and lowest possible environmental impact with considerable promise as binders in the manufacture of concrete. In this paper, the results of laboratory investigation conducted on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beam with high volume of low calcium (class F) fly ash are presented. Experimental investigation included testing of nine reinforced concrete beams with and without fly ash. Portland cement was replaced with 50% fly ash and Conplast SP430 was used as superplastisizer for the casting of beams. Data presented include the load-deflection characteristics, cracking behavior, ductility indices, moment- curvature and end rotations of the reinforced concrete beams with and without fly ash when tested at 28 days, 56 days and 75 days. The investigation revealed that there is a significant improvement in flexural strength of reinforced fly ash concrete beams beyond 28 days. Key Words: Ordinary Portland Cement, Reinforced Fly Ash concrete beams, ductility, moment- curvature.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

1. INTRODUCTION The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is one of the main ingredients used for the production of concrete and has no alternative in the construction industry. Unfortunately, production of cement involves emission of large amounts of carbon-dioxide gas in to the atmosphere, a major contributor for green house effect and the global warming. Hence it is inevitable either to search for another material or partly replace it by some other material. Fly ash is one such pozzolanic material which can be used in concrete as partial replacement of cement. Jiang and Malhotra (2000) found that the incorporation of 50% fly ash in concrete gives good compressive strength at 91 days. Gopalakrishnan et al. (2001) showed that the fly ash concretes have superior durability properties. Rafat Siddique (2004) studied the compressive strength and flexural strength of High Volume Class-F Fly Ash concrete and found that there is a significant improvement of strength properties beyond 28 days. They also found that the strength of concrete with 40%, 45% and 50% fly ash content, even at 28 days is sufficient enough for use in reinforced cement concrete construction. Khatib (2008) found that the concrete with 60% fly ash replacement for cement can produce self compacting concrete with adequate strength. Dakshina Murthy and Sudheer Reddy (2010) found that fly ash replacement up to 30% in concrete gives good improvement in flexural strength at 28 days. Sunilaa et al. (2011) found that the addition of 40% fly ash gives better resistance against shear at 28 days. Extensive research has been done on the compressive strength and flexural strength of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete (HVFAC). Hence in this investigation, behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams with HVFAC was carried out. 50% of cement was replaced with fly ash and Conplast (SP430) was used as superplastisizer for the casting of beams. A total of nine reinforced concrete beams with and without fly ash were cast and tested. Out of the nine specimens, four controlled specimens were cast without fly ash and the other five specimens were cast with 50% fly ash. Data presented include the deflection characteristics, cracking behavior, ductility indices, moment-curvature and end rotations of the specimens.

2. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2.1 Materials and mix proportions In the current investigation 50% of cement was replaced with Fly Ash in the casting of RC beams. The materials used in the mix were Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), river sand, low calcium Fly Ash (Class F), aggregate and potable water. Conplast (SP430) superplastisizer was incorporated in the mix to increase the workability. Beams were made with M30 grade concrete. Water-cement ratio of 0.45 and 0.75% Conplast superplastisizer were used for reinforced OPC concrete beams. Water/cement & Fly ash ratio of 0.45 and 1.5% Conplast superplastisizer were used for 50% fly ash concrete beams. Fe 500 grade steel was used for longitudinal reinforcement and for stirrups. 2.2 Test beam details Nine numbers of reinforced concrete beams with and without fly ash were cast and tested in the loading frame. The span of the beam was 2500 mm and of size 150mm x 250mm. The specimens were designed as per IS: 456-2000. Out of the nine specimens tested,
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

four specimens were cast without fly ash and four specimens were cast with 50% fly ash. Two specimens were cast in each series. Four specimens were tested at 28th day, four specimens were tested at 56th day and one specimen was tested at 75th day from the date of casting. Reinforcement details for the beam and the details of the specimens tested are given in Table 1. A five lettered designation is given to the specimens. First 2 letters represents the beam with Conplast superplastisizer, 3rd one % of fly ash added, 4th one identity of specimen in a particular series as two specimens were tested in each series and the last one indicates the day on which the specimen is being tested. Table 1: Test beam details SL.No. Beam Number Testing of Beams (days) Reinforcement in beams Longitudinal Stirrups Nos. and size at top Nos. and size at bottom
2#12 + 1#16

Diameter (mm)

Spacing (mm)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

CB0% 1-28 CB0% 2-28 CB50% 1-28 CB50% 2-28 CB0% 1-56 CB0% 2-56 CB50% 1-56 CB50% 2-56 CB50% 1-75

28

2#10

120

56

2#10

2#12 + 1#16

120

75

2#10

2#12 + 1#16

120

3. TEST SET-UP The testing was carried out in a loading frame of 400 kN capacity. TML strain gauge was fixed at the mid span of the tension bar and then protected using coating tape to avoid accidental damage during pouring of concrete. Strain gauges were also attached to the concrete surface in the central region of the beam to measure the strain at different depths. The top surface of the beam was instrumented with strain gauge to measure the concrete compressive strains in the pure bending region. Linear Voltage Displacement Transducers (LVDTs) were used for measuring deflections at several locations, one at mid span, two directly below the loading points and two near the end supports as shown in the Figure 1. Strain gauges and LVDTs were connected to a data logger from which the readings were captured by a computer at every load intervals until failure of the beam occurred. The beams were subjected to two-point loads under a load control mode. The development of cracks were observed and the crack widths were measured using a hand-held microscope with an optical magnification of X50 and a sensitivity of 0.02 mm. Figure 2 shows the test set-up.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

Strain Gauge

TCS (Extreme fibre concrete strain)

25 mm 10 mm 25 mm 10 mm 25 mm 10 mm

FCS1 FCS2 FCS3

FCS4

10 mm 50 mm

Hydraulic Jack Load Cell

CSS ( Center Steel Strain)

Steel Support

DL2

DL1

DC

DR1

DR2

LVDT

Figure 1: Position of LVDTs and Strain gauges

Figure 2: Test set-up

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

4. TEST RESULTS 4.1. General observations Vertical flexural cracks were observed in the constant-moment region and final failure occurred due to crushing of the compression concrete with significant amount of ultimate deflection. When the maximum load was reached, the concrete cover on the compression zone started to fall for the beams with and without fly ash. Figure 3. shows the failure pattern of the test specimens. Crack formations were marked on the beam at every load interval at the tension steel level. Initial cracking was formed at 17% and 20% of ultimate load for beams with and without fly ash respectively at 28 days and it is 16% and 20.4% at 56 days. Initial crack for fly ash concrete beam at 75 days is 18.6% of ultimate load. It was noticed that the first crack always appears close to the mid span of the beam. The cracks formed on the surface of the beams were mostly vertical, suggesting flexural failure of the beams. The crack widths at service loads for fly ash concrete beams ranged between 0.18mm to 0.2mm and this is within the maximum allowable value as stipulated by IS: 456-2000 for durability requirements.

(a) CB0% 1-28

(b) CB50% 1-28

Figure 3: Failure Pattern of the beams with 50% fly ash and without fly ash 4.2. Load-Deflection curve The experimental load-deflection curves of the RC beams with 50% fly ash and without fly ash when tested at 28th day, 56th day and 75th day are shown in Figure 4 Figure 5 and Figure 6 respectively. The average ultimate loads for both the reinforced OPC concrete beams and 50% fly ash concrete beams are 182 kN & 152 kN respectively at 28th day and it is 186 kN & 168 kN respectively at 56th day. The ultimate load for fly ash concrete beam at 75th day is found to be 197 kN. Though the ultimate loads for the fly ash concrete beam is 16% and 9.6% less than the OPC beams at 28th day and 56th day respectively, its ultimate load increases at 75th day. The average span-deflection ratios under the design service loads for the reinforced concrete fly ash beams are 290 at 28th day 258 at 56th day and 251 at 75th day, which are within allowable limit as per IS: 456-2000.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

200 180 160 140 Load (kN) 120

DR2 DR1

200 180 160 140 Load(kN) 120 100 80 60 40

DC DC DR1 DR2 DL1 DL2

100 80 60 40 20 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 DL1 DL2

20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Deflection (mm)

Deflection (mm)

(a) CB0% 1-28

(b) CB0% 2-28

160 140

160 140

120
120

100 80 Load (kN) DR1 60 DL1 40 20 0

0

Load(kN)

DC

100 80 60 40 20

DC DR1 DL1 DR2 DL2

DR2 DL2

10

15

20

25

30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Deflection (mm)

Deflection (mm)

(c) CB50% 1-28

(d) CB50% 2-28

Figure 4: Load- Deflection curves for the beams tested at 28 days

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Load (kN)

DC DR1 DR2 DL1 DL2 40

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

DC DR1 DR2 DL1 DL2 30

Deflection (mm)

Load (kN)

Deflection (mm)

(a) CB0% 1-56

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 DR2 DL1 DL2 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

(b) CB0% 2-56

Load (kN)

Load (kN)

DC DR1

DC DR1 DL1 DR2 DL2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Deflection (mm)

10

15

20

25

30

Deflection (mm)

(c) CB50% 1-56 (d) CB50% 2-56 Figure 5: Load- Deflection curves for the beams tested at 56 days
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

DC DR1 DL1 DR2 DL2

Load (kN)

40

Deflection (mm)

(e) CB50% 1-75 Figure 6: Load- Deflection curves for the beam tested at 75 days

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

4.3. Displacement Ductility Displacement ductility is the ratio of ultimate to first yield deflection. In general high ductility ratios indicate that a structural member is capable of undergoing large deflections prior to failure. The average displacement ductility for fly ash concrete beams and OPC concrete beams are 4.8 & 5.8 respectively when tested at 56th day. The displacement ductility for fly ash concrete beams increases at 75 days. Table 2 shows the ductility of beams. Thus the fly ash concrete beams shows adequate displacement ductility and can be considered for structural members subjected to large displacement such as sudden forces caused by earthquake. Table 2: Displacement ductility of beams Deflection at yield (mm) Max. deflection Displacement ductility (mm) 4.8 5.4 5.0 5.0 4.6 3.5 5.0 4.0 4.3 20.0 27.5 19.3 22.2 24.6 22.0 21.6 20.5 27.0 4.17 5.09 3.86 4.44 5.34 6.28 4.32 5.13 6.30

Beam Specification CB0% 1-28 CB0% 2-28 CB50% 1-28 CB50% 2-28 CB0% 1-56 CB0% 2-56 CB50% 1-56 CB50% 2-56 CB50% 2-75

4.4. End rotation The moment-end rotation curves of fly ash concrete beams and OPC concrete beams are presented in Figure 7 when tested at 28,56 and 75 days respectively. It was observed that the average end rotations of the fly ash concrete beams and OPC concrete beams at ultimate loads are 1.70 & 1.80 respectively when tested at 56 days and it is 20 at 75 days. Thus the end rotations of the beams with fly ash are comparable with OPC concrete beams.
80 70 Moment (kN.m) 60 50
CB0% 1-28

80 70 Moment (kN.m) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 End rotation (0) 1 2 End rotation (o) 3
CB0% 1-56 CB0% 2-56 CB50% 1-56 CB50% 2-56 CB50% 1-75

40 30 20
CB50% 2-28 CB0% 2-28 CB50% 1-28

10 0

Figure 7: Moment-Rotation curves for beams tested at 28, 56 and 75 days

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

4.5. Concrete and steel strain The concrete and steel strains were measured at every load increments. The strain distribution for the concrete and steel at 28th day 56th day and 75th day are presented in Figure 8 and Figure 9 respectively. The measured concrete strains at the top surface and steel strains at ultimate load varied from 2167x10-6 to 3073 x10-6 and 12342x10-6 to 15320 x10-6 respectively for OPC beams and it is from 2919 x10-6 to 3816 x10-6 and 9385 x10-6 to 25986 x10-6 respectively for fly ash concrete beams when tested at 28th days. These results also show that fly ash concrete is able to achieve its full strain capacity under flexural loading. Figure 10.and Figure 11.shows the comparison of concrete strain at top surface and steel strains for all beams at 28 and 56 and 75 days.
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
-15000 -10000 -5000 0

FCS1

FCS2 FCS4 FCS3 CSS

Load (KN

TCS

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

-20000 -10000 0

FCS1 FCS2 FCS4 FCS3 TCS CSS

Load (kN)
-20000

5000

Strain (x10-6)

-30000

10000

Strain (x10-6)

(a) CB0% 1-28

(b) CB0% 2-28

160 140 120 Load (kN) 100 80 60 40 20 0

TCS

160 140 120 Load(kN) 100 80 60 40 20

CSS TCS FCS1 FCS2 FCS3 FCS4

FCS1 FCS2 FCS3 FCS4 CSS

0 0 10000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 -6 Strain (x10 ) 5000

-30000

-20000

-10000 Strain (x10-6 )

(c) CB50% 1-28

(d) CB50% 2-28

Figure 8: Load- Strain curves for beams tested at 28 days

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

TCS FCS1 FCS2 FCS3 FCS4 CSS 5000 -20000 -15000 -10000 -5000

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

FCS1 FCS2 FCS3 TCS FCS4 CSS 5000

-25000 -20000 -15000 -10000 -5000

Load(kN)

Strain (x10-6)

Load (kN)

Strain (x10-6)

(a) CB0% 1-56

200 150 Load (kN) 100 50 0
-10000 -5000 0 5000 TCS

(b) CB0% 2-56

180 160 140 120 FCS1 FCS2 FCS3 80 60 40 20 0 -20000 -15000 -10000 FCS4 TCS CSS 0 5000

Load (kN)

FCS1 FCS2 FCS3 FCS4 CSS

100

Strain (x10-6)

Strain (X10-6)

-5000

(c) CB50% 1-56

200 180 160 140

(d) CB50% 2-56

Load(kN)

FCS1 FCS2

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 FCS3 TCS CSS

-20000

-15000

-10000

Strain(x10-6)

-5000

5000

(d) CB50% 1-75 Figure 9: Load- Strain curves for beams tested at 56 days and 75 days

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

200 180 160 140

200 180 160 140 120

Load (kN)

120

Load (kN)

100 80 60 40 20 0

100 80 60 40 20 0

-30000-25000-20000-15000-10000 -5000-6 0

Strain (x10 )
CB0% 1-CSS CB50% 1-TCS

5000 10000
CB0% 2-TCS CB50% 1-CSS

-25000

-20000

-15000

Strain (x10 )

-10000

-5000 -6
CB0% 2-TCS-56 CB50% 2-TCS-56

5000
CB0% 2-CSS-56 CB50% 2-CSS-56

CB0% 1-TCS CB0% 2-CSS

CB0% 1-TCS-56 CB50% 1-TCS-56 CB50% 1-TCS-75

CB0% 1-CSS-56 CB50% 1-CSS-56 CB50% 1-CSS-75

a) Steel and Concrete Strain at 28 days

a) Steel and Concrete Strain at 28 & 56 days

Figure 10: Comparison of Steel and Concrete Strain at 28, 56 and 75 days

4.6. Moment-curvature: Moment-Curvature diagrams were generated for all the beams based on the concrete strain and steel strain. The moment-curvature of the beams at 28, 56 and 75 days is shown in figure 11. Thus the curvature of the beams with fly ash is comparable with OPC concrete beams. Table 3 shows the overall performance of the OPC Concrete beams and Reinforced Fly Ash Concrete beams.

80
70

70 Moment (kN-m) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 CB0% 1-56 CB0% 2-56 CB50% 1-56 CB50% 2-56 CB50% 1-75

60 Moment (kN-m) 50 CB0% -28 CBO% 2-28 CB50% 1-28 CB50% 2-28 40 30 20 10 0

Curvature (x10-6)

50 100 Curvature (x10-6)

150

Figure 11: Moment- Curvature for beams tested at 28, 56 and 75 days

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

Table 3: Performance details of reinforced fly ash concrete beams and OPC concrete beams
Beam designation Max. Load (kN) Deflection at max. Load (mm) 20.0 27.5 19.3 22.2 28.6 22.0 21.6 20.5 27.0 Max. Moment (kN.m) Strain in concrete at max. load 0.0012 0.0023 0.0029 0.0036 0.0005 0.0016 0.0035 0.0021 0.0018 Displace ment ductility Strain in steel Load at first crack (kN) 32.92 36.20 29.30 22.80 36.80 38.85 29.00 23.60 32.60 Deflection at service loads (mm) 7.1 8.0 7.2 8.0 7.8 9.9 8.9 9.7 8.8

CB0% 1-28 CB0% 2-28 CB50% 1-28 CB50% 2-28 CB0% 1-56 CB0% 2-56 CB50% 1-56 CB50% 2-56 CB50% 1-75

177.5 186.8 151.1 153.5 182.2 189.7 166.6 169.3 197.2

65.1 68.5 55.4 56.3 66.8 69.6 61.1 62.1 72.3

4.17 5.09 3.86 4.44 5.34 6.28 4.32 5.13 6.30

0.0103 0.0253 0.0042 0.0041 0.0111 0.0131 0.0049 0.0113 0.0031

5. CONCLUSIONS The following observations and conclusions can be made on the basis of the experiments conducted on the nine RC beam specimens. From the experimental investigation, it is generally observed that the flexural behavior of RC beams with 50% fly ash is comparable to that of OPC concrete beams. 1. The ultimate moment capacity of fly ash concrete beam is 16% less than the ordinary concrete beam when tested at 28th day. But its moment capacity increases with age. It increases by 23% at 75th day than at 28th day. 2. The deflections under the design service loads for fly ash concrete beams were within the allowable limit provided by IS: 456-2000. 3. Reinforced fly ash concrete beams with 50% fly ash showed displacement ductility in the range of 4 to 6 which is adequate for structural members subjected to large displacement such as sudden forces caused by earthquake. 4. The crack widths at service loads for fly ash concrete beams ranged between 0.18mm to 0.2mm and this is within the maximum allowable value as stipulated by IS: 456-2000 for durability requirements. 5. Results of this investigation suggest that concrete with 50% fly ash replacement for cement could be used for RC beams. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This project is funded by Department of Atomic Energy, under Board of Research in Nuclear Science(BRNS) research grant No. 2011/36/05-BRNS/308.The experiments were carried out in the research laboratories of Hindustan University, Tamil Nadu, India.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

REFERENCES [1]. Jiang .L.H and Malhotra .V.M (2000), Reduction in water demand of non-airentrained concrete incorporating large volumes of fly ash, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.30, pp. 1785- 1789. [2]. Rafat Siddique (2004), Performance characteristics of high volume Class-F fly ash concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 34, pp. 487-493. [3]. Khatib .J.M (2008), Performance of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Fly Ash, Construction and Building Materials, 22, pp. 1963-1971. [4]. Dakshina Murthy and Sudheer Reddy (2010), Moment-Curvature Characteristics of ordinary grade Fly Ash Concrete beams, International Journal of Civil and structural Engineering, Vol.1, No 3. [5]. Sunilaa George., et. al. (2011), Experimental study on shear behavior of activated fly ash concrete beams, Journal of structural engineering, Vol.37, No.6. [6]. P.A. Ganeshwaran, Suji and S. Deepashri, Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Manufactured Sand and Fly Ash International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 60 - 69, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316, Published by IAEME. [7]. Aravindkumar.B.Harwalkar and Dr.S.S.Awanti, Fatigue Behavior of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete Under Constant Amplitude and Compound Loading International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 404 - 414, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316, Published by IAEME.

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