Submitted By

K.NAGESHWARAN IT VI P.S.N.A College of Engg And Tech Dindigul (dist)., Mail-id :knageshwaran12@gmail.com
Ph No : 8870468634

S.VENKATESAN IT VI P.S.N.A College of Engg And Tech Dindigul (dist)., Mail-id:weknowvenkat@gmail.com

Ph No : 7373399273

Detecting and Disabling Digital Cameras Using Image Processing

Abstract - In this paper we discuss about the device capable of detecting and disabling digital cameras. The system locates the camera and then neutralizes it. Every digital camera has an image sensor known as a CCD, which is retro reflective and sends light back directly to its original source at the same angle. The device shines infrared LED light, which is invisible to the human eye, at a distance of about 20 feet. It then collects video of these reflections with a camcorder. Then the video of the reflections is transferred to a computer connected to the device,

where it is sent through imageprocessing algorithms that pick out infrared light bouncing back .Once camera is detected, the device would project an invisible infrared laser into the camera's lens, thereby overexposing the photo and rendering it useless. Low levels of infrared laser neutralize digital cameras but are neither a health danger to humans nor a physical damage to cameras. We also discuss about the simplified design of the above device that can used in theatres to prevent piracy. The domains being covered here are optics and image processing.

1.1 Introduction The system locates the camera, and then neutralizes it. Every digital camera has

an image sensor known as a CCD, which is retro reflective and sends light backing directly to its original source at the same angle. Using this property and

algorithms of image processing the camera is detected. Once identified, the device would beam an invisible infrared laser into the camera's lens, in effect overexposing the photo and rendering it useless. Low levels of energy neutralize cameras but are neither a health danger to operators nor a physical risk to cameras. 2. Block Diagram

this property due to its shape. This forms the principle for this device.

Retroreflection by CCD

Timing and Control

Scanning Infrared Emitter

CCD

Overexposure IR Laser Beam Image Processing Unit

Test Image Recorder

Infrared Laser Beam Projector

Camera Locator

DETECTOR UNIT 1.2 Retro reflection by CCD A retro reflector is a device or surface that reflects light back to its source with a minimum scattering of light and at same angle. An electromagnetic wave front is reflected back along a vector that

DISABLING UNIT

3. Camera Detection 3.1 Scanning The entire area to be protected is scanned by using infrared light. Infrared LED is used for producing them. The circuitry required for producing infrared beams are simple and cheap in nature. The scanning beams sweep through the vertical and horizontal direction of the area, to ensure no camera escapes from the device.

is parallel to but opposite in direction from the wave's source. The device or surface's angle of incidence is greater than zero. The ccd of the camera exhibits

3.2 Wavelength The infrared beam used here has a the centre wavelength of 800-900 nm. This wavelength falls under the near infrared classification. The reason for choosing near infrared are the molar absorptivity in the near IR region is typically quite small and it typically penetrate much farther into a sample than mid infrared radiation so that the retroreflections would be of high intensity. The generation of NIR is achieved using IR LED. Due to the retro reflective property of the ccd the part of the light gets retro reflected by it and the infrared beam does not have any effect on the other objects hit the area other than the ccd.

called as the test image. It forms the basis of the further steps of the process. The test image is obtained by use of high resolution camcorders. The response of the test image capturer should be very fast in order to sense even a small change of position of the camera. The camcorder should have a wide angle of capture so that it can capture a wide test image to cover the entire area. The retroreflected beams also have the same properties of the near IR. Therefore, they are visible to the camcorders and invisible to human eyes. 5. Image Processing It is most important aspect of the device. The raw image for image processing is the test image being streamed lively. The detection of the camera is accomplished in this stage only. The image processing for detection can be done in two steps. We have coded an algorithm in Matlab software to perform the image processing operation. 5.1 Detection Of Retroreflecting Area The camera is detected by the differentiation of the retroreflecting area from the rest of the test image. The camera lens also appears red in colour and the rest part appears normal. This keypoint is used for differentiation.

Plot of Reflectance Vs Wavelength of Near IR Standard

5.1.1 Thresholding 4. Test Image Capture The area being scanned by the infrared beams are simultaneously recorded. The preprocessing image being acquired is During the thresholding process, individual pixels in an image are marked as object pixels if their value is greater than some threshold value (assuming an

object to be brighter than the background) and as background pixels otherwise. The separate RGB Components are determined and a threshold value is set. 1. An initial threshold (T) is choosen, this can be done randomly or according to any other method desired. 2. The image is segmented into object and background pixels as described above, creating two sets: 1. G1 = {f(m,n):f(m,n)>T} (object pixels) 2. G2 = {f(m,n):f(m,n)T} (background pixels) (note, f(m,n) is the value of the pixel located in the mth column, nth row) 3. The average of each set is computed. 1. m1 = average value of G1 2. m2 = average value of G2 4. A new threshold is created that is the average of m1 and m2 1. T = (m1 + m2)/2 5. Go back to step two, now using the new threshold computed in step four, keep repeating until the new threshold matches the one before it (i.e. until convergence has been reached). This iterative algorithm is a special onedimensional case of the k-means clustering algorithm, which has been proven to converge at a local minimum meaning that a different initial threshold may give a different final result. 5.1.2 Color Segmentation

We need to detect only the red infrared part of the image. This is done by means of colour segmentation. The RGB Components are filtered separately and finally the red area is detected. The
following algorithm was used for the purpose img = imread('sample.jpg'); %imshow(img) img = imfilter(img,ones(3,3)/9); %img = imresize(img,0.1); % Decompose to separate colour components xr = img(:,:,1); [N,M] = size(img); m=4; w = 1/m; F = fftshift(fft(double(img))); for i=1:N for j=1:M r2=(i-round(N/2))^2+(j-round(N/2))^2; if (r2>round((N/2*w)^2)) F(i,j)=0; end; end; end; Idown=real(ifft2(fftshift(F)));

5.2 Lens shape detection using

Hough Transform The simplest case of Hough transform is the linear transform for detecting straight lines. In the image space, the straight line can be described as y = mx + b and can be graphically plotted for each pair of image points (x,y). In the Hough transform, a main idea is to consider the characteristics of the straight line not as image points x or y, but in terms of its parameters, here the slope parameter m and the intercept parameter b. Based on that fact, the straight line y = mx + b can be represented as a point (b, m) in the parameter space. However, one faces the problem that vertical lines give rise to unbounded values of the parameters m and b. For computational reasons, it is therefore better to parameterize the lines

in the Hough transform with two other parameters, commonly referred to as r and .

space) that pass through both points. More generally, a set of points that form a straight line will produce sinusoids which cross at the parameters for that line. Thus, the problem of detecting collinear points can be converted to the problem of finding concurrent curves.
6. Disabling the digital camera 6.1 Overexposure

The parameter r represents the distance between the line and the origin, while is the angle of the vector from the origin to this closest point Using this parametrization, the equation of the line can be written as, which can be rearranged to r = xcos + ysin It is therefore possible to associate to each line of the image, a couple (r,) which is unique if and , or if and . The (r,) plane is sometimes referred to as Hough space for the set of straight lines in two dimensions. This representation makes the Hough transform conceptually very close to the two-dimensional Radon transform. (They can be seen as different ways of looking at the same transform.) An infinite number of lines can pass through a single point of the plane. If that point has coordinates (x0,y0) in the image plane, all the lines that go through it obey the

Once the camera lens has been located it has to be over exposed. A photograph may be described as overexposed when it has a loss of highlight detail, i.e when the bright parts of an image are effectively all white, known as "blown out highlights". Since the infrared beam is of high intensity rather than the other light incident on the lens from the image, the camera tends to be overexposed. The auto focusing mechanism of the camera adjusts the position of the lens to focus on the infrared beam. This causes nonfocusing of the camera on the image that is to be prevented from capturing.

This corresponds to a sinusoidal curve inExample of overexposure by infrared laser the (r,) plane, which is unique to that point. If the curves corresponding to two points are superimposed, the location (in the Hough space) where they cross correspond to lines (in the original image

Normal Exposure (Fig. 1)

Effect of over-exposure 6.2 Surrounding adaptive overexposure beam wavelength The wavelength of the infrared beam being emitted intermittently is not constant. The wavelength is altered according to the lighting nature of the environment. This is achieved by using a sensor which is based on photo detector. If the surrounding is dark the beam of center wavelength of 900-980 nm is emitted. . If the surrounding is bright the beam of center wavelength of 800-900 nm is emitted. (Fig. 2) Fig.1 : shows the photo captured normally without using the camera disabling device Fig.2 : shows the photo captured after using the camera disabling device It is observed that the image quality has been decreased to a great extent. This could be use to diminish the clarity and the visibility of the image being captured.

7. Observations

8. Simplified Design For Use In Theatres

The film industry losses about 3 billion dollar a year due to movie piracy. This is the method that can deployed to prevent piracy.Infra red light emitting diodes are placed behind the theatre screen. The beams are emitted intermittently. The wavelength of the beam and the timing is varied continuously using the timing and control unit. This beam can be detected by the camera ccd sensors. Since the beams is of high intensity and narrow the auto focusing feature of the camera gets detoriated. So the video which is being tried to capture on the camera falls out of focus. The quality of the image therefore obtained is of poor clarity. Thereby, the aim of pirating the movie is destructed. the Since the infra red beam does not fall within the visible range of the human sight it remains invisible to the human eyes. Therefore, the overexposure beam does not affect the movie being played on the screen.

1 Camera Disabling Device 2- Theatre Screen 3- Camera used for piracy 4- Theatre Projector

The Real Time Experimental Theatre Screen

Front Of Screen

9. Merits The circuitry and devices used for this technique are simple in nature. The type of radiation is proven to be not harmful to humans. It can be implemented easily in any type of rooms, buildings, theatres etc without any alteration to the existing area. Since the method uses a low cost technology it can be implemented at a comparatively less expense. 10. Conclusion The device explained above can prove to be essential to all environments like theatres, lockers, private areas, antiespionage systems, defense secrecy etc. This technology if developed to a good extent it would be of great help prevent piracy, maintain national secrecy in the future.

Infrared LED Array

11. References Optical principles and technology for engineers - James E. Stewart Infrared optics and zoom lenses By Allen Mann Digital image processing using Matlab By Rafael C. Gonzlez, Richard Eugene Woods Digital Image processing: algorithms and systems San Jose,Jaakko Astola, Karen Egiazarian, Edward R. Dougherty