ME-662 CONVECTIVE HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER
A. W. Date
Mechanical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Mumbai - 400076
India
LECTURE-16 FULLY-DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOWS-2

()

March 26, 2012

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LECTURE-16 FULLY-DEVELOPED
LAMINAR FLOWS-2

1
2

Friction Factor - Triangular Cross Section

Friction Factor - Arbitrary Cross-sections

()

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1
Triangular Duct - L16( 21
)

TRIANGULAR DUCT
Y

Governing Eqn
2

+f

u
u
+
=1
2
x
y 2
u =
x =

(1)

INCLUDED ANGLE

2a

u
(4 a2 1

2b

dp
)
dz

x
y
y =
2a
2a

with BCs

Solution is obtained by
Variational Method due to
Kantarovich. Thus let,
2

u = 0 at x = 0 and 1

u = (f 2 y ) F (x )
The objective is to find F (x ).

where m = tan . We restrict

u = 0 at y = f (x ) = m x attention to 2 < 900 , so that
m < 1.
()

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2
Variational Method - L16( 21
)

The variational
Z
I =

2u 2u

( 2 +
=0
2 1) u dx dy

x
y

(2)

Note that df / dx = m = tan = const. Hence, in the present

2
0
case, d 2 f /dx = 0. Then, letting dF / dx = F etc,
2u
2
00
0
= (f 2 y ) F + 4 m f F + 2 m2 F
2

x
2u
= 2 F
y 2
Substitution for u and the derivatives and, further carrying out
the integrations gives ( see next slide )
()

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3
Solution-1 - L16( 21
)

4
I = f 3
3

Z
0


o
4 2 00 n
0
2
f F + 4 m f F + 2(m 1) F 1 F dx = 0
5

This implies that terms in the square bracket equal zero. Or,
o
4 2 00 n
0
f F + 4 m f F + 2(m2 1) F 1 = 0
5

Define F = F 0.5 (m2 1)1 . Then, since, f = m x ,

00

x F + 5 x F +

()

5 m2 1
(
)F =0
2
m2

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4
Solution-2 - L16( 21
)

The last eqn can be transformed to read as




1 d
5 m2 1
5 dF
x
+
(
)F =0
dx
2
m2
x 3 dx
R

The solution is: F = F 0.5 (m2 1)1 = A x 1 + B x 2 . Or,

R

F = 0.5 (m2 1)1 + A x 1 + B x 2 . Or,

n
o
R
R
2
2
u = (m2 x y ) 0.5 (m2 1)1 + A x 1 + B x 2

o0.5 
n
m2 1
where R1 = 0.5 4 + 16 10 ( m2 )

o0.5 
n
m2 1
and R2 = 0.5 4 16 10 ( m2 )
Constants A and B are to be determined from the boundary
condition u = 0 at x = 0 and 1.
()

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5
Solution-3 - L16( 21
)

Condition at x = 1 gives, A + B = 0.5 (m2 1)1 .

Now, for m < 1, R2 < 0. Therefore, condition at x = 0 gives, B =
0. Hence, the final solutions is:
R
2
2
u = 0.5 (m2 1)1 (m2 x y ) (x 1 1).
Integration gives
R1 Rf

u = R1 Rf
0

u dx dy

dx dy

1
m2
R1
( 2
)(
)
6 m 1 R1 + 1

Further, it can be shown that Dh /(2a) = 2 m (m +

Hence,
ffd Re =
()

m2 + 1)1 .

1 Dh 2
12 (m2 1)
4

(
)
=
(
+ 1)

2 u 2a
(m + m2 + 1)2 R1
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6
Parametric Solutions - L16( 21
)

2
85
75
60
50
40
30
20
10
5

m
0.9163
0.7673
0.5773
0.4663
0.3640
0.26795
0.1763
0.08749
0.04366

R1
0.11598
0.39708
1.00
1.60517
2.5135
4.0266
7.0503
16.114
34.234

Dh / 2a
0.80639
0.7568
0.6667
0.59414
0.50971
0.4112
0.29591
0.16034
0.08359

ffd Re
13.219
13.288
13.333
13.308
13.2267
13.073
12.8309
12.4808
12.258

2 = 60 degrees corresponds to an Equilateral Triangle .

Methods of this type are not general. For different ducts such as
ellpitical or triangular with rounded corners, different strategies
must be invoked. Therefore, we seek a general method
applicable to all types of complex ducts. ( see next slide )
()

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7
Arbitrary Cross-Sections - L16( 21
)
Y

Governing Eqn

SUNGLY CONNECTED
DOMAIN

2u 2u
1 dp
+ 2 =
= Const
2
z
y
dx

DUCT BOUNDARY
( Z , Y )

Define

u
1

dp
dx

= u (

z2 + y 2
)
4

Hence, Laplace Eqn

No-slip condition implies

ub

zb2 + yb2
=(
)
4

2u 2u
+
=0
z 2
y 2
()

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8
Soln of Laplace Eqn - L16( 21
)
Soln is given by

u (z, y) =

N
X

ci gi (z, y)

i=1

where ci are coefficients to be determined and the functions gi

are prescribed by exploiting the following property of the
Laplace equation:
For any positive integer n, the real and imaginary parts of the
complex variable (z + i y )n are each exact solutions ( gn (z, y) )
of the Laplaces equation.
Thus, by successively assigning n = 0, 1, 2, . . . 8 ( say ), the first
seventeen solutions are given by ( see next slide )

()

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9
Functions gn (z, y) - L16( 21
)
g1
g2
g3
g4
g5
g6
g7
g8
g9
g10
g11

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1 (n = 0)
z (n = 1)
y (n = 1)
z 2 y 2 (n = 2)
2 z y (n = 2 etc)
z3 3 z y 2
3 y z2 y 3
z4 + y 4 6 z2 y 2
4 z3 y 4 z y 3
z 5 10 z 3 y 2 + 5 z y 4
y 5 10 y 3 z 2 + 5 y z 4

()

g12 =

g13 =
g14 =

g15 =

g16 =

g17 =
+

z 6 15 z 4 y 2 + 15 z 2 y 4
y6
6 z 5 y + 6 z y 5 20 z 3 y 3
z 7 21 z 5 y 2 + 35 z 3 y 4
7 y6 z
y 7 + 21 y 5 z 2
35 y 3 z 4 + 7 z 6 y
z 8 + y 8 28 z 6 y 2
28 y 6 z 2 + 70 z 4 y 4
8 z 7 y 56 z 5 y 2
56 z 3 y 5 8 x y 7
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Coefficients Ci - L16( 10
21 )
We choose 16 boundary points ( say )
The coefficients ci=1,2,...,16 are determined from 16 boundary
conditions. Thus,
N

u (zb , yb ) = (

X
zb2 + yb2
)=
ci gi (zb , yb )
4
i=1

The coefficients are determined by LU-decomposition followed

by forward elimination and backward substitution Procedure1

Another method is to use Gramm-Schmidt Ortho-normalisation method

()

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Example - Elliptical Duct L16( 11

21 )
7

3
2

10

16
11

12

13

14

15

See next slide for the computed data for b =1, a = 2

()

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Coordinates and functions L16( 12

21 )
zb
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

yb
0.0000
0.6614
0.8660
0.9682
1.0000
0.9682
0.8660
0.6614
0.0000

RHSi
ci
1.0000 0.40
0.6719 0.00
0.4375 0.00
0.2969 0.15
0.2500 0.0
0.2969 0.0
0.4375 0.0
0.6719 0.0
1.0000 0.0

Data for b = 1, a = 2.
RHSi = (zb2 + yb2 )/4
()

zb
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5

yb
0.6614
0.8660
0.9682
1.0000
0.9682
0.8660
0.6614

RHSi
ci
0.6719 0.0
0.4375 0.0
0.2969 0.0
0.2500 0.0
0.2969 0.0
0.4375 0.0
0.6719 0.0

Note that only c1 and c4 are

non-zero. This is found to be
true for all values of a and b
March 26, 2012

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Final Solution - 1 - L16( 13

21 )
Hence, the solution for b=1 and a = 2 is
u
1

dp
dx

u
1 dd xp
yb

= 0.4 + 0.15 (z 2 y 2 ) (

z2 + y 2
)
4

= 0.4 0.1 z 2 0.4 y 2

R a R yb
u dz dy
= R0 a R0 yb
= 0.2
dz dy
0
0

0.5
zb2
= b 1 2
(Eqn of Ellipse)
a

u
= 2 0.5 z 2 2 y 2
u

()

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Final Solution - 2 - L16( 14

21 )
Generalisation gives:
u
1 dd xp
u
1 dd xp

= c1 + (c4 0.25) z 2 (c4 + 0.25) y 2

= c1 + 0.25 (c4 0.25) a2 0.25 (c4 + 0.25) b2

ffd Re = Dh2 /(2

u
1 dd xp

A
Dh = 4 ( ) and A = a b
P


2
4
6
25 8
ab
=
P = (a + b) 1 +
+
+
+
4
64 256 16384
a+b

()

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15
Results - Ellipse - L16( 21
)
b
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

a
1
1.25
1.67
2
2.5
5.0
10.0

C1
0.25
0.3049
0.3676
0.4
0.431
0.4808
0.495

C4
0.00
0.0549
0.1176
0.15
0.181
0.2308
0.245

A / b2

3.927
5.236
6.283
7.854
15.708
31.416

P/b
2
7.0904
8.059
9.688
11.506
21.008
40.623

Dh /b
2.0
2.254
2.461
2.594
2.730
2.991
3.0934

ffd Re
16.00
16.098
16.479
16.823
17.294
18.605
19.329

a = 1 and b = 1 corresponds to circular tube

()

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Triangle with Rounded Corners - L16( 16

21 )
Y

ORIGIN
b

a
X

EQUILATERAL
TRIANGLE

17 points are chosen. b = rounding radius, a = unrounded side

()

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Coefficients ci - L16( 17
21 )
RHSi
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0427
0.1592
0.1795
0.1860
0.1908
0.1894
0.1467

ci
0.756E-02
0.198E+00
-0.371E-01
0.680E+00
-0.763E+00
-0.838E+01
0.384E+01
0.317E+02
-0.804E+01
-0.580E+02

()

RHSi
0.1467
0.1894
0.1908
0.1860
0.1795
0.1592
0.0427
0.0006

ci
-0.580E+02
0.890E+01
0.585E+02
-0.528E+01
-0.321E+02
0.139E+01
0.761E+01
0.224E-01

b = 0.05, a = 1. zb and yb are

not listed.

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Triangle with Rounded Corners - L16( 18

21 )

b
0.0
0.05
0.10
0.167

a
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

A / a2
0.433
0.4142
0.4031
0.400

P/a
3.0
2.794
2.588
2.316

Dh /a
0.57735
0.59287
0.62277
0.69207

ffd Re
13.33
14.91
15.66
15.74

b=0 corresponds to equilateral triangle with sharp corners

()

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Circular Segment Cross-Section - L16( 19

21 )
Y

DUCT BOUNDARY

DUCT BOUNDARY
b
DUCT

ORIGIN

BOUNDARY

16 points are chosen. b = radius, = Apex angle

()

March 26, 2012

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Coefficients and ffd Re - L16( 20

21 )

90
60
45
30
10

Dh /b
1.223
0.6422
0.3825
0.177
0.0202

c3
.426
.231
.140
.0655
.0076

c4
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250

c7
-.0816
-.0785
-.0789
-.0805
-.083

c11
-.0083
-.0104
-.0115
-.0132
-.0133

c15
-.001
-.0031
-.005
-.008
-.0889

ffd Re
15.765
15.69
15.643
15.598
15.56

c1 , c2 , c5 , c6 , c8 , c9 , c10 , c12 , c13 , c14 , c16 0.

= 90 corresponds to a duct of semi-circular cross section.

()

March 26, 2012

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21
Conclusions - L16( 21
)
The method developed for Ducts of Arbitrary Cross-sections is
most general. It can be applied to any Singly Connected Duct
Cross Section . In lecture 18, we shall apply this method to FD
heat transfer.
Important References:
1

Sparrow E M and Haji-Sheikh A Flow and Heat Transfer in

Ducts of Arbitrary Shape with Arbitrary Thermal Boundary
Conditions, Trans ASME Jnl of Heat Transfer, pp 351 - 358,
Nov ( 1966 )
Shah R K and London A L Laminar Forced Convection in
Ducts, Advances in Heat Transfer, vol 15, Academic Press,
New York ( 1978 )
()

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