(14)%

(13)%
54 %
(30)%
(3)%
11 %
49 %
3%
(56)%
(17)%
24 %
29 %
(32)%
5%
(32)%
45 %
2%
(17)%
(61)%

(861.5)

(833.1)

(821.0)

(772.0)

(873.2)

(812.6)

(711.1)

(741.4)

(617.7)

(534.1)

(576.6)

(661.7)

(864.8) (1,005.9) (1,052.5) (1,056.5) (1,064.3) (1,060.9) (1,040.5) (1,015.1)

(153.5)

18 %

219.4

220.2

230.6

225.8

232.3

236.9

241.3

235.6

218.2

221.5

227.4

203.3

204.6

209.8

225.2

229.8

234.8

242.3

253.1

245.0

25.6

12 %

111.8

120.7

113.3

102.2

104.7

99.8

107.5

110.2

119.5

101.8

98.5

96.6

104.2

99.8

114.1

109.7

128.4

127.6

133.7

123.1

11.3

10 %

CH4
Natural Gas Systems
Enteric Fermentation
Landfills
Coal Mining
Manure Management
Petroleum Systems
Wastewater Treatment
Forest Land Remaining Forest Land
Rice Cultivation
Stationary Combustion
Abandoned Underground Coal Mines
Mobile Combustion
Composting
Petrochemical Production
Iron and Steel Production & Metallurgical
Coke Production
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
Ferroalloy Production
Silicon Carbide Production and Consumption

674.9
189.8
132.1
147.4
84.1
31.7
35.4
23.5
3.2
7.1
7.4
6.0
4.7
0.3
0.9

676.4
191.5
132.3
148.4
81.1
33.2
35.6
23.9
2.8
7.0
7.6
6.2
4.6
0.4
0.9

680.8
191.9
136.4
149.0
79.0
32.0
34.7
24.3
4.2
7.9
7.8
6.7
4.5
0.4
0.9

671.6
194.8
138.0
148.4
67.7
33.5
33.8
24.4
2.6
7.0
7.3
6.9
4.5
0.5
1.0

685.4
197.7
140.3
146.7
68.1
35.7
33.7
24.7
7.7
8.2
7.2
8.1
4.4
0.6
1.1

678.0
198.4
143.5
139.4
67.1
36.8
33.4
24.8
4.3
7.6
7.1
8.2
4.3
0.7
1.1

684.3
202.2
142.5
136.0
66.8
36.2
33.3
24.9
12.2
7.0
7.4
8.5
4.1
0.8
1.1

662.6
201.7
139.7
127.0
66.4
38.0
33.2
25.2
2.4
7.5
6.7
7.6
4.0
0.9
1.2

656.7
201.2
138.1
119.7
66.8
41.4
32.9
25.2
3.2
7.9
6.2
6.9
3.8
1.0
1.2

650.2
195.4
138.1
114.7
62.9
41.9
31.9
25.3
11.3
8.3
6.3
7.0
3.5
1.1
1.3

659.9
209.3
136.5
111.7
60.4
42.4
31.5
25.2
14.3
7.5
6.6
7.4
3.4
1.3
1.2

655.9
215.5
135.7
108.2
60.4
44.2
31.5
24.7
8.3
7.6
6.2
6.7
3.3
1.3
1.1

658.0
217.2
136.1
108.5
56.8
45.4
31.1
24.7
12.6
6.8
6.2
6.2
2.9
1.3
1.2

649.7
214.1
134.3
113.7
56.8
42.1
30.4
24.5
8.0
6.9
6.4
6.0
2.7
1.5
1.1

636.7
204.8
134.4
109.7
58.1
44.3
29.9
24.6
4.6
7.6
6.5
5.8
2.6
1.6
1.2

631.4
190.4
136.5
112.5
56.9
46.6
29.4
24.3
9.8
6.8
6.6
5.5
2.5
1.6
1.1

672.1
217.7
138.8
111.7
58.2
46.7
29.4
24.5
21.6
5.9
6.2
5.5
2.3
1.6
1.0

664.6
205.2
141.0
111.3
57.9
50.7
30.0
24.4
20.0
6.2
6.5
5.6
2.2
1.7
1.0

676.7
211.8
140.6
115.9
67.1
49.4
30.2
24.5
11.9
7.2
6.5
5.9
2.0
1.7
0.9

686.3
221.2
139.8
117.5
71.0
49.5
30.9
24.5
7.8
7.3
6.2
5.5
2.0
1.7
0.8

11.4
31.4
7.7
(29.9)
(13.0)
17.7
(4.4)
1.0
4.6
0.2
(1.3)
(0.5)
(2.7)
1.3
(+)

2%
17 %
6%
(20)%
(16)%
56 %
(13)%
4%
144 %
3%
(17)%
(9)%
(58)%
421 %
(2)%

Incineration of Waste
International Bunker Fuelsc
N2O
Agricultural Soil Management
Mobile Combustion
Manure Management
Nitric Acid Production
Stationary Combustion
Forest Land Remaining Forest Land
Wastewater Treatment
N2O from Product Uses
Adipic Acid Production
Composting
Settlements Remaining Settlements
Incineration of Waste
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
Wetlands Remaining Wetlands
International Bunker Fuelsc
HFCs, PFCs, and SF6
Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances
HCFC-22 Production
Semiconductor Manufacture

1.0

0.8

0.9

0.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.4

(0.6)

(62)%

0.3
+
+

0.2
+
+

0.3
+
+

0.2
+
+

0.3
+
+

0.2
+
+

0.3
+
+

0.3
+
+

0.3
+
+

0.3
+
+

0.3
+
+

0.2
+
+

0.2
+
+

0.2
+
+

0.2
+
+

0.2
+
+

0.2
+
+

0.2
+
+

0.3
+
+

0.2
+
+

(+)
(+)
(+)

(8)%
(40)%
(67)%

+
0.2
315.2
197.8
43.9
14.5
17.7
12.8
2.7
3.7
4.4
15.8
0.4
1.0
0.5
0.1

+
0.2
326.5
207.7
46.0
14.7
17.7
12.8
2.3
3.8
4.3
15.4
0.4
1.0
0.4
0.1

+
0.2
317.3
195.4
49.0
14.8
18.1
13.0
3.5
3.9
4.0
13.5
0.5
1.1
0.5
0.1

+
0.1
336.9
212.0
51.1
14.5
18.4
13.2
2.2
4.0
4.6
14.6
0.6
1.2
0.4
0.1

+
0.1
336.2
203.5
52.8
15.3
19.4
13.3
6.4
4.0
4.6
14.2
0.7
1.3
0.5
0.1

+
0.1
342.8
207.6
54.0
15.7
19.7
13.3
3.7
4.0
4.6
17.6
0.8
1.2
0.5
0.1

+
0.1
362.9
219.3
54.7
15.6
20.5
13.9
10.2
4.1
4.6
17.4
0.9
1.1
0.5
0.1

+
0.1
339.7
209.7
55.3
15.8
21.0
14.1
2.2
4.1
4.9
9.8
1.0
1.1
0.4
0.1

+
0.2
343.4
217.6
55.2
16.0
20.7
14.0
2.9
4.2
4.9
5.4
1.1
0.9
0.4
0.1

+
0.1
334.2
203.2
54.1
16.7
19.9
14.0
9.7
4.4
4.9
4.9
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.1

+
0.1
341.0
206.8
53.2
17.1
19.4
14.6
12.1
4.5
4.9
5.5
1.4
1.1
0.4
0.1

+
0.1
342.2
220.4
50.3
17.0
15.8
14.1
7.2
4.6
4.9
4.7
1.4
1.4
0.4
0.1

+
0.1
331.7
208.8
46.3
17.4
17.1
14.0
10.7
4.5
4.4
5.2
1.4
1.4
0.4
0.1

+
0.1
317.6
202.4
42.8
16.9
16.0
14.3
7.0
4.6
4.4
5.7
1.6
1.4
0.4
0.1

+
0.1
320.0
211.8
40.1
16.9
15.9
14.5
4.1
4.7
4.4
3.8
1.7
1.5
0.4
0.1

+
0.1
322.9
211.3
36.9
17.3
16.5
14.7
8.4
4.8
4.4
5.0
1.7
1.5
0.4
0.1

+
0.2
326.4
208.9
33.6
18.0
16.2
14.4
18.0
4.8
4.4
4.3
1.8
1.5
0.4
0.1

+
0.2
325.1
209.4
30.3
18.1
19.2
14.6
16.7
4.9
4.4
3.7
1.8
1.6
0.4
0.1

+
0.2
310.8
210.7
26.1
17.9
16.4
14.2
10.1
5.0
4.4
2.0
1.9
1.5
0.4
0.1

+
0.1
295.6
204.6
23.9
17.9
14.6
12.8
6.7
5.0
4.4
1.9
1.8
1.5
0.4
0.1

(+)
(+)
(19.6)
6.8
(20.0)
3.4
(3.1)
(+)
4.1
1.3
(+)
(13.8)
1.5
0.5
(0.1)
+

(23)%
(14)%
(6)%
3%
(46)%
23 %
(18)%
(+)%
152 %
36 %
(+)%
(88)%
421 %
55 %
(23)%
3%

+
1.1
92.0
0.3
36.4
2.9

+
1.1
84.2
0.6
32.7
2.9

+
1.1
87.9
1.7
36.4
2.9

+
1.0
87.8
5.5
33.1
3.6

+
1.0
90.4
12.5
31.5
4.0

+
0.9
107.2
29.0
33.0
4.9

+
1.0
116.8
40.3
31.2
5.5

+
1.0
123.7
51.4
30.1
5.8

+
1.1
136.1
58.8
39.5
7.1

+
1.0
135.2
66.6
30.4
7.2

+
0.9
136.8
74.3
28.6
6.2

+
0.9
127.2
80.4
19.7
4.4

+
1.0
136.3
87.1
21.1
4.3

+
0.9
131.8
92.9
12.3
4.3

+
1.1
141.3
99.0
17.2
4.3

+
1.0
145.4
104.2
15.8
4.4

+
1.2
147.4
109.4
13.8
4.7

+
1.2
153.7
112.3
17.0
4.8

+
1.2
152.2
115.5
13.6
5.1

+
1.1
146.1
120.0
5.4
5.3

(+)
(7)%
+
4%
54.1
59 %
119.6 36,143 %
(31.0)
(85)%
2.4
83 %

Aluminum Production

18.5

15.6

14.3

13.7

12.1

11.8

12.4

10.8

8.6

8.5

8.6

3.5

5.2

3.8

2.8

3.0

2.5

3.8

2.7

1.6

(17.0)

(91)%

Electrical Transmission and Distribution

28.4

27.2

27.1

26.3

24.7

22.8

20.9

19.1

16.3

16.6

16.0

16.3

15.6

15.1

15.1

15.1

14.1

13.2

13.3

12.8

(15.6)

(55)%

Magnesium Production and Processing

5.4

5.2

5.5

5.6

5.4

5.6

6.6

6.4

5.9

5.9

3.0

2.9

2.9

3.4

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.6

1.9

1.1

(4.4)

Total

6,181.8

6,142.1

6,244.2

6,367.2

6,466.4

6,550.7

6,766.5

6,807.1

6,850.2

6,916.2

7,112.7

6,998.6

7,038.5

7,065.1

7,174.8

7,213.5

7,166.9

7,263.4

7,061.1

6,633.2

451.4

Net Emissions (Sources and Sinks)

5,320.3

5,309.1

5,423.2

5,595.1

5,593.2

5,738.1

6,055.4

6,065.7

6,232.5

6,382.1

6,536.1

6,336.8

6,173.7

6,059.3

6,122.3

6,157.1

6,102.6

6,202.5

6,020.7

5,618.2

297.9

Carbon Dioxide

Methane

8,000
6,182

6,142

6,244

6,367

6,466

Nitrous Oxide

6,551

6,767

6,807

6,850

6,916

7,113

HFCs, PFCs, & SF6

6,999

7,039

7,065

7,214

7,175

7,167

7,263

7,061

6,633

6,000
4,000
2,000
0

4.0%

3.3%

2.0%

1.7%

2.0%

1.6%

2009

(58)%

(5.4)
(4.3)
4.3
(5.0)
(0.3)
0.7
2.5
0.1
(3.8)
(0.6)
0.3
0.3
(0.7)
0.1
(0.5)
0.3
+
(0.1)
(0.2)

2008

(57.7)

32.2
29.0
12.3
11.8
11.2
7.8
7.6
4.3
3.0
2.7
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.1

2.8%
1.6%

1.3%
0.6%

0.6%

1.0%

0.6%

0.0%

1.3%
0.5%

0.4%

-0.6%

-0.6%

-2.0%

-1.6%
-2.8%

-4.0%
-6.0%

CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion,

by Fuel Type and End-Use Sector

-8.0%

2,500

Relative Contribution by
Fuel Type

2,000

-6.1%

2009

41.9

32.8
40.5
12.2
11.9
14.3
8.7
6.3
4.1
4.5
3.4
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.0
1.2
1.2
0.6
0.5
0.2

2007

66.0

31.1
44.5
12.7
14.0
14.6
8.2
7.7
4.1
4.3
3.9
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.0
1.2
1.1
0.6
0.5
0.2

2008

71.0

30.8
45.8
12.5
12.3
15.1
7.9
8.0
4.2
3.8
3.8
1.7
1.8
1.5
0.9
1.2
1.1
0.6
0.5
0.2

2006

68.8

29.9
45.2
12.5
12.8
14.4
7.9
6.8
4.2
4.1
4.2
1.3
1.8
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.1
0.6
0.5
0.2

2007

65.9

28.7
44.8
12.4
13.2
14.5
7.6
5.9
4.2
4.2
4.3
1.2
2.1
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.1
0.5
0.5
0.2

2005

68.0

29.0
42.3
12.1
12.4
13.8
8.3
4.1
4.1
4.5
4.1
1.3
1.8
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.2
0.6
0.5
0.2

2006

69.5

30.2
42.2
11.8
14.2
13.1
8.5
5.6
4.1
4.5
4.3
1.0
1.8
1.3
1.0
1.3
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.2

2004

71.9

29.4
40.6
11.4
13.3
13.6
7.8
4.8
4.1
4.4
4.2
0.8
1.7
1.5
1.1
1.3
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.2

2005

75.6

29.9
40.4
11.1
16.4
14.1
7.5
5.1
4.2
6.1
4.5
1.4
1.8
1.9
1.2
1.4
1.0
0.6
0.5
0.2

2003

85.9

30.7
39.3
11.0
17.6
14.3
7.5
7.6
4.2
6.3
4.6
1.4
1.7
2.2
1.2
1.5
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.3

2004

84.3

29.6
38.5
10.8
19.0
14.6
7.7
6.9
4.3
6.2
4.5
1.4
1.7
2.2
1.1
1.6
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.4

2002

86.5

39.6
37.6
11.9
18.0
14.3
7.0
6.7
4.4
6.0
4.4
1.4
1.7
2.2
1.0
1.5
1.0
0.6
0.5
0.3

2001

92.7

40.0
36.4
11.9
17.7
14.1
7.0
7.2
4.2
6.0
4.1
1.4
1.5
2.1
0.9
1.6
1.0
0.6
0.5
0.3

2003

91.3

42.5
36.2
11.3
17.8
13.3
7.0
6.7
4.3
5.7
4.1
1.4
1.5
2.0
1.0
1.5
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.3

2000

93.3

41.0
36.1
10.9
18.4
12.6
6.8
4.8
4.0
5.5
4.0
1.4
1.5
2.0
0.9
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.3

2002

89.7

40.9
34.6
9.8
17.8
12.1
6.4
4.3
4.0
6.2
3.8
1.4
1.4
1.9
1.0
1.3
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.3

1999

87.1

37.5
32.8
9.5
17.5
11.8
6.9
4.6
4.1
6.8
3.6
1.4
1.4
2.0
0.9
1.5
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.3

2001

91.0

37.8
32.5
8.0
16.8
11.4
7.3
4.5
4.0
6.9
3.4
1.4
1.2
1.9
1.0
1.4
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.3

1998

90.6

37.6
33.3
8.0
16.8
11.5
7.1
5.1
4.1
6.8
3.3
1.4
1.2
2.2
1.0
1.5
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.4

Natural Gas Systems

Cement Production
Incineration of Waste
Ammonia Production and Urea Consumption
Lime Production
Cropland Remaining Cropland
Limestone and Dolomite Use
Soda Ash Production and Consumption
Aluminum Production
Petrochemical Production
Carbon Dioxide Consumption
Titanium Dioxide Production
Ferroalloy Production
Wetlands Remaining Wetlands
Phosphoric Acid Production
Zinc Production
Lead Production
Petroleum Systems
Silicon Carbide Production and Consumption
Land Use, Land-Use Change, and
Forestry (Sink)a
Wood Biomass and Ethanol Consumptionb
International Bunker Fuelsc

Total GHG emissions rose 7.3 percent since 1990

Dominant gas emitted was CO2, mostly from fossil fuel combustion
Methane emissions increased by 1.7 percent
Nitrous oxide emissions decreased by 6.2 percent
HFC, PFC, and SF6 emissions have grown by 58.8 percent

2000

99.5

Iron and Steel Production & Metallurgical

Coke Production

19902009 Trends

1997

8%
10 %
4%

1999

405.5
470.6
4.7

Fossil Fuel Combustion

Non-Energy Use of Fuels

Absolute Percent

1996

5,505.2
5,209.0
123.4

1998

2009

5,921.4
5,565.9
141.0

1995

2008

6,120.0
5,756.7
137.2

1997

2007

6,021.1
5,653.1
145.6

1994

2006

6,113.8
5,753.2
143.4

1996

2005

6,076.7
5,708.0
151.3

1993

2004

5,966.0
5,621.1
131.4

1995

2003

5,912.6
5,557.6
136.0

1992

2002

5,873.3
5,521.9
133.9

1994

2001

5,975.0
5,594.8
144.9

1991

2000

5,796.6
5,391.1
167.9

1993

1999

5,713.9
5,316.2
158.7

1990

1998

5,681.2
5,284.0
144.3

1992

1997

5,602.5
5,215.9
136.8

1991

1996

5,422.8
5,031.5
139.2

MMT C0 2 Eq.

1995

5,354.3
4,977.4
133.5

Gas

1994

5,270.8
4,909.8
124.7

MMT CO2 Eq.

1993

5,158.2
4,799.1
123.5

Combustion, by Fuel Type

and End-Use Sector

1992

5,055.0
4,698.2
124.4

U.S. Greenhouse Gas

Emissions by

1991

5,099.7
4,738.4
118.6

Change

1990

CO2

Annual
in U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions

Gas/Source

CO2 Emissions
from Fossil Fuel

Fast FactsInventory
Fastof U.S.
Facts
Fast
Facts
Greenhouse
Gas Emissions
and Sinks

Change from
1990 to 2009

U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (MMT CO2 Equivalents)

2,154

Petroleum

1,720

Natural Gas

1,500

Coal
1,000

730

500

224

339
42

Commercial

Residential

Industrial

Transportation

Electricity
Generation

U.S. Territories

Recycled/Recyclable

Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J)

April 2011
EPA 430-F-11-007

Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on

Recycled Paper (Minimum 50% Postconsumer)
Process Chlorine Free

+ Does not exceed 0.05 MMT CO2 Eq.

a T he net CO flux total includes both emissions and sequestration, and constitutes a sink in the United States. Sinks are only
2
included in net emissions total. Parentheses indicate negative values or sequestration.
(81)% b
Emissions from Wood Biomass and Ethanol Consumption are not included specifically in summing energy sector totals. Net carbon
7%
fluxes from changes in biogenic carbon reservoirs are accounted for in the estimates for Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry.
c Emissions from International Bunker Fuels are not included in totals.
6%
Note: Totals may not sum due to independent rounding. Emissions weighted using GWP values from IPCC Second Assessment
Report (1996) in keeping with UNFCCC reporting guidelines.

Global Warming Potentials

(100 Year Time Horizon)

GWP
a

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Methane (CH4)*
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
HFC-23
HFC-125
HFC-134a
HFC-143a
HFC-152a
HFC-227ea
HFC-236fa
HFC-4310mee
CF4
C2F6
C4F10
C6F14
SF6

SAR
1
21
310
11,700
2,800
1,300
3,800
140
2,900
6,300
1,300
6,500
9,200
7,000
7,400
23,900

AR4
1
25
298
14,800
3,500
1,430
4,470
124
3,220
9,810
1,640
7,390
12,200
8,860
9,300
22,800

IPCC Second Assessment Report (1996)

b
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007)
* The methane GWP includes the direct effects
and those indirect effects due to the production of
tropospheric ozone and stratospheric water vapor.
The indirect effect due to the production of CO2 is
not included.
a

Global Warming Potential (GWP) is defined as

the cumulative radiative forcing effects of a gas
over a specified time horizon resulting from the
emission of a unit mass of gas relative to a
reference gas. The GWP-weighted emissions
of direct greenhouse gases in the U.S.
Inventory are presented in terms of equivalent
emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), using
units of million metric tons of carbon dioxide
equivalents (MMT CO2 Eq.).
Conversion:
1 million metric tons = 106 metric tons
= 109 kg
The molecular weight of carbon is 12,
and the molecular weight of oxygen is 16;
therefore, the molecular weight of CO2 is
44 (i.e., 12+[16x2]), as compared to 12
for carbon alone. Thus, the weight ratio of
carbon to carbon dioxide is 12/44.

The common energy unit used in international reports of greenhouse gas emissions
is the joule. A joule is the energy required to
move an object one meter with the force of
one Newton. A terajoule (TJ) is one trillion
(1012) joules. A British thermal unit (Btu, the
customary U.S. energy unit) is the quantity of
heat required to raise the temperature of one
pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at or
near 39.2 Fahrenheit.

1 pound

= 0.454 kilograms

2.388x1011 calories

23.88 metric tons of crude oil equivalent
1 TJ =
9.478x108 Btu

277,800 kilowatt-hours

CarbonInformation

= 16 ounces

1 kilogram

= 2.205 pounds

= 35.27 ounces

1 short ton

= 0.9072 metric tons

= 2,000 pounds

1 metric ton

= 1.1023 short tons

= 1,000 kilograms

1 cubic foot

= 0.02832 cubic meters

= 28.3168 liters

Conversion Factors to Energy Units (Heat Equivalents)

Heat Contents and Carbon Content Coefficients of Various Fuel Types
Converting Various Physical Units to Energy UnitsThe values in the following table provide conversion
factors from physical units to energy equivalent units and from energy units to carbon contents. These factors
can be used as default factors, if local data are not available.

1 cubic meter

= 35.315 cubic feet

= 1,000 liters

1 U.S. gallon

= 3.78541 liters

= 0.03175 barrels = 0.02381 barrels petroleum

1 liter

= 0.2642 U.S. gallons

= 0.0084 barrels

= 0.0063 barrels petroleum

Fuel Type

1 barrel

= 31.5 U.S. gallons

= 119 liters

= 0.75 barrels petroleum

Solid Fuels
Anthracite Coal
Bituminous Coal
Sub-bituminous Coal
Lignite
Coke
Unspecified Coal
Gas Fuels
Natural Gas

1 barrel petroleum = 42 U.S. gallons

Energy Units

MMT CO2 Eq.= Gg x (GWP) x MMT
of gas

1,000 Gg

Unit Conversions

= 159 liters

1 foot

= 0.3048 meters

= 12 inches

1 meter

= 3.28 feet

= 39.37 inches

1 mile

= 1.609 kilometers

= 5,280 feet

1 kilometer

= 0.6214 miles

= 3,280.84 feet

1 square mile

= 2.590 square kilometers = 640 acres

1 square kilometer = 0.386 square miles

= 100 hectares

1 acre

= 0.4047 hectares = 4,047 square meters

= 43,560 square feet

Btu
MBtu
MMBtu
BBtu
TBtu
QBtu

British thermal unit

Thousand Btu
Million Btu
Billion Btu
Trillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu

1 Btu
1x103 Btu
1x106 Btu
1x109 Btu
1x1012 Btu
1x1015 Btu

Note: GWP values from the IPCC Second Assessment

Report are used in accordance with UNFCCC
guidelines.

Prefix/Symbol

Factor

Tera(T)
Giga(G)
Mega(M)
Kilo(k)
Hecto(h)
Deca(da)

Deci(d)
Centi(c)
Milli(m)
Micro()
Nano(n)
Pico(p)

1012
109
106
103
102
101
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12

Motor Gasoline
Distillate Fuel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
Jet Fuel
Aviation Gasoline
LPG
Kerosene
Still Gas
Petroleum Coke
Pentanes Plus
Unfinished Oils

1,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
100
10
1
.1
.01
.001
.000001
.000000001
.000000000001

Implied Sectors
Industry
Transportation
Commercial
Residential
Agriculture
U.S. Territories
Total Emissions

1990
2,238.3
1,548.3
947.7
953.8
460.0
33.7
6,181.8

2000
2,314.4
1,935.8
1,135.8
1,162.2
518.4
46.0
7,112.7

2005
2,162.5
2,022.2
1,205.1
1,242.9
522.7
58.2
7,213.5

2006
2,194.6
1,999.0
1,188.5
1,181.5
544.1
59.3
7,166.9

Residential

CO2 Emissions

from Fossil Fuel
=

Combustion

5,000

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

per Physical Unit

kg C/Million Btu
28.28
25.44
26.50
26.65
31.00
25.34
kg C/Million Btu
14.46

kg CO2/Metric Ton
2,579.9
2,456.6
1,835.9
1,385.6
3,131.9
2,560.0
kg CO2/Cubic Foot
0.0544
kg CO2/Petroleum
Barrel
372.2
430.8
472.1
409.5
349.0
219.3
415.1
400.3
615.1
323.6
433.8

kg C/Million Btu
19.46
20.17
20.48
19.70
18.86
16.83
19.96
18.20
27.85
19.10
20.31

Fuel Combusted X Carbon Content Coefficient

X Fraction Oxidized X (44/12)
May include adjustments for carbon stored in fossil fuel-based
products, emissions from international bunker fuels, or
emissions from territories.

4,000

Carbon Intensity of Different Fuel Types

3,000
2,000

2,500

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2002

2003

2000

2001

1999

1998

1997

1996

1994

1995

1,000

1993

2009
1,910.9
1,816.9
1,184.9
1,158.9
516.0
45.5
6,633.2

Industry

Commercial

6,000

1991

2008
2,146.5
1,895.5
1,224.5
1,215.1
531.1
48.4
7,061.1

Transportation

Agriculture
7,000

1992

2007
2,192.9
2,008.9
1,225.3
1,229.6
553.2
53.5
7,263.4

U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allocated to Economic Sectors with

Electricity Distributed (MMT CO2 Eq.)

Electric Power Industry

8,000

1990

2009
2,193.0
1,812.4
1,322.7
490.0
409.5
360.1
45.5
6,633.2

Sectors

2008
2,400.7
1,890.7
1,446.9
503.9
403.5
367.1
48.4
7,061.1

MMT of C0 2 Eq.

2007
2,454.0
2,003.8
1,483.0
520.7
389.6
358.9
53.5
7,263.4

by Type

2006
2,388.2
1,994.4
1,497.3
516.7
375.2
335.8
59.3
7,166.9

MMT C0 2 Eq.

2005
2,444.6
2,017.4
1,441.9
493.2
387.2
371.0
58.2
7,213.5

Emissions
from Economic

2000
2,337.6
1,932.3
1,544.0
485.1
381.4
386.2
46.0
7,112.7

2009
Economic Sector Emissions

1990
1,868.9
1,545.2
1,564.4
429.0
395.5
345.1
33.7
6,181.8

Million Btu/Metric Ton

24.88
26.33
18.89
14.18
27.56
27.56
Btu/Cubic Foot
1,026
Million Btu/Petroleum
Barrel
5.22
5.83
6.29
5.67
5.05
3.55
5.67
6.00
6.02
4.62
5.83

Carbon (C) Content

Coefficients

Note: For fuels with variable heat contents and carbon content coefficients, 2009 U.S. average values are
presented. All factors are presented in gross calorific values (GCV) (i.e., higher heating values). LRG =
Liquid Refinery Gas. Miscellaneous products includes all finished products not otherwise classified,
(e.g., aromatic extracts and tars, absorption oils, ram-jet fuel, synthetic natural gas, naptha-type jet fuel,
and specialty oils).

U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allocated to Economic Sectors (MMT CO2 Eq.)
Implied Sectors
Electric Power Industry
Transportation
Industry
Agriculture
Commercial
Residential
U.S. Territories
Total Emissions

Heat Content

Liquid Fuels

Conversion from gigagrams of gas to million

metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents:

( )

Energy Conversions

Guide to Metric Unit Prefixes

Gas

EconomicSectors

Reference Inventory
Tables
and
Conversions
of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks

Conversions
and Units

Process
Electricity
Fuel Combustion

2,000
1,500

For more information on calculating CO2 emissions per kWh,

download eGRID at:
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egrid

1,000
500
0
Industry

Transportation

Commercial

The amount of carbon in fossil fuels per unit of energy content varies significantly by fuel type. For example, coal contains the highest amount of carbon
per unit of energy, while petroleum has about 25 percent less carbon than
coal, and natural gas about 45 percent less.

Residential

Agriculture

Download the Inventory at: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html

For other related information, see:

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange and
http://unfccc.int
Source for all data: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 19902009 (EPA 2011)