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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)

e-ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 4, Issue 3 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 58-65


www.iosrjournals.org

www.iosrjournals.org 58 | Page
Compensation of Intrachannel Cross-phase Modulation (IXPM)
Induced Phase perturbation in Dispersion Managed
Transmission over Uncompensated Single Fiber Line

Nitu Syed
1
, Tanjib Rubaiyat
2
1
School of Engineering and Computer Science, Independent University Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka,
Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
(BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the phase perturbation caused by intrachannel cross-phase modulation
(IXPM) in 40Gbit/s optical RZ pulse for both periodically dispersion managed (DM) transmission and
uncompensated single fiber line. Analytical estimation for phase fluctuation due to intra-channel effects has
been deduced using variational analysis. Simulation results confirm significant reduction in the phase
fluctuations due to IXPM by using dispersion managed line compared to uncompensated fiber line. As a result
of using simple dispersion compensation technique IXPM induced phase fluctuation can be mitigated by proper
adjustment of different parameters and the quality of existing transmission system is improved.
Keywords: Dispersion management, duty cycle, intrachannel cross-phase modulation, uncompensated fiber,
variational analysis

I. INTRODUCTION
Nonlinear intrachannel effects occur especially in high bit rate return-to-zero (RZ) transmission, while
pulses are transmitted over optical fibers. They base on the interplay between chromatic dispersion and the non-
linear Kerr effect and yield in amplitude and timing jitter, thus decreasing signal quality and maximum
transmission distance [1]-[2]. Dispersion managed (DM) system has been an active research topic in the area of
long-haul optical communication systems for some years [3][5]. A dispersion managed optical communication
system is made of alternate segments of normal (positive) and anomalous (negative) dispersion fiber in a
periodic manner. The combination of fiber segments with alternating normal and anomalous dispersions makes
a unit cell of a DM link. Thus, in a unit cell, fiber dispersion becomes locally high, but the average dispersion of
a cell remains low. In long distance transmission links above 100 km, high transmission powers are involved
which give rise to nonlinear effects. In particular, in standard single mode fiber (SSMF) the high local
dispersion leads to rapid pulse broadening over several bit slots, and the overlapping neighboring pulses interact
through intra-channel cross phase modulation and intra-channel four wave mixing (IFWM) in a single channel
system [6]. In comparison to the combined effect of IXPM and ISPM induced non-linear phase noise (NLPN),
IFWM effect is considered insignicant for highly dispersive fiber [7]. On the other hand, IXPM distortion
directly contaminates the pulse phase. Recently some research on IXPM have been conducting [8]-[10] but the
basic study with overall performance analyses due to IXPM distortion are still under research.
So among these nonlinearities IXPM is our concern as the impact of IXPM on fiber-optic
transmission system has yet to be address completely. The objective of this paper is to study & investigate the
phase fluctuations due to IXPM on RZ pulse in details for both uncompensated line and DM system. We have
analyzed the phase perturbation using variational analysis [11]. We have obtained several dynamical
equations for various pulse parameters. The phase fluctuation is obtained by solving these equations using
Runge-Kutta method. Next the effects of various parameters (such as transmission distance, input power,
duty cycle) on phase shift have been investigated for both systems. The simulation results show that lower
phase fluctuation is achieved by using DM technique and pulse distortion is significantly reduced compared
to uncompensated single fiber transmission line. Finally split step Fourier method (SSMF) is used in some
cases to validate the analytical results of dispersion management scheme. Phase fluctuation is calculated by
detecting pulse peak power and the position of pulse peak in axis of time. This paper is organized as follows:
variational analysis presuming IXPM as a perturbation has been presented in section 2. Section 3 gives the
system description and results of uncompensated single fiber transmission. The simulation results for a DM
model are described in Section 4. Finally the summary and conclusion of work is stated in Section 5.


Compensation of Intrachannel Cross-phase Modulation (IXPM) Induced Phase perturbation in Dispersion
www.iosrjournals.org 59 | Page
II. ANALYSIS OF IXPM INDUCED PHASE FLUCTUATION IN RZ PULSE
Optical pulse propagation in a fiber with dispersion management can be described by dimensionless
nonlinear Schrdinger equation (NLSE):
j j
j j
U U z S
T
U
b
Z
U
i
2
2
2
) (
2
+
c
c

c
c
,
j
R =

(1)

Where U (Z, T), b(z), S(z), T and Z represent normalized envelop of electric field, dispersion parameter,
nonlinear coefficients, normalized retarded time and propagation distance respectively. We assume that

A
j
, p
j
,
C
j
,
j
,
j
and
j
represent the j-th pulses amplitude, reciprocal of pulse width, linear chirp, central frequency,
central time position and the phase of the pulse, respectively. Then the solution of Eq. (1) can be approximated
by a Gaussian pulse which is associated with linear chirp as:
, ) exp(
2
exp ) ( ) , (
2
j
j
j j
i Z A T Z U |
t
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

Assuming IXPM as the sole perturbation, R
j
is can be defined as
( )
2
3
2
j j j
R S Z U U

=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
3 3
2 exp exp exp
2
j
j j j j
S Z A A i
t
t |

| |
=
|
|
\ .

The dynamical equations with perturbation can be written for two pulses (j = 1, 2) as:
( )
3
j
j
j j p
dp
b Z p C R
dZ
= +
(2)
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
1
2
j
j
j j j C
dC S Z
b Z p C A R
dZ
= + +
(3)
j
j
d
R
dZ
k
k
=
(4)

( )
j
j
j T
dT
b Z R
dZ
k = +
(5)

( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
5
2 4 2
j
j
j j j
d b Z S Z
p A R
dZ
u
u
k = + +
(6)
where
( )
2
2
Im 1 2 exp
2
j
j
i j j
p j j
j
p
R R e d
A

t
t t
t

| |
(
=
|
|
\ .
}
(7)

{ }
( )
2
2
2
Re Im 1 2 exp
2
j j
j
i i j
C j j j j
j
R R e C R e d
A

t
t t
t

| |
( (
=
|
|
\ .
}
(8)
{ }
2
2
Re Im exp
2
j j
j
i i j j
j j j j
j
p
R R e C R e d
A

k
t
t t
t

| |
( (
=
|
|
\ .
}
(9)
2
2
Im R exp
2
j
j
i j
T j j
j j
R e d
A p

t
t t
t

| |
(
=
|
|
\ .
}
(10)
( )
{ }
2
2
1
Re 3 2 4 Im exp
2 2
j j
j
i i j
j j j j j j
j j
R p R e R e d
A p

u
t
t k t t
t

| |
( (
= +
|
|
\ .
}
. (11)
Here
Re
j
i
j
R e

(

and
Im
j
i
j
R e

(

represent the real and imaginary parts of
j
i
j
R e

, respectively, and can
given as
( ) ( )
2
2 2
3 3
Re 2 exp exp
2
j
i j
j j j j
R e S Z A A

t
t


| |
(
=
|
|
\ .

Im 0.
j
i
j
R e

(
=


Compensation of Intrachannel Cross-phase Modulation (IXPM) Induced Phase perturbation in Dispersion
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Now applying variational method and
2
2
j j j j
E U dT A p t

= =
}
which represents constant pulse energy of
U
j
, Eqs. (2) (6) can be deduced as:
=
dZ
dp
j
j j
C p Z b
3
) ( (12)
{ }K P p
j
E
j
p
j
E
Z S C p Z b
dZ
j
dC
j j j
2
) ( 2
3
4
2
) ( ) 1 ( ) (
2 2
3
2 2
t
t
A

+ =

(13)
K P p p E E
dZ
d
) ( ) ( 4
) (
2
2 1 2 1
t
k
A + =
A
(14)
}
1
){ (
) (
2 1
2
2
k t
t
A +
=
A =
A
p p
j
C p Z b
dZ
d
j j
(15)
( )
j j j
p p
Z b
dZ
d
j
E
Z S
j
t
k
u
2 4
5
) (
2 2
2
) (
+

=
{ } | |K P p P
j j
E
2
) ( 2 2
2 4 2
3 3
t A +

+ (16)
Where
2 1
k k k = A , ) (
2
2
2
1
p p P + =

|
.
|

\
|
A
=
2
5
2 1
exp
) (
P P
p p Z S
K
t
t
and 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 (
2 1
= = k k . The pulse phase is evaluated by
) (Z
j
u
=
+ ) 0 (
j
u
}
z
d p S
j
E
j
0
) (
2 4
5
, ,
t
, k , d p b
j j
Z
) ( ) (
2 2
0

}
+

{ } | | , , t d K P p P E
Z
j j
) ( ) ( 2 2
0
2 2 2
3
4
3
}
A +


(17)
The phase shift observed at any pulse is deduced as
2 1
u u u A = ,
where
2
is the observed phase when two pulses are transmitted and
1
is the phase when single pulse is
transmitted. Applying Runge-Kutta method, we can evaluate phase shift due to IXPM using (12) to (17).

III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND RESULTS OF UNCOMPENSATED SINGLE
FIBER TRANSMISSION
We model a single channel system and a single fiber transmission line with highly dispersive fibers like
standard single mode fiber (SSMF) and Non-zero dispersionshifted fiber (NZDSF) as shown in Fig. 1 for two
different systems. We consider the total transmission period of around 100 km. Model parameters for SSMF is
taken as dispersion parameter 17ps/nm/km, effective core area 80m
2
and nonlinear index coefficient 2.510
-20
m
2
/W. In another system, we use NZDSF in place of SSMF. It has fiber parameters as following: dispersion
4ps/nm/km, effective core area 50m
2
and nonlinear index coefficient 1.510
-20
m
2
/W. The minimum pulse
width (FWHM) is taken as 10ps for each pulse and the pulses have a difference in time domain of 25ps.


Fig. 1. Uncompensated Single Fiber Transmission System using SSMF or NZDSF


1.1 Results
We numerically simulate the Gaussian pulse evolution in single fiber transmission system for a
transmission period of 100 km. We show pulse evolution along SSMF in the absence of noise in Fig. 2. It is
evident from Fig. 2 that each pulse is spreading out as it propagates down the ber. Under the inuence of
dispersion and nonlinearities each pulse is taking a distorted and broader shape only for 100km propagation.
Compensation of Intrachannel Cross-phase Modulation (IXPM) Induced Phase perturbation in Dispersion
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Fig. 2. Pulse dynamics within uncompensated SSMF system with full numerical simulation

Fig. 3 shows the IXPM induced phase fluctuation as a function of transmission distance for SSMF and
NZDSF. The simulation is done for 50km propagation at 40% duty cycle with a peak power of 1mW. We can
see from Fig. 3 that phase fluctuation increases linearly with the transmission distance. The reason for higher
phase fluctuations in NZDSF transmission is the smaller effective area of NZDSF. The effective core area of
NZDSF is less (50m
2
) compared to SSMF (80m
2
). It is evident from Eq.(17) that the non-linear effects that
occur in optical fiber are proportional to power density. On the other hand, power density is inversely
proportional to the effective area of the fiber.

Fig. 3. Phase shift versus transmission distance for uncompensated single fiber transmission

Fig. 4 shows that the phase shift is increasing for both types of uncompensated fiber lines with
increasing duty cycle d. The phase shift is highest when duty cycle is nearly 100%. It indicates the rapid
increase of pulse to pulse interaction in the region 0 < d 1. It is clear from Fig. 4 that SSMF shows lower
phase variation compared to NZDSF.

Compensation of Intrachannel Cross-phase Modulation (IXPM) Induced Phase perturbation in Dispersion
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Fig. 4. Maximum phase fluctuation versus duty cycle for 50km propagation

The change in phase shifts while propagating through SSMF and NZDSF with the variation of power is
shown in Fig. 5. The analytical result shows that phase shift increases rapidly with the increase of peak power.

The nonlinear refractive index causes an induced phase shift that is proportional to the intensity of pulse. Again

we can see that SSMF yields lower phase fluctuation compared to NZDSF. So it can be said from the above
results that SSMF shows better performance than NZDSF.

Fig. 5. Phase shift versus initial peak power for uncompensated single line propagation

From the above results we can predict that fiber chromatic dispersion and nonlinearity cause severe
distortion in the pulse shape only for 100km propagation. It is very evident that for uncompensated long-haul
transmission (more than 1000km) the optical pulse can disperse, or spread, over a distance, which clearly can
confuse the light detector at the far end of the fiber. A common method for overcoming this problem is
dispersion management technique.

III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND RESULTS OF DM SYSTEM
We assume a two step periodic dispersion map for DM transmission line. We consider a periodic
dispersion model which has a period span of L
1
+ L
2
=50km. It is repeated 20 times to cover the total
transmission of around 1000km.Amplifiers are assumed to be noise free in our studies, as we focus on
perturbations by nonlinear intrachannel effects only. For the DM model SSMF is followed by dispersion
Compensation of Intrachannel Cross-phase Modulation (IXPM) Induced Phase perturbation in Dispersion
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compensating fiber (DCF) in each period where the length of SSMF is L
1
= 43km and length of DCF is L
2
=7km
as shown in Fig. 6. The fiber parameters for SSMF are taken as dispersion 17ps/nm/km, fiber core area 80m,
nonlinear index coefficient 2.510
-20
m/W, and loss 0.21 dB/km when these are -100ps/nm/km, 20 m, 310
-20

m/W, and 0.5 dB/km for DCF.


Fig. 6. Transmission line models for a DM system

We numerically simulate the Gaussian pulse evolution in DM transmission system for the total
transmission length of 1000 km. The numerical simulations have been carried out by directly solving Eq. (1)
using split-step Fourier method (SSFM). We show pulse evolution along the periodic DM system for two DM
map periods in Fig.7. We observe stationary pulse propagation for a single pulse in a dispersion managed
system. The figure shows that the pulse can keep its robustness during propagation which is enviable for long
haul transmission system.


Fig. 7. Single Pulse dynamics within the DM system with full numerical simulation

The change in phase shift with the variation of distance and power are shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9
respectively while propagating through a DM system. The simulation is done for 1000km propagation with a
peak power of 1mW and 40% duty cycle. It can be said, path length introduces a fundamental limit to long-haul
fiber communications.

The analytical result shows that phase shift increases rapidly with the increase of peak
power for dispersion managed scheme which is also approved by the numerical result. But it is evident from all
the results that phase fluctuation in the dispersion managed system is much lower compared to the
uncompensated single SSMF or NZDSF fiber. So to realize a long haul transmission, dispersion compensation is
essential to avoid nonlinear signal distortion instead of using single uncompensated fiber.

The agreement
between the analytical estimation and numerical simulation results is fairly satisfactory.

Compensation of Intrachannel Cross-phase Modulation (IXPM) Induced Phase perturbation in Dispersion
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Fig. 8. Phase shift versus transmission distance for DM system

Fig. 9. Phase shift versus initial peak power for dispersion managed line

Next we explore the change of maximum phase shift as a function of duty cycle d for DM system in
Fig. 10.

Here duty cycle is varied from (0-100) %.

Similar to the uncompensated line transmission the phase
fluctuation shows a rapid increase in the region 0 < d 1. But it is evident that in a dispersion managed line the
optical pulses show lower phase variation compared to uncompensated line.

Fig. 10. Phase shift versus duty cycle d for dispersion managed line
IV. CONCLUSION
Compensation of Intrachannel Cross-phase Modulation (IXPM) Induced Phase perturbation in Dispersion
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This work has been devoted to the investigation of phase fluctuations in different optical fiber
transmission systems in order to obtain long-haul high capacity optical communication networks. The effects of
IXPM induced phase distortion at 40Gbit/s in SSMF and NZDSF are investigated in this paper. The influences
of various parameters (such as transmission distance, input power, duty cycle) on phase shift have been
explored. But in ber optic communication systems, information is transmitted over an optical ber for more
than 1000km. Several phenomena limit the transmission performance of long-haul optical transmission systems
including fiber nonlinearities, dispersion, and noise. So, the effect of using dispersion managed system is also
investigated for practical communication system and simulation results show that phase fluctuation is greatly
reduced in DM system. Nonlinear phase fluctuation is compensated dramatically using combinations of SSMF
and DCF. The analytical prediction is supported by the numerical results also. We can say, phase fluctuations
can be considerably mitigated by properly choosing DM model with due adjustment in different pulse
parameters. Further DM modeling could be checked to attain lower IXPM-induced phase shift. Fiber Bragg
gratings can also be considered for DM system instead of DCF. In order to obtain a complete real picture,
experimental investigation can be done taking the combined effect of all other major effects including ASE
noise, IFWM, stimulated Raman scattering and residual dispersion.

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