Collaborative Sensing to Improve Information Quality for Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Due to limited network resources for sensing,communication and computation, information quality (IQ) in awireless sensor network (WSN) depends on the algorithms and protocols for managing such resources. In this paper, for target tracking application in WSNs consisting of active sensors (such as ultrasonic sensors) in which normally a sensor senses the environment actively by emitting energy and measuring the reflected energy, we present a novel collaborative sensing scheme to improve the IQ using joint sensing and adaptive sensor scheduling. With multiple sensors participating in a single sensing operation initiated by an emitting sensor, joint sensing can increase the sensing region of an individual emitting sensor and generate multiple sensor measurements simultaneously. By adaptive sensor scheduling, the emitting sensor for the next time step can be selected adaptively according to the predicted target location and the detection probability of the emitting sensor. Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is employed to estimate the target state (i.e., the target location and velocity) using sensor measurements and to predict the target location. A Monte Carlo method is presented to calculate the detection probability of an emitting sensor. It is demonstrated by simulation experiments that collaborative sensing can significantly improve the IQ, and hence the tracking accuracy, as compared to individual sensing.

Introduction: Typically, a wireless sensor network (WSN) is application-driven and mission-critical. Therefore, the information quality (lQ) or quality of information (QoI) such as the accuracy of target tracking or event detection is critical for the end users, service providers and the system designers. To provide accurate IQ in WSNs is challenging due to the resource-constrained, dynamic and distributed nature of the network and the lack of a holistic design approach, which takes into account different types of resources and their inter-dependencies. Recently, IQ is receiving increasing interests for various WSN applications. For example, in , based on dynamic Bayesian network, sensor selection approaches for human activity detection are proposed to optimize IQ represented by the entropy of the detection probability. In , the relationship between the sensor sampling rate and the QoI metric of timeliness and confidence is derived. In , the entropy of sensory data is used to quantify the IQ. Based on the exponential correlation model for the sensory data, an asynchronous sampling strategy is proposed to improve the IQ through shifting the sampling moments of sensors. Target tracking in WSNs has been studied extensively. Due to the limited sensing capability and limited resources for communications and computation, collaborative resource management is required to trade-off between the tracking accuracy, i.e., the IQ of the target tracking application, and the resource usages, e.g., through selection of single tasking sensor or multiple tasking sensors . A distributed market-based congestion scheme is presented in for competition of allocated time slot in a node among multiple target tracks with different QoI and priorities. Ultrasonic WSN test-beds for target tracking are also developed using centralized architecture and distributed sensor

competition to show the IQ of different sensor scheduling schemes. In general, sensors used in WSNs can be classified into active and passive ones. Passive sensing mechanism is used in acoustic, seismic or thermal sensors where the sensor measures energy already in the

environment . A sensor adopting the active sensing mechanism, like the ultrasonic sensor, senses the environment actively by emitting energy and measuring the reflected energy . To the best of our knowledge, in the existing literature, the tasking sensor works independently of other sensors for individual measurement. In this paper, based on active ultrasonic sensors, we will introduce a joint sensing mechanism by using single sensor to emit the energy and multiple sensors to measure the reflected energy signals from the target, and present a novel collaborative sensing scheme using joint sensing and adaptive sensor scheduling to select the emitting sensor for the

next time step according to the predicted target detection probability of the emitting sensor. We will show that joint sensing can increase the sensing region of the emitting sensor and enable more useful sensor measurements simultaneously and the collaborative sensing can improve the IQ significantly. Due to the nonlinear characteristic of the measurements of joint sensing, extended Kalman filter (EKF) will be used to predict and estimate the target location and velocity information. The predicted target location will then be used to obtain the predicted target detection probability based on its Monte Carlo sampling.

SDLC Phases SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle. What is it all about? What are the various phases of it? Why should every client be aware of it? Here is the explanation to all these questions. As the name implies, it is primarily used to provide methodologies to develop computer software. It is a must to be aware of the guidelines and models in order to efficiently develop computer software. Various phases of SDLC are to be pursued in order to gain a better view of how a project could be handled. The phases of SDLC include requirements gathering and analysis, system designing, development, testing, operations and maintenance. Requirements gathering and analysis: Under this phase, the project's goal is determined and the functions are brought to focus. Gathering of information and analysis of the user's requirement is also done in this phase. System design: A sample structure of the entire project is created in this phase and all necessary data are gathered. Development: Coding of the whole project is done in this phase. Codes are easily generated if proper design is performed in the previous stage. According to the needs of the application, programming language is selected.

System testing: After the generation of codes, testing of all the modules is performed. All modules are integrated together and proper testing tools are selected for error checking. Operations and maintenance: Under the final stage of SDLC, the developed software is given to the users. Maintenance is necessary after the development of a successful project. It is obvious that changes occur once the project is handed over to the end user. The developers must develop the project in such a way that it is adaptable to those changes. The main operation of the software must not be affected by those changes. It is necessary for the client to be aware of all the phases of SDLC so that they can get to know about the status of the project under proposal. The client must also be aware of various operations performed under various stages. This would enable them to handle the project with ease. This also helps them to collect good quality products. Only when the clients are aware of the stages of SDLC, they can sort out the problems that arise while using the product. This would thus produce a good quality product.

System Requirement Specifications

A simplified outline can be given for the framework of the specifications. This is according to the IEEE Standards.

Software Requirement Specification (SRS) is the starting point of the software developing activity. As system grew more complex it became evident that the goal of the entire system cannot be easily comprehended. Hence the need of the requirement phase arose. The software project is initiated by the client needs. The SRS is the means of translating the ideasof the minds of clients (the input) into the formal document (the output of the requirement phase). The SRS phase consists of two basic activities: Problem/Requirement Analysis

The process is order and more nebulous of the two, deals with understand the problem, the goal and constraints. Requirements Specification: Here, what has been the focus is on specifying found giving analysis such as representation, specification languages and tools and checking the specifications are addressed during this activity.

ROLE OF SRS: The purpose of the SRS is to reduce the communication gap between the clients and the developers. SRS is the medium thought which the client and the user needs are accurately specified. It forms the basis of software development. A good SRS should satisfy all the parties involved in the system.

Purpose of the Project

Target tracking in WSNs has been studied extensively. Due to the limited sensing capability and limited resources for communications and computation, collaborative resource management is required to trade-off between the tracking accuracy

Existing System: A serious problem in WSN of active sensors is the inter-sensor interference (lSI) when nearby ultrasonic sensors emit sound wave simultaneously. Such interference will result in erroneous sensor readings and must be dealt with properly. lSI also introduces a new technological constraint in the design and implementation of a WSN. In this paper, we assume the WSN is deployed in a small area where the sensor nodes are in the interference range of each other, and only single target tracking is considered. To avoid lSI, at each time step, only one emitting sensor will be scheduled and the other sensors will participate in joint sensing with the scheduled emitting sensor.

Proposed System: A novel collaborative sensing scheme is proposed for target tracking application in WSNs by joint sensing and adaptive sensor scheduling. The proposed scheme can increase the detection region of an individual sensor and introduce more simultaneous sensor measurements for a single sensing operation. It is shown by simulations that the IQ of the WSN can be improved significantly using joint sensing. Future research issues include sensor scheduling for joint sensing for large scale WSNs, adaptive tracking algorithms for high maneuvering targets, joint sensing for multi-target tracking, as well as real test-bed development.

Modules :
Target tracking Joint sensing Sensor scheduling Collaborative sensing

Hardware Requirements:

Processor Ram Cache Hard disk Monitor

: Pentium-III (or) Higher : 64MB (or) Higher : 512MB : 10GB

Software requirements:

Technologies Web Technologies Database JDK Version Server

: Java and J2EE : HTML,CSS,JavaScript : Oracle10g : JDK1.5 : Tomcat5.5