Science fair for young children Year6

CONTENT NO
1. CONTENT

CONTENT

PAGES
1

2.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3.

OBJECTIVES

4.

INTRODUCTION

4-5

5.

METHODS OF PRESERVING FOOD

6-18

6.

IMPORTANCE OF FOOD PRESERVATION

19

7.

ATTACHMENT

20-25

Science fair for young children Year6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to extend my gratitude especially to my science sir Mr S.Selvaraj of SJK (T) Ladang Kemuning H/D for his guidance Secondly, I wish to extend my sincere appreciation to my headmistress Miss Theivamary and teachers for their kind during my science folio preparation in SJK (T) Ladang Kemunig H/D. ` Lastly, I would like to thank my fellow friends and my family for supporting me to do this science fair folio.

Science fair for young children Year6

OBJECTIVES

Define microorganisms State the significance of microorganisms. Enumerate causes of microorganisms Describe general principles of microorganisms Explain about useful and harmful of microorganisms Describe methods of preventing microorganisms from spreading the contagious diseases.

Science fair for young children Year6

Introduction

What are microorganisms

Microorganisms (short form is microbes) are very tiny living things. They cannot be seen with our naked eye. They can only be seen with the help of a microscope. Notice that the size of a microorganism is very small compared to the size of a human. Microorganisms can be found everywhere on earth. They live almost everywhere where moisture is found. Microorganisms can be found in ponds, soil, salty water, hot spring or even snow drifts. They can only be found on the bodies of animals, people and in the air we breathe. The four main type of microorganisms are bacteria, virus, fungi and protozoa.

Science fair for young children Year6

Bacteria
Bacteria live almost everywhere. They live in air, water, soil and living organisms. Some bacteria use sunlight to make their own food. Other bacteria feed on the rotten matter. Some bacteria feed on the bodies of living things. Bacteria exist in different shapes, colours and sizes. Very tiny.

Science fair for young children Year6

Virus
Viruses are the tiniest among all types of microorganisms. Can only be seen under the electron microscope. A virus can only reproduce in a living body. When a virus enters a living body, it uses materials from the living body to make new viruses. Viruses can be found in some animals, plants, humans, protozoa, fungi and bacteria. Can infect some bacteria, fungi, protozoa

Science fair for young children Year6

Fungi

The largest microorganisms Mushroom, yeast and moulds are fungi Fungi looks like a plant, but they have no roots, stems or leaves. Fungi cannot make their own food. They feed on living organisms. Fungi can be found in water, soil, air, rotten foods and on the bodies of living things. Reproduce from spores.

Science fair for young children Year6

Protozoa
Larger than bacteria and viruses. Aquatic organisms. Protozoa live mainly in water or damp areas. Most of them are able to move around. They feed on dead or living organisms. Some of them feed on other microorganisms. Amoeba and paramecium are examples of protozoa.

Science fair for young children Year6

Science fair for young children Year6

The characteristic of microorganisms

Microorganisms breathe Microorganisms are living things. They can breathe. When microorganisms breathe, they take in oxygen and release out carbon dioxide. A yeast is an example of a microorganism. A yeast feeds on sugar or food that contains sugar. As yeast breathe, it takes in oxygen and releases out carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide gas that is released causes the dough to rise. Microorganisms Grow Microorganisms grow and reproduce like other living things. Microorganisms need food, water, a suitable temperature, suitable acidity, oxygen and a dark environment. Microorganisms move Some microorganisms are immobile. They are not able to move. Some microorganisms do not have legs but can move freely. These microorganisms are usually found in water or damp areas. These microorganisms have special features or structures such as flagella or cilia that allow them to move. Different microorganism move in different ways.

Science fair for young children Year6

Useful microorganisms

Uses of Microorganisms Some microorganisms are useful. Microorganism are widely used in food industry for making bread, tapai and tempeh. Yeast is widely used in making bread. It makes the bread dough rice and the bread fluffy. Microorganisms also play an important role in making fertilisers. The remains of dead animals and plants can be turned into fertiliser by the decaying process. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi are responsible for the decaying process. They break down the tissues of dead organisms simpler materials that can be observed by plants as fertilisers. So, microorganism can be improve the fertility of soil. Fungi are used to produce antibiotics. Antibiotics can kill or slow down the growth of harmful bacteria.

Science fair for young children Year6

Harmful effects of microorganisms

Not all microorganisms are useful. Some have harmful effects, such as Causing illness or diseases Causing food poisoning. Causing food to turn bad. Causing tooth decay. Some microorganisms cause diseases. Microorganisms can also contaminate food and cause food poisoning. Symptoms of food poisoning include stomach upset, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. Food may become contaminated by houseflies, beetles or rat that carry microorganisms on their bodies. Food can also be contaminated if it is handled by dirty hands. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi cause food to turn bad. Food such as raw meat turns bad very fast if it is left in the open air. Fruits and vegetables will also turn bad if left in the open air for a period of time. Food turns bad because bacteria and fungi grow in it. Food that turns bad gives out a foul smell and taste bad. Food poisoning may occur if these food are consumed. Tooth decay is also caused by bacteria.

Science fair for young children Year6

Diseases caused by microorganisms

Diseases caused microorganisms can spread from one person to another. These diseases are called contagious diseases. A contagious diseases can be spread through different ways as shown in the table Ways by which diseases are spread Explanation Microorganisms are released into the air when infected person sneezes or coughs. Other people will inhale the microorganisms and get infected. Examples flu and cough Microorganisms can be spread by direct contact such as shaking hands or sharing of clothes and personal items such as towels Example measles, chickenpox Diseases can be contracted from food or drinking water contaminated by faeces of patients. Example - cholera, food poisoning Flies, mosquitoes and rats can transmit harmful microorganism to people Example - malaria, dengue, cholera.

The air

Direct contact

Food or water

Animals

Science fair for young children Year6

Ways to prevent the spreading of contagious diseases

It is important to know how a diseases spreads because it helps us to take preventive measures. Not spitting. Covering your nose and mouth when coughing and sneezing. Washing your hand before handling food and after using the toilet. Boiling water before drinking. Covering food to prevent contamination by houseflies or cockroaches. Putting patients who have chickenpox, conjunctivitis or mumps into quarantine. No sharing personal belonging such as towels. Covering wounds. Controlling the breeding of mosquitoes. Quarantine

Science fair for young children Year6

Science fair for young children Year6

Science fair for young children Year6

Science fair for young children Year6

Science fair for young children Year6

Science fair for young children Year6

Science fair for young children Year6

Science fair for young children Year6

Science fair for young children Year6

A microorganism (from the Greek: , mikrs, "small" and , organisms, "organism") or microbe is amicroscopic organism, which may be a single cell[1] or multicellular organism. The study of microorganisms is calledmicrobiology, a subject that began with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in 1675, using a microscope of his own design. Microorganisms are very diverse; they include all of the prokaryotes, namely the bacteria and archaea; and various forms ofeukaryote, comprising the protozoa, fungi, algae, microscopic plants (green algae), and animals such as rotifers andplanarians. Some microbiologists also classify viruses as microorganisms, but others consider these as nonliving.[2][3] Most microorganisms are microscopic, but there are some like Thiomargarita namibiensis, which are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye.[4] Microorganisms live in all parts of the biosphere including soil, hot springs, on the ocean floor, high in the atmosphere and deep inside rocks within the Earth's crust. Microorganisms are critical to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act asdecomposers. As some microorganisms can fix nitrogen, they are a vital part of the nitrogen cycle, and recent studies

Science fair for young children Year6

indicate that airborne microbes may play a role in precipitation and weather.[5] On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench. the deepest spot on the Earth.[6][7] Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 1900 feet (580 metres) below the sea floor under 8500 feet (2590 metres) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States.[6][8] According to one of the researchers,"You can find microbes everywhere they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."[6] Microbes are also exploited by people in biotechnology, both in traditional food and beverage preparation, and in modern technologies based on genetic engineering. However there are many pathogenic microbes which are harmful and can even cause death in plants and animals.[9]

Science fair for young children Year6