INTELLIGENT POWER AUTOMATION 3.3.

IR TRANSMITTER

2012

Let us now look at the IR TX and Rx for sensing the entry the student

FIG. 3.7 Infrared transmitter is used to transmit the messages i.e. for communication. IC 555 is working as a stable multi vibrator used to generate a frequency in the range of IR Frequency (40 kHz) and is fed to the transistor BD 140.Pin no 1. The transistor BD140 is amplifies the IR signal and drive the signal through the IR Diode Registers are used to provide DC biasing to the IC and transistor. Capacitor C1 used for triggering pulse to pin no 2 and capacitor C2 is working as filter and to generate a frequency in the range of IR level (infrared radiation) as shown in Fig.3.7. The pin diagram of the IC-555 is shown in Fig 3.8.

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INTELLIGENT POWER AUTOMATION 3.4. IR RECEIVER

2012

FIG.3.9 The above figure shows the block diagram of the IR receiver. In receiver there are 5 transistors in this circuit. Transistors 1-4 are used as amplifiers and transistor 5 is used as a driver circuit to drive the relay and it provides negative voltage to the relay through emitter to collector. WORKING The receiver IR LED (photo transistor) is placed in the base of transistor Q1. The received IR signals is amplified at transistor Q1 and out put is taken from collector and given to the base of transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 is amplified input signal and fed to the base of transistor Q3 through coupling capacitor Q4 and out put is taken from collector and fed to the base transistor Q4 through resister R8 and R9 and it is working as a coupler, the out put from collector is given transistor Q5 through the diode D1.

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INTELLIGENT POWER AUTOMATION

2012

The diode D1 is providing positive half cycle to the transistors. The diode D2 used as a polarity diode. The negative voltage is extended from emitter to collector to the relay. When there is no input signals the transistor 1-4 are not conducting so transistor Q5 also will not operate so negative voltage extended to the relay. One end of the relay coil is directly connected to the positive terminal and the other end is connected to the collector of transistor Q5 that is providing negative voltage to the relay for activation. When there is no input signal the transistor Q1 to Q5 are in forward bias and the transistor Q5 will produce voltage from emitter to collector the and the relay gets activated . When the IR sensor receives the input signal from the transmitter, the received signal is amplified by the transistor Q1 to Q4 is amplified then fed to the base of transistor Q5 through a diode which de- operating the transistor Q5 so there is no negative voltage from collector. So the relay gets no negative signal and it is in ideal condition (de activated). negative

FM TRANSMITTER
The FM transmitter is working on 27 Mhz is used to control the relay .It based on DTMF (dual tone multi frequency). The DTMF generate IC no 91214 various types of 16 tones the tones are modulated in modulator section after amplification by the RF section is radiated by the antenna Transistor BC 494 are used for RF amp and modulator . Rode antenna is used to transmit the FM modulated signal because the impedance of the circuit and the antenna are same 75 ohm

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INTELLIGENT POWER AUTOMATION FM RECEIVER

VCC 12 v

2012

Rc1

FROM ANT ENNA 270k 10k

470uF 3mH

4.7uF

10mH

0.1uF BF19 4

To DTMF decode r 0.01uF

3k

100k

2.2k

0.1uF

The FM modulated signals are received by the antenna is fed to the FM receiver (27 Mhz),after de coded by the DTMF de coder is send to the micro controller then appropriate driver section for activate the motor IC 8870 is used as DTMF de coder and all twelve transistor are working as driver to drive the DC motor( to control the train ON/OFF ). Components list

IC IC

91215 8870

= 1 =1 =2 =12 = 15 = 2

Tr BC 494 Tr Bc 147 Res various types X tal 27 MHZ

CIRCUIT DESIGN Designing the Receiver for the given parameters we get the current and passive elements of the Receiver, Ic = 0.8605mA, Vcc=12V, beta=100, VE=2.54V Wkt,
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INTELLIGENT POWER AUTOMATION

Vce = Vcc/2 = 12/2=6V IB = Ic/ beta = 8.605u A IE = Ic + IB = 0.8691m A Vc = Vcc - Vce - VE = 3.46V Vc = Vcc - (Ic * Rc) Rc = 9.924K ohm Rc = ( Rc1 * Rc2 )/( Rc1 + Rc2 ) Let Rc1 = 10K ohm Rc2 = 1.3057M ohm XL = Rc2 = 2*3.142*f*L Taking, f = 27M Hz (FM Transmission frequency) L = 10m H RE = VE / IE = 2.834K ohm Let, RE = 3K ohm Vth = VBE + VE = 3.24V IB = ( Vth VBE )/{ Rth + (beta + 1) RE} Rth = 72.97K ohm Rth = ( R1 * R2 )/( R1 + R2 ) Assuming R1 = 270K ohm R2 = 100K ohm.

2012

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