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The Wastewater Treatment Process

Spring2007,BE3340
MelissaWason,ShreyaPurhoit, DannyDehon,MoniqueMagee

TableofContents
1. Objective:........................................................................................................................ 5 2. Introduction:.................................................................................................................... 5 3. History: ........................................................................................................................... 5 4. Current Regulations: ....................................................................................................... 6 5. General Treatment Process: ............................................................................................ 6 I. Collection Systems: ..................................................................................................... 8 a. Storm Water Sewers:............................................................................................... 8 b. Sanitary sewers: ...................................................................................................... 8 c. Combined sewers: ................................................................................................... 8 d. Wastewater Velocity:.............................................................................................. 9 e. Elevation: ................................................................................................................ 9 II. Screening:................................................................................................................... 9 a. Types of Screens: .................................................................................................. 10 b. Disposal of Screened Debris:................................................................................ 11 c. Design Specifications:........................................................................................... 12 d. Bar-screens:........................................................................................................... 12 III. Aerated Grit Tanks:................................................................................................. 12 a. Aeration Basin:...................................................................................................... 12 b. Grit Removal:........................................................................................................ 13 c. Design Specifications............................................................................................ 13 d. Grit Disposal: ........................................................................................................ 14 IV. Skimming Tanks:.................................................................................................... 14 a. Skimmer: ............................................................................................................... 14 V. Aeration Tanks:........................................................................................................ 14 a. Oxygen Addition:.................................................................................................. 15 b. Polymer Addition for Flocculation: ...................................................................... 15 c. Design Specifications:........................................................................................... 15 VI. Primary Clarifying/Sedimentation Tanks:.............................................................. 16 a. Flotation and Skimming:....................................................................................... 18 c. Velocity:................................................................................................................ 21 VII. Trickling Filters:.................................................................................................... 22 a. Mechanical Revolving Distributor:.................................................................... 22 b. Filter:..................................................................................................................... 23 c. Maintenance: ......................................................................................................... 24 VIII. Secondary Settling Tank: ..................................................................................... 24 VIII. Chlorination Chamber:......................................................................................... 26 IX. De-chlorination Chamber: ...................................................................................... 28 6. Specific Process Design:............................................................................................... 29 Detailed flow chart........................................................................................................ 30 I. General Considerations Specific to This Process:..................................................... 31 I. Pumping Station: ....................................................................................................... 31 a. Head: ..................................................................................................................... 31 b. Pump Capacity:..................................................................................................... 31 2

c. Impeller: ................................................................................................................ 32 d. Shaft: ..................................................................................................................... 32 e. Power: ................................................................................................................... 32 II. Pipes: ........................................................................................................................ 32 a. Water Velocity: ..................................................................................................... 32 b. Dimensions: .......................................................................................................... 32 II. Bar Screens............................................................................................................... 32 a. Capacity: ............................................................................................................... 32 b. Openings: .............................................................................................................. 32 c. Water Velocity: ..................................................................................................... 32 d. Head Loss: ............................................................................................................ 33 III. Aerated Grit Tank ................................................................................................... 33 a. Retention Time:..................................................................................................... 33 b. Dimensions: .......................................................................................................... 33 c. Grit Remover:........................................................................................................ 33 IV. Skimming Tank: ..................................................................................................... 33 a. Retention Time:..................................................................................................... 33 b. Dimensions: .......................................................................................................... 33 c. Skimmers: ............................................................................................................. 34 V. Aeration Tank: ......................................................................................................... 34 a. Retention Time:..................................................................................................... 34 b. Dimensions: .......................................................................................................... 34 c. Flocculants: ........................................................................................................... 34 d. Paddle Dimensions: .............................................................................................. 34 e. Velocity:................................................................................................................ 34 f. Power:.................................................................................................................... 34 VI. Primary Sedimentation Tank: ................................................................................. 35 a. Retention Time:..................................................................................................... 35 b. Water Velocity:..................................................................................................... 35 c. Tank Dimensions: ................................................................................................. 35 d. Skimmer/Scrapper Power: .................................................................................... 35 VII. Trickling Filter: ..................................................................................................... 35 a. Tipping Tray: ........................................................................................................ 35 b. Filter:..................................................................................................................... 36 VIII. Secondary Sedimentation Tank: .......................................................................... 37 a. Retaining Time:..................................................................................................... 37 b. Water Velocity:..................................................................................................... 37 c. Dimension: ............................................................................................................ 37 d. Skimmer:............................................................................................................... 37 e. Scraper Power: ...................................................................................................... 37 IX. Chlorination Chamber: ........................................................................................... 37 a. Dosage:.................................................................................................................. 37 b. Retention Time: .................................................................................................... 37 c. Volume:................................................................................................................. 37 d. Chlorine Residual: ................................................................................................ 38 X. De-chlorination Chamber:........................................................................................ 38 3

a. De-chlorination: .................................................................................................... 38 b. Neutralization:....................................................................................................... 38 Appendix A....................................................................................................................... 38 Appendix B: ...................................................................................................................... 39 Appendix C: ...................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 1: General Flow Chart ............................................................................................. 1 Figure 2: Screening Process................................................................................................ 9 Figure 3: Solids Obtained After Screening......................................................................... 9 Figure 4: Mechanically Scraped Bar Screen..................................................................... 11 Figure 5: Aerated Grit Tank.............................................................................................. 12 Figure 6: Aeration Tank.................................................................................................... 15 Figure 7: Primary Sedimentation Tanks ........................................................................... 16 Figure 8: State of Water in the Primary Sedimentation Tanks ......................................... 17 Figure 9: Mechanical Skimming/Scrapping Device ......................................................... 17 Figure 10: Collection Hopper for Debris .......................................................................... 18 Figure 11: Additional Skimming ...................................................................................... 19 Figure 12: Settling Velocities .......................................................................................... 19 Figure 13: Zone Settling ................................................................................................... 20 Figure 14: Aeration Tank.................................................................................................. 21 Figure 15: Water that Enters the Trickling Filters ............................................................ 22 Figure 16: Trickling filters................................................................................................ 22 Figure 17: Mechanical Rotating Arm Distributing Device............................................... 23 Figure 18: Water Being Sprayed on Filter........................................................................ 23 Figure 19: Empty Filter Material ...................................................................................... 24 Figure 20: Secondary Settling Tank ................................................................................. 25 Figure 21: Secondary Settling Tank (view from the center)............................................. 25 Figure 22: Empty Secondary Sedimentation Tank ........................................................... 26 Figure 23: Chlorination Chamber ..................................................................................... 26 Figure 24: Water and Chlorine Mixture............................................................................ 27 Table 1: Design Characteristics of Fine Screens...10 Table 2: Ct Values.26

The Wastewater Treatment Process

1.Objective:
The objective of this project is to design a process for a wastewater treatment plant for a population of 10,000 people which is capable of treating one millions gallons of wastewater per day with the wastewater having the initial conditions of a temperature of 100C, a pH of 7.5, a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 200 mg/L, and a suspended solids (SS) concentration of 200 mg/L, and leaving with the characteristics in compliance with the current regulation of discharging water into a river or other body of water.

2.Introduction:
Wastewater is defined by the Committee on Sewerage and Sewage Disposal of the American Public Health Association as a combination of (a) the liquid wastes conducted away from residences, business buildings, and institutions and (b) from industrial establishments, with (c) such ground, surface and storm water as may be admitted to or find its way into the sewers (Eddie, 1972). This means that wastewater includes water from residential, industrial, and commercial sources. The water people use every day that goes down the drain from baths, sinks, dishwashers, and toilets accounts for only a portion of the total water usage. Large industries let out huge amounts of wastewater. Storm water is also added to wastewater lines. It is extremely important to treat wastewater for the protection of the environment and our health. Untreated wastewater, when let out into rivers, has a devastating impact on fisheries. Excess nitrogen, commonly contained in wastewater, can cause algal blooms, as well as great damage to aquatic organisms. If wastewater is not properly treated, it can carry pathogens, which, when consumed by humans, can cause serious health problems such as typhoid and cholera. Removal of solids from wastewater is necessary because as solid waste decays, it consumes oxygen and depletes the oxygen in whatever body of water it was added to, causing great harm to aquatic organisms. Treated wastewater can be reused in a variety of ways, such as, for drinking water, in industrial settings, or in agricultural settings. (http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuww.html)

3.History:
The first water disposal system was developed very early in history. The first known sewer was a Babylonian seal cylinder which dates back to the Seventh Century BC (Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972). Remains of wastewater disposals and sanitary sewers have been found in the cities of ancient Crete and Assyria, as well as in the city of Jerusalem. The Ancient Athens reused their sewage for irrigation purposes. Storm water sewers built by the Romans are still in use even today. Yet, it is thought that very few personal homes were connected to the sewers, and instead, most of the facilities were public. A few centuries later, storm sewers in the form of gutters and open channels were developed. Following multiple Cholera outbreaks in large cities such as London, the 19th 5

century saw the development of modern sewer systems. By 1910, the United States had built 25,000 miles of sewer lines, though most had proportions that were unnecessarily large. Through the 19th century, people were much more concerned about how the polluted water was obstructing their agricultural and manufacturing ventures than their health. In 1880, Eberth discovered bacillus in typhoid fever and began, for the first time, to provide a link between bacteria found in pollution and disease (Metcalf & Eddy, Sewerage and Sewage Disposal: A Textbook, 1930). Yet, it was not until the 20th century that people truly became more aware of the importance of treating wastewater for health reasons, and, hence, built more sewers and wastewater treatment facilities. On January 1st of 1970, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed to protect the environment. In 1972, the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments extended the role of the federal government in water pollution control, which greatly increased the federal funds for the construction of waste water treatment plants. In todays cities, water is pumped from wells, rivers, streams, and reservoirs to water treatment plants, where it is treated and distributed to customers. After it is used, the water, which has now become wastewater, travels through customers sewer pipes to wastewater treatment plants, where it is either treated and returned to streams, rivers, and oceans or reused for irrigation and landscaping. At the plant, equipment and processes remove or destroy harmful materials, chemical compounds, and microorganisms from the water. Pumps, valves, and other equipment move the water or wastewater through the various treatment processes, after which they dispose of the removed waste materials. Although it may seem simple at first glance, the treatment of wastewater is actually a multi-step, detailed process that requires great care.

4.CurrentRegulations:
Water pollution standards are largely set by two major Federal environmental statues: the Clean Water Act, which regulates the discharge of pollutants, and the Safe Drinking Water Act, which specifies standards for drinking water. Industrial facilities that send their wastes to municipal treatment plants must meet certain minimum standards to ensure that the wastes have been adequately pretreated and will not damage municipal treatment facilities. Municipal water treatment plants also must meet stringent standards for drinking water. The list of contaminants regulated by these statues has grown over time.

5.GeneralTreatmentProcess:

Main Sewers

Screenings

Grit Tank Organic wastes And Water Skimming Tanks Pre-treatment Process Polymer Skimmer Scrapper Primary Sedimentation Tanks Aeration Tanks

Inorganic solid waste is settled, rinsed, and discarded

Flocculation Coagulation Fats from the top Solids and Sludge from the bottom

Trickling Filters

Secondary Sedimentation Tanks

Cl2

Chlorine Contact Chamber

30 minutes

De-Chlorination Chamber

Removes Cl2

Discharge
Figure 1: General Flow Chart

A.InitialProcess:
The first part of the process, from the collections systems to the grit tanks, is implemented to remove debris that could disrupt the flow or damage the equipment used later in the process for the actual purification of the wastewater.

I.CollectionSystems:
Waste water from an area is transported to the waste water treatment plant by means of pipes (sewers) and channels. Sewers are usually made of concrete, brick, cast iron or welded steel and are constructed sloping downwards so that water flows towards the treatment plant. The topography of certain areas makes it necessary to install pumps to lift the sewage to a level from which the water can again start flowing due to gravity. Metering stations are also constructed to measure the amount of waste water in the sewers. The pipelines, appurtenances, and the disposals work together to form the sewage system. There are two kinds of sewage systems: combined and separate. In a combined system the same sewer is used to transport both storm water flow and dry weather flow. However, in a separate sewer system, separate pipes are used for the storm water flow and the dry weather flow. The three different kinds of sewers are storm sewers, sanitary sewers and combined sewers. (Al-Layla, Ahmad, & Middlebrooks, 1980)

a.StormWaterSewers:
Storm water sewers carry storm water run off and other drainage. The combined sewers are 50-60 times bigger than the sanitary sewers. The maximum rate of runoff from a drainage area determines the design of the storm sewers. The relationship between the rainfall and runoff is given by the formula: Q = CiA Here A is the drainage area for the sewer under consideration, i is the average intensity of the rainfall corresponding to the period of maximum rainfall of an assumed recurrence interval, C is the runoff coefficient which is the ratio of the peak run off from an area and the average rate of rainfall of an area during the rime of concentration, and Q is the peak rate of runoff.

b.Sanitarysewers:
Water from domestic, municipal, industrial sources along with small amounts of ground infiltration is transported through sanitary sewers (dry weather flow). Sanitary sewers are designed to maintain a minimum self cleansing velocity of 1m/s.

c.Combinedsewers:
Sewers used in combined systems are called combined sewers. They carry both storm water and sanitary wastes. The rate of flow in a sewer is given by the formula: Q = VA

d.WastewaterVelocity:
Gravity is normally the driving force for the flow of the wastewater through the different units. The velocity of the flow in channels connecting the various units of the treatment plant should be between .4 to 6 m/s. corresponding to the minimum flow and not above 1- 1.5m/s for the design flow. To prevent clogging the velocity should be above 1m/s.

e.Elevation:
The required difference in elevation can be calculated based on the head loss through the unit. To total head loss in the primary treatment may wary from 2 to 3 m and between 5 and 8 m in the secondary treatment. (Al-Layla, Ahmad, & Middlebrooks, 1980)

II.Screening:

Figure 2: Screening Process

Figure 3: Solids Obtained After Screening

a.TypesofScreens:

Wastewater from all different sewers is collected and brought to the treatment plant. The wastewater is passed through multiple screenings to remove large debris such as glass, rags, and stones. Screening protects the downstream units of the treatment plant from obstructions caused by the larger debris and improves the efficiency of the operations in the later stages. The screening chamber consists of vertical stainless steal screens at an angle (usually 30 degrees) to the horizontal. Stainless steal is used to prevent the screens from corrosion. They have uniform openings to retain large solids. The spacing of the screens determines the size of the particles removed (Metcalf & Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, 1935). The different types of screens and their design characteristics are shown in the table below:
Table 1: Design Characteristics of Fine Screens

(Metcalf & Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, 1935) The screening procedure can be manual or automated. However, automation is preferred if the screens will be exposed to high flow rates or if the water has large amounts of solid debris. With the help of mechanical rakes, the screens are constantly scrapped off to remove material deposited into the powers, which is then dumped into a shaft. The solids are separated by a screw in the shaft. (Al-Layla, Ahmad, & Middlebrooks, 1980) 10

The most common type of screens has a mechanical device to scrape off the deposited materials. In order to maintain a minimum velocity of .6m/s to prevent clogging, the dimensions of the channels near the screens are increased (Al-Layla, Ahmad, & Middlebrooks, 1980). A typical mechanically cleaned bar screen is shown in the figure below:

Figure 4: Mechanically Scraped Bar Screen (Metcalf & Eddy, Sewerage and Sewage Disposal: A Textbook, 1930)

b.DisposalofScreenedDebris:
The debris removed from the screening process is either buried in municipal landfills, composted in pits, incarnated or is returned to the plant after crushing and grinding.

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c.DesignSpecifications:
Each person in the town produces 75 gallons of wastewater per day. Therefore, there is a total of 750000 gallons per day of sanitary wastewater. Based on the average rainfall in the town, the storm water sewer carries 250000 GD. The diameter of the main sewer, which brings both the sanitary and storm wastewater, is 14 inches. The sewer is usually made of steel.

d.Barscreens:
Mechanically scrapped bar screens are used to finely screen the waste water.

III.AeratedGritTanks:

Figure 5: Aerated Grit Tank

In addition to the large debris filtered by the screenings, wastewater from domestic sources including lakes, oceans, and rivers also contains smaller solid particles that are termed grit due to their size and function in the treatment process. It consists of organic substances that do not dissolve and can potentially cause contamination.

a.AerationBasin:

Once the wastewater has passed through the initial bar screening process it is then pumped into two wet wells or basins. Four mechanical aerators mix the tanks and inject dissolved oxygen which is necessary to keep the bacteria alive and the basin aerobic. Helpful bacteria and the other microorganisms that consume the harmful organic matter are activated. Without the aerators producing oxygen the bacteria would die, turn septic, create odors, and negatively effect treatment. The growth of the helpful microorganisms is speeded up by vigorous mixing of air with the concentrated microorganisms and the wastewater. Adequate oxygen is supplied to support the biological process at a very active level. The ratio of organic matter to organisms to oxygen is continually monitored 12

and adjusted to meet daily variations in the wastewater. The water is then pumped and metered to the aerated grit chamber. The four pumps vary in speed to assist in the flow rate to the down stream unit pump (Jern, 2006).

b.GritRemoval:
There are several possible ways to remove grit from the wastewater after screening. The options are a Vortex-Type Grit Chamber, Gravity Flow Grit Chambers, and the Aerated Grit Chamber.

i.VortexTypeGritChamber:
The vortex channels use exactly what the name implies: a vortex. It is created by the shape of the grit chamber and by the propeller in the middle of the chamber. The wastewater enters the grit chamber around the outside edge of the chamber and continues in a circular motion down through the chamber. The combination of the circular pattern and motion of the propeller causes the heavier solids to concentrate in the bottom center of the grit chamber.

ii.GravityFlowGritChambers:
Gravity channels are sized to produce a certain optimum flow velocity through the channel. At this velocity, the majority of the grit will fall out of solution and be collected in a dump pit in the bottom of the channel. The long, narrow, relatively deep, aerated channels are equipped with coarse bubble diffusers. The velocity of the wastewater through the channel, combined with the tolling motion produced by the aeration, ensures that the grit is separated from the liquid flow.

iii.AeratedGritChambers:
Typically for large industrial wastewater treatment the Aerated Grit Chamber is used because if provides a means of consistent removal efficiency over an extensive flow range. They are versatile and allow for easy chemical addition, mixing and flocculation. The aerated grit removal chamber removes smaller particles such as sand, stones, coffee grinds etc. Aerated channels may be equipped with a mechanized grit removal device and a conveyor system to a bagging bin. Both are used to speed up the process so that the large amounts of wastewater can be accommodated since aerated channels are primarily used in larger sewage works. This step in the process is important because it removes particles that may cause excessive wear in the other plant treatment processes. The coupled air flow to the grit chamber prohibits lighter organic solids from settling as well as reducing septic odors in the wastewater. Settled grit is then pumped out to a dewatering screw (Jern, 2006).

The air system should be designed to provide 8 cubic feet per minute per foot of grit chamber length. The design should allow the air rate to be controlled over a range.

c.DesignSpecifications
3

ii.Detentiontime:
The chamber should be designed to have a detention time of 3 minutes at the maximum flow rate. 13

iii.Geometry:
The inlet and outlet should be placed to prevent short circuiting in the chamber. In addition, the inlet should introduce the wastewater directly into the circulation pattern caused by the air. The outlet should be at a right angle to the inlet with a baffle. A length to width ratio of 4:1 should be used.

d.GritDisposal:
After collection, the grit is then further cleansed of non-degradable matter and inorganic solids in a washer/classifier. The grit that has been removed from the process is relocated to a local landfill. (Jern, 2006). (Noyes, 1994) (Droste, 1997)

B.Pretreatment:
The next set of steps in the process, the skimming tanks and the aeration tanks, are intended to prepare the water for the actual treatment.

IV.SkimmingTanks:
In this extremely preliminary step, the skimming tanks are used to remove the majority of the substances already floating on the wastewater. For optimum removal, the best ratio for volume to surface area of the tank is 4 to 1. These items include, but are not limited to, grease, oil, small pieces of wood and cork, vegetable debris and fruit skins, (Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972). The water is pumped into the rectangular tank and retained in the tank for the time it takes for the water to flow all the way across the tank, which can be anywhere between one and five minutes. The wastewater enters into the tank at one elevation and exits the tank through openings in the opposite side of the tank which are at a lower elevation to enhance the separation of the wastewater and floating material. The floating debris is scraped off the top by a skimmer and held to be added to the wastes removed later in the sedimentation tanks and disposed of. (Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972)

a.Skimmer:

The skimming mechanism in the tank is quite simple. Metal strips are attached at intervals of 4ft. to 10ft., depending on the length of the tank, along the side walls of the tank at 45o angle toward the exit side of the tank. These strips generally descend between 6inches and 8 inches into the water. The floating debris comes into contact with the strips, is caught, and is carried along the metal strip toward the outside wall, where it collects and is periodically removed by an operator.

V.AerationTanks:

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Figure 6: Aeration Tank

(Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972)

a.OxygenAddition:
The aeration tanks, which are used to hold the wastewater while oxygen is mixed into it, are made of reinforced concrete and are left open to the atmosphere at the top. They are between fifteen and thirty three feet long and between ten and fifteen feet deep (Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972). An oxygen source supplies the oxygen and an agitator which mixes the water so that oxygen gets dispersed evenly through out the entire volume of water.

b.PolymerAdditionforFlocculation:
At the same time, polymers that aid in flocculation and coagulation are added. These aids, including aluminum, activated silica, and ferric salts, create a structure with the particles that better traps oxygen. The best ratio for good flocculation is to have the amount of the coagulant or flocculent be 1% - 2% of the amount of water (Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972). The same paddles that are mixing the oxygen into the water are mixing the aids in with the flocculants and coagulants to increase particle contact and therefore flocculation. Although the oxygen could be mixed at a very high rate and there would be no detrimental affects, if flocks are mixed too vigorously, instead of continuing to grow in size, the contact causes them to break apart. For this reason, the agitator is generally a slow spinning set of paddles. The ideal speed is approximately two to three fps (Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972). It takes from fifteen to thirty minutes of mixing for decent size flocks to form.

c.DesignSpecifications:
The date collected from several experiments has been used to determine equations for the power required to run the paddles and the theoretical detention time needed for the formulation of flocks. It has been found that the best mixing occurs when the height to radius ration is 1 to 1. One of the most commonly used sets is known as the Camp and Stein equations: Velocity of Paddles: v P = XvT

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Power: P = G 2V Theoretical Detention Time: t D = V Q

V is the tank volume, A is the area of the paddles, G is the mean velocity gradient, T is the relative velocity of the paddles with respect to the paddle tip, X is the relation factor of the velocity of the paddle with respect to the paddle tip, is the absolute fluid viscosity, and Q is the flow rate (Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972). C. Treatment: In contrast to the precious steps which were simply precautions used to remove larger debris that could break the equipment or clog up the flow, the rest of the process, sedimentation tanks through de-chlorination, is intended to actually purify the wastewater and make it suitable for discharge.

VI.PrimaryClarifying/SedimentationTanks:

Figure 7: Primary Sedimentation Tanks

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Figure 8: State of Water in the Primary Sedimentation Tanks

The next step is transferring the fluid into the primary clarifying or settling tanks. These tanks are generally very large, at about one hundred feet long by thirty feet wide (Metcalf & Eddy, Sewerage and Sewage Disposal: A Textbook, 1930). As the debris containing, and now aerated, fluid flows into the clarifying or sedimentation tanks, it is slowed down considerably to allow the remaining debris mixed in with the wastewater to separate from the actual water.

Figure 9: Mechanical Skimming/Scrapping Device

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Figure 10: Collection Hopper for Debris

a.FlotationandSkimming: i.VacuumFlotation:
While in the tank, some of the immiscible substances, such fats, oils, and greases, flocculate. These clumps of matter are easier to make float to the top and skim off then to make them sink to the bottom to be added to the sludge. The flotation of the particles is induced and enhanced by introducing fine air or other gas bubbles into the wastewater. The air is pumped in under a partial vacuum which causes the dissolved air to come out of solution as minute bubbles. To find the needed pressure, the ratio of pounds of air to A pounds of solids ( ) is used: S

A 1.3s a ( fP 1) = S Sa
A range from .005 to .06, while sa is the air solubility, f is the fraction of air S dissolved at pressure P (usually .5), P is the pressure in atmospheres, and Sa is the sludge solids per liter. These bubbles attach to particles, which then float to the top together. Even particles that have a greater density than water can be made to float, because when the bubbles attach to the particles it increases the buoyant force on the particles. The buoyant force (Fb) is:

Values of

Fb = Vg For this equation, is the density of the particle or particle and gas, V is the volume of the particle or particle and gas, and g is the gravitational constant (Metcalf & Eddy, 1972). A layer of debris forms on the top of the water. 18

ii.Skimming:

Figure 11: Additional Skimming

A skimmer removes the substances in the top layer and adds them to the larger debris collected from the earlier stages. The main skimming device is the same as that shown for the skimming tanks. An additional skimmer is placed at the far end of the tank where the water exits as a safety net. The collected mixture is then exported to a landfill.

b.SettlingandScraping:

Figure 12: Settling Velocities

(Metcalf & Eddy, Sewerage and Sewage Disposal: A Textbook, 1930) The material that settles to the bottom of the tanks is known as the primary sludge. These materials can include solids, liquids, and semi-solids. There are three main types of settling: discrete settling, zone settling, and compression settling.

i.DiscreteSettling:
In the discrete particle settling, the particles settle without interacting with one another. The terminal settling velocity (VC) is found by equating the weight and the resistance due to friction, known as the drag force: 4 g ( s )d 2 Vc = 3C D 19
1

For this equation, s is the density of the particle, is the density of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, d is the diameter of the particle, and CD is the drag coefficient (Metcalf & Eddy, Sewerage and Sewage Disposal: A Textbook, 1930). The total fraction of particles removed by this settling is given by:

VP Fraction removed = 1 V C VP Where 1 V C

X C VP + 0 V dx C

is the fraction of particles with a velocity (VP) greater than the terminal XC V P settling velocity (VC) and dx is the faction of particles removed with VP less than 0 V C VC (Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972).

ii.ZoneSettling:
In zone settling, the particles have flocculated and settle together. The rate of settling is dependent on the depth of the chamber, velocity gradients in the system, concentrations of the particles, the range of particle sizes, and rate of flocculation formation, which depends on flow rate and the type of substance. Because there are so many factors and potential variations, the characteristic of settling are found using a settling column.

Figure 13: Zone Settling

(Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972)

iii.CompressionSettling:
In compression settling, the sludge at the bottom of the tank settles further due to more particles settling on top of the sludge layer. The settling rate is settling rate is proportional to the change in depth of the sludge over a long period of time:
H t H = (H 2 H )e i (t t 2 )

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Where Ht is the height of the sludge at time t, H is the sludge depth after a long period of time, H2 is the height of the sludge at time t2, i is the constant of integration.

iv.Scraping:
A scraper at the bottom of the settling tank drives the debris settled into the primary sludge into the sludge thickeners. The thickened sludge is then either discarded or re-used in another process, depending on the contents. The goal is to recycle and reuse as much of the sludge as possible.

c.Velocity:

In contrast to sewers which need a large enough velocity to keep solids in suspension, in sedimentation tanks, the velocity has to be small enough not to let the particles fall out of solution and stay out of solution. Too large a velocity causes some of the solids to be pulled back up into solution. The horizontal velocity (VH) required is:
8 K (s 1)gd VH = f
1 2

Where K is the dimensionless constant for the material ranging from about .04 for sand and .06 for material that tends to stick together, s is the specific gravity, g is the gravitational constant, d is the diameter of the particle, and f is the dimensionless DarcyWeisback friction factor, which is dependent on the Reynolds number and the surface over which the flow occurs. By the time the effluent flows out of the primary sedimentation tank, the amount of suspended solids has been reduced by 35%-55% and the biochemical oxygen demand has been reduced by 17%-35%.

Figure 14: Aeration Tank

(Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972)

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Figure 15: Water that Enters the Trickling Filters

VII.TricklingFilters:

Figure 16: Trickling filters

In the trickling filter, which should be installed at least half of a mile away from a town du to smell, wastewater is sprayed onto the filter and trickles down until it reaches the bottom of the tank. Trickling filters, also commonly known as biological filters, have jelly-like layers with live microorganisms in them that both use and oxidize the waste in the wastewater as if flows by. The most waste is removed near the top of the filter, so the bottom removes less, but there is less to be removed. The effectiveness of the lowest level of the filter depends largely on the ventilation. The contact time for the tank doubles for every 2 ft of depth added in filter material (Metcalf & Eddy, Sewerage and Sewage Disposal: A Textbook, 1930).

a. MechanicalRevolvingDistributor:

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Figure 17: Mechanical Rotating Arm Distributing Device

Figure 18: Water Being Sprayed on Filter

b.Filter:

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Figure 19: Empty Filter Material

Initially when a trickling bed is installed, it does not work very well. As in any case where organisms are placed in a new environment, there is a gap in time where the organisms in the bed must adjust to that new environment before they can continue to grow and thrive. This time gap generally lasts only a few weeks in the warmer months and up to a few months in the colder months. This is owed to the fact that bacteria tend to grow better in warmer environments, which also contributes to the purer effluent produced by the filter in the warmer months. Additionally, there is usually less waste in the wastewater of the warmer months as well as a higher oxidation rate for the organisms converting organic nitrogen into nitrates. The combination of these factors is used to produce a purer effluent in warm months (Metcalf & Eddy, Sewerage and Sewage Disposal: A Textbook, 1930).

c.Maintenance:

Well designed and well installed trickling filters are normally self-cleaning and maintaining, but there are occasional problems. When the surface layer fragments, fungi and filamentous algae form a hard, waterproof layer and clog the filter causing pooling of the wastewater on the surface of the filter. Once formed, the mat can be broken up or picked off, but to prevent such occurrences, it is important to periodically rest a bed by letting it dry out. Chlorine can be used to destroy growths that appear on the surface, but chlorine can also kill the organisms and bacteria inside that comprise the actual filter.

VIII.SecondarySettlingTank:

24

Figure 20: Secondary Settling Tank

Figure 21: Secondary Settling Tank (view from the center)

25

Figure 22: Empty Secondary Sedimentation Tank

Secondary settling tanks are essentially the same as the primary settling tanks, but are usually circular. The purpose is the same as the primary version and the water is simply run through another set of filters to ensure that all of the debris is removed. The water is dumped into the middle of the tank and flows out in the radial direction. A mechanical scraper runs on the bottom to remove all of the debris that settles, while a strip of jagged metal around the top to catch all of the floating debris (Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972).

VIII.ChlorinationChamber:

Figure 23: Chlorination Chamber

26

Figure 24: Water and Chlorine Mixture

Figure 25: Clorination - De-chlorination Chamber

(Droste, 1997)

Once all of the debris has been removed, chlorine is used to disinfect the water Chlorine is used by most wastewater treatment facilities because it is cheap yet effective at low concentration and it forms a residual if applied in sufficient dosage. Chlorine disinfects the water with its strong oxidizing properties. It oxidizes the enzymes of microbial cells that are essential to the cells metabolic process. Chlorine is added to the water with an air diffuser in the gaseous form and readily reacts with the water to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The amount of chlorine differs for various treatment centers but is usually between 5 and 20 mg/L. The chlorinated water then enters a staking taking allowing the chlorine to have enough contact time to kill the harmful microbes. The contact time should be at least 1000 minutes. (Droste, 1997) According to the first order equation for ideal conditions known as Chicks Law:

dN = kN dt
27

The number of organisms destroyed in a unit time is proportional to the number of dN organisms remaining. In the equation, is the rate of cell destruction in number per dt time, k is the rate constant (Dieoff coefficient), and N is number of living cells remaining at time t. (Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1972) The Dieoff coefficient (k), which is given by:
k = aC n

is a function of disinfectant dose, type of microorganism, and conditions in the water. C is the concentration of disinfectant, n is a constant of dilution (usually 1), and a is an inactivation constant (specific to organism) (Metcalf & Eddy, Sewerage and Sewage Disposal: A Textbook, 1930). The CT Concept is an empirical expression for defining the nature of biological inactivation: CT = 0.9847C 0.1758 pH 2.7519temp 0.1467 C is the disinfectant concentration, T is contact time between microorganism & disinfectant, pH is -log[H+], and temp is temperature in degrees C. The Kill rate is proportional to a function of C & T. The combination of concentration and time (CT) required to produce a 3-log reduction in Giardia cysts by free chlorine, which can be estimated if the free chlorine concentration, pH, and water temperature are known. (Noyes, 1994) SWTR Ct2 values for achieving 99.9% Reduction of Giardia lamblia

Table 2: Ct Values (Noyes, 1994)

IX.DechlorinationChamber:
Since excessive amounts of chlorine can be toxic to aquatic life, a process of dechlorination is needed to remove this excess chlorine. This is a relatively simple process by which sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) is diffused into the chlorinated water. The gas then 28

reacts with the residual chlorine and is removed (Noyes, 1994). The reactions are as follows: SO3-2 + HOCl ------ SO4-2 + Cl- + H+` SO3-2 + NH2CL + H2O ------ SO4-2 + Cl- + NH4+ The no longer harmful water is then ready to be discharged into a river or other body of water.

6.SpecificProcessDesign:
All of the specifications of the various aspects of design are listed here. For the actual calculations, see Appendix B. For the costs related to the various processes and parts, see Appendix C.

29

Detailed flow chart

30

I.GeneralConsiderationsSpecifictoThisProcess:
When the water begins the treatment process, it will be at a temperature of 100 C, a pH of 7.5, a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 200 mg/L, and a suspended solids (SS) concentration of 200 mg/L. Upon consulting Robert W. Florida, SR., the wastewater treatment plant manager of 27 years for city of Baton Rouge, Department of Public Works, many of the design criteria were determined. The sewer collection system is a completely separate process from the actual wastewater treatment process, and hence, this process design will begin with the screening of the already collected water. The plant has been designed to handle a settlement that produces one million gallons of wastewater per day. The assumption made is that the flow will be at steady state over the course of the entire twenty-four hour period. Although that assumption is not completely accurate, it is relatively close and therefore used to greatly simplify the design calculations. According to steady state conditions, in order to have the plant run smoothly, the flow rate will be 694.44 gallons per minute. To save on both initial and monthly costs, the plant will be constructed at a location where there is a hill so that gravity flow can be used. Each of the various tanks will be constructed on a level platform, but at decreasing levels down the hill so that the pipes can be constructed sloping downwards. This will eliminate the need for the pumps commonly used in every operation throughout the process. All of the tanks used in the process will be purchased from Pope Scientific, Inc. This company manufactures specialty wastewater treatment equipment to exactly meet a customers needs. Purchasing all of the tanks in one place would make it easier to keep replacement parts on site as well as receiving a deal for buying so many items at one time. At the end of our process, the water will be discharged into a river near where many oil companies dump their wastes. This means that to be in compliance with city regulations, the water will not need to go through tertiary purification (sand filters or activated carbon filtering) and will only need to be purified through the secondary stages.
o

I.PumpingStation:
The wastewater treatment plant receives 694.44 gallons per minute and is pumped to the bar screens by means of a submersible pump. The submersible pump chosen was the Vertical Turbine Solids-Handling Pumps VTSH Series pump which is specifically designed to handle both solids and raw water.

a.Head:
The water has to be lifted 70 feet and this pump has a head of up to 110 ft, which adequately meets the 70 ft parameter.

b.PumpCapacity:
The pump has a capacity of up to 30,000 gallons per minute, which also meets the parameter given of 694.44 gal/min.

31

c.Impeller:
This pump has an impeller that is non-clogging, blunt, and made of cast iron, with well rounded leading vanes and thick hydrofoil shape.

d.Shaft:
This pumps shaft is made of stainless steel to avoid rusting.

e.Power:

Assuming the efficiency of the pump is 70%, the power required to the pump the water is 880kw.

II.Pipes:
All of the pipes that transport the water between the different operations will be the same and are made out of stainless steal. As discussed, they will be angled downward so that gravity flow can be used.

a.WaterVelocity:

The velocity of the water will be 1.31 ft/s to keep all of the debris and wastes in moving in the water so that they do not collect in the pipes and clog the flow.

b.Dimensions:

Based on the flow rate of 694.44 gal/min, and the necessary velocity of 1.31 ft/sec, the cross sectional area of the pipes will be 1.069 ft2, so the diameter will be 1.17 ft or 14 inches. All pipes will be enclosed unless otherwise stated.

II.BarScreens
The bar screen must be capable of handling the 694.44 gal/min flow rate of the entire plant. The purpose of the bar screens is to remove rags, sticks, lumbers, bottles, small rocks, an all other large debris. The plant will use one Infilco- Degermont climber type bar screen. This bar screen, which is made of stainless steel to minimize corrosion by water and increase its longevity, is mechanically scrapped, operates on a pressure gradient.

a.Capacity:
This screen has a flow capacity of roughly 21,000 thousand gallons per minute.

b.Openings:
The screen openings vary from 6 to and the waste water treatment plant will be fine screening the water (opening size 1/4).

c.WaterVelocity:
The velocity of the water at the screens is estimated to be .8ft/s

32

d.HeadLoss:
The head loss in the screens is found to be 0.666ft, which is within the estimated limits of .32-.82 feet (Al-Layla, Ahmad, & Middlebrooks, 1980).

III.AeratedGritTank
Next the water flows into one, circular, mechanical, aerated grit tank which is open to the atmosphere. It enters half way up the tank at a direction which is tangent to the curvature of the tank at that precise location. This angle causes the water to flow around the tank in a circular motion, and exits through a pipe located 270o around the tank in the direction of the water motion. The water will circle several times before making its way through the exit pipe. The tank will be purchased from Pope Scientific, Inc. and will be constructed to me the exact design specifications.

a.RetentionTime:

The tank should have a retention time of 3 minutes to allow maximum aeration and maximum grit removal.

b.Dimensions:

Based on the flow rate of 694.44 gal/min and the retention time of 3 minutes, the volume of the tank needs to be 278.52 ft3. To comply with the depth to radius ratio of 1:1, the depth of the tank will be 4.46 ft and the diameter of the tank will be 8.92 ft.

c.GritRemover:
As the water leaves the aerated grit tank, it flows through a screen that catches some of the smaller particles. The openings of the screen are .5 inches by .25 inches. There will be a total of two screens, but only one in use at a time. Every twelve hours, the screens will be switched by personnel, and the screen no longer in use will be cleaned.

IV.SkimmingTank:
The water is then allowed to flow through a pipe into the one rectangular, concrete skimming tank which is open to the atmosphere. Entering at the top of the tank on one side, and eventually making its way over to the exit of the tank, a hole in the bottom of the side directly across from the entrance, the water moves across the tank.

a.RetentionTime:

The retention time, or time it takes the water to flow across to the other side of the tank, will be 10 minutes.

b.Dimensions:

To be able to handle the flow of water and retain that water for 10 minute, the tank will have a volume of 928.4 ft3. To observe the 4 to 1 ratio for the volume to surface area of the tank, the length and width will both be 6.15 ft, respectively, and the height of the tank will be 24.6 ft. 33

c.Skimmers:

The 3 metal strips, made out of stainless steal like the screens used earlier in the process, will be spaced every 4 ft down the tank. They will be 8.69 ft long, .5 inches thick, and stick down into the water 4 inches. The accumulated debris will be cleaned off every 6 hours by staff personnel.

V.AerationTank:
The water will then flow through a pipe and into the one circular, concrete aeration tank on the top of one side. This tank is equipped with a mechanical agitator in the bottom to ensure the complete mixing of the oxygen, flocculent, and water. This agitator will have five arms, each equipped with a paddle.

a.RetentionTime:

The retention time necessary for the water in the tank to be properly aerated and allow flocks to from will be 25 minutes.

b.Dimensions:

Based on the flow rate of 694.44 gal/min and the retention time of 25 minutes, the tank will have a volume of 2,321 ft3. Based on the principle that the best mixing occurs when the tank has a ration of 1 to 1 for the height and diameter, each will be equal to 14.35 ft., respectively.

c.Flocculants:

The flocculent used will be Aluminum and, at 1% of the total water, 2.321 ft3 will be added into each tank of water.

d.PaddleDimensions:

For optimal agitation, each paddle will be 2 ft smaller than the radius of the tank, or 5.78 ft., and 2 ft. wide. The total surface area of the paddle, including both sides, will then be 20.72 ft2.

e.Velocity:

To achieve optimal mixing, the relative velocity in the fluid of the paddle to the paddle tip will be .75 of the tip velocity, which is 120 ft/min. This means that the velocity of the paddle is 90 ft/min. This translates to an angular velocity of 6.41 rad/min of .977 rev/min.

f.Power:

Agitating water at a temperature of 50oF with a mean velocity gradient of 50 sec-1 and a viscosity of 163.8 * 10-5 ft2/min, the power required to turn the agitator will be 2.64 ft-lb/min. A motor will be used to provide this power.

34

VI.PrimarySedimentationTank:
The water will then flow through a pipe and into the one rectangular, concrete primary sedimentation tank, which is open to the atmosphere.

a.RetentionTime:

There are millions of different types of materials in the wastewater, and the settling rate for each particle, at each size, of each substance is different, making it impossible to calculate the time needed for each particle to sink or float without testing each gallon of water being treated. But, based on the average value of how long it takes for the solids to fall out of wastewater, the retention time for the water in the primary sedimentation tank will be 90 minutes (Metcalf & Eddy, 1972).

b.WaterVelocity:

As with the detention time, to calculate the velocity needed for each and every single particle, at each size, and of each mixture to settle would be impossible without testing every single gallon of water that comes into the plant. To allow the solids to drop out of suspension, the water velocity is generally half of the velocity of the water in the rest of the system, or .665 ft/s.

c.TankDimensions:

Based on the flow rate for the rest of the system, the flow rate in the sedimentation tank, and the retention time for the tank, the tank will have a volume of 8353.35 ft3. To meet the recommended ratio for volume to surface area of 10 to 1, and width to length ratio of .3 to 1, the width of the tank will be 15.8 ft, the length will be 52.77 ft, and the depth will be 10 ft.

d.Skimmer/ScrapperPower:

The skimmer and scrapper mechanism are one in the same. A chain connects gears at either end of the tank. Every 6 ft, a board is connected to the chain so that it hangs down 3 inches into the water. As the gears rotate, the planks are pulled along the bottom of the tank collecting debris and then deposit that debris in a hopper when they get to the end of the tank. Those boards then continue upwards, repeat the process along the top, and continue circling. Those hoppers are emptied by personnel every eight hours. The power required to run the skimmer and scraper is 850 kW.

VII.TricklingFilter:
The water will then flow through a pipe and into the stainless steal tipping tray, a cone with the base facing upwards and open to the atmosphere, from which it is dumped onto the trickling filter held inside a concrete tank, both of which are open to the atmosphere.

a.TippingTray: i.RetentionTime:
35

The tipping tray will catch the water and take 5 minutes to fill before dumping the water into the tank and onto the actual filter.

ii.Dimension:
Based on the flow rate through the pips and the retention time, the volume of the cone will be 464.2 ft3. To make the height proportional to the radius, the height and radius will both be 7.04 ft, respectively. To hold the tipping tray at the angle of 30o to vertical, a large spring, 5.52 ft long under the initial compression of the empty tray, will be attached in two places: half way up the cone and to the edge a small platform, which will not obstruct the flow of water when the cone dumps, 2 ft below the tip of the cone. The spring will deform 3.52 ft to a length of 2.52 ft. so that one side of the cone is then even with the horizontal, or 90o from where it started, allowing the water to spill out. Based on the density of water, 7.489 lb/ft3, the spring deformation, the volume of water, 464.2 ft3, and the gravitational constant, 32.2 ft/s2, the spring constant for this spring will be 19,061.98 lb/ft. Then after the water rushes out, the spring then pushes the empty tray back to its upright position.

iii.Spring:

b.Filter:

The filter will be assumed to have been installed previously and all of these times and values are for after the bacteria has passed the lag phase and moved on to the phase where it is rapidly metabolizing.

i.DosingCycle:
The dosing cycle, based on the tipping tray, will be 5 minutes.

ii.RetentionTime:
The retention time in the trickling filter will be 25 minutes.

iii.Dimension:
Based on the retention time and flow rate, the tank will have a volume of 2320 ft3. The radius will be 1/3 of the height, so the radius will be 4.35 ft and the height will be 13.04 ft.

iv.Ballast:
For the microorganisms to grow on, 1 inch ballast will be used to minimize clogging and maximize purification. The bottom of the tank will be constructed at a 5o angle below the horizontal to aid in the collection of the filtered water. The pipes running from this tank to the sedimentation tank will be open to the atmosphere at the top to help ventilate the filter and provide oxygen to the organisms at the bottom of the tank.

iii.Drainage:

36

VIII.SecondarySedimentationTank:
The water is then transported through the open pipe to the circular, concrete secondary sedimentation tank, which is open to the atmosphere. The water is dumped into the center of the tank and allowed to flow outwards. There will be a mechanical, rotating scraper at the bottom and a metal strip around the outside of the tank that will be the skimmer. As with the primary sedimentation tanks, the values applied are merely average values because it would be impossible to calculate each value of each particle.

a.RetainingTime:
The retention time needed for the rest of the solids to sink or float is 20 minutes.

b.WaterVelocity:

The velocity that will be that needed to allow the rest of the solids to drop out of suspension is 1/3 of the velocity in the pipes, or .44 ft/s.

c.Dimension:

To support the flow rate and the retaining time, the tank will have a volume of 1859.79 ft3. For the radius to be twice the height, the radius will be 10.57 ft and the height will be 5.29 ft.

d.Skimmer:

One the water has flowed out to the edge of the tank, there is essentially a chain link fence with extremely small square holes, .5 inches by .5 inches, that it flows through, which catch almost all of the remaining waste floating on the top of the water.

e.ScraperPower:

The scrapper is mechanically operated and has 5 arms. It has a similar construction to the agitator, but its purpose is to scrape all of the material off of the bottom of the tank and push it into external hoppers where it is removed by personnel every 24 hours.

IX.ChlorinationChamber:
The water will then be dumped into the chlorination chamber where it will be disinfected with chlorine.

a.Dosage:
The dosage will be .025 lb/gal.

b.RetentionTime:
The retention time in the chlorination tank will be 68 minutes.

c.Volume:
The tank volume will be 47222.22 gallons.

37


lb/gal.

d.ChlorineResidual:
The chlorine residual produced by the ratio of water to chlorine will be 0.017

X.DechlorinationChamber:
The water is then dumped into the de-chlorination chamber to remove the residual chlorine. Both the chemicals used in this process are gasses and are infused into the water.

a.Dechlorination:

Because the chlorine residual is above the standard 0.0058 lb/gal, the water must be de-chlorinated using sulfur dioxide, which reacts with chlorine. The ratio of the reaction is 2.43 x 10-6 lb sulfur dioxide for every 2.20 x 10-6 lb of chlorine.

b.Neutralization:

Since there is 0.017 lb/gal residual and 0.0058 lb/gal is required, 0.0029 lb of chlorine must be neutralized. To accomplish this, 0.012 lb sulfur dioxide must be used to dechlorinate every gallon of water to the set standard. This reaction occurs almost immediately and will be done at the end of the chlorine contact chamber.

AppendixA WorksCited
Al-Layla, M. A., Ahmad, S., & Middlebrooks, E. J. (1980). Handbook of Waste Water Collection and Treatment. (G. l. culp, Ed.) Garland STPM Press.

38

Droste, R. L. (1997). Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Jern, W. (2006). Industrial Waste Water Treatment. New York: World Publishing Company. Metcalf, L., & Eddy, H. P. (1935). American Sewerage Practice. New York: McGrawHill Book Company. Metcalf, L., & Eddy, H. P. (1930). Sewerage and Sewage Disposal: A Textbook. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Metcalf, L., & Eddy, H. P. (1972). Wastewater Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Noyes, R. (1994). Unit Operations in Environmental Engineering. New York: William Andrew Publishing/Noyes. Sanks, R. L. (1998). Pumping Station. London: Butterworth Heinemann. Note: Some of the pictures are not referenced because they were taken by the authors of these papers during a visit to the Baton Rouge Wastewater Treatment Facility.

AppendixB: CostAnalysis
I. Pumping Station: 39

1- Turbine Solids-Handling Pumps VTSH Series pump: $25,000.00 Using 880 kW = $39.60 per hour (at $0.045 per kWh) = $950.40 per day Initial Pumping Station Total Costs: $2,500.00 Daily Pumping Station Total Costs: $950.40 II. Pipes: 9- 10 foot long sections of pipe with a diameter of 14 inches = $300.00 Initial Pipe Costs: $300.00 Daily Pipe Costs: $0.00 II. Bar Screens: 1- Infilco- Degermont climber type bar screen: $8,300.00 Using 400 kW = $18.00 per hour (at $0.045 per kW) = $432.00 Initial Screening Step Total Cost: $8,300.00 Daily Screening Step Total Costs: $432.00 IV. Aerated Grit Chamber: 1- 2,000 gallon aerated grit chamber = $6,500.00 (Tank comes with equipment installed and built exactly to specifications from Pope Scientific, Inc.) Using 600 kW = $27.00 per hour (at $0.045 per kW) = $648.00 per day Initial Aerated Grit Chamber Cost: $6,500.00 Daily Aerated Grit Chamber Cost: $648.00 V. Skimming Tank: 1- 69,444.44 gallon skimming tank = $25,000.000 (Tank comes with equipment installed and built exactly to specifications from Pope Scientific, Inc.) Initial Skimming Step Total Cost: $25,000.000 Daily Skimming Step Total Cost: $0.00 VI. Aeration Tank: 40

1- 17,361 gallon aeration tank = $45,000.00 (Tank comes with equipment installed and built exactly to specifications from Pope Scientific, Inc.) Equipment Using 700 kW = $31.50 per hour (at $0.045 per kW) = $756.00 per day Initial Aeration Step Total Cost: $45,000.00 Daily Aeration Step Total Cost: $756.00 VII. Primary Sedimentation Tank: 1- 62,499.6 gallon primary sedimentation tank = $35,000.00 (Tank comes with equipment installed and built exactly to specifications from Pope Scientific, Inc.) Using 850 kW = $38.25 per hour (at $0.045 per kW) = $918.00 per day Initial Primary Sedimentation Step Cost: $35,000.00 Daily Primary Sedimentation Step Cost: $918.00 VIII. Trickling Filter: 1- 3,472.2 gallon trickling tank = $8,500.00 (Tank comes with equipment installed and built exactly to specifications from Pope Scientific, Inc.) Initial Trickling Filter Step Cost: $8,500.00 Daily Trickling Filter Step Cost: $0.00 IX. Secondary Sedimentation Tank: 1- 13,888.8 gallon sedimentation tank = $10,000.00 (Tank comes with equipment installed and built exactly to specifications from Pope Scientific, Inc.) Using 750 kW = $33.75 per hour (at $0.045 per kW) = $810.00 per day Initial Secondary Sedimentation Step Cost: $10,000.00 Daily Secondary Sedimentation Step Cost: $810.00 X. Chlorination Chamber: Chlorine: $680,358 0.000025lb $17.03 = lb day day 41

1- Air Diffuser = $28,500.00 1- 47222.2 gallon tank = $38,000.00 Using 200 kW = $9.00 per hour (at $0.045 per kW) = $216.00 per day Initial Chlorination Total Cost: $66,500.00 Daily Chlorination Total Cost: $233.03 XI. De-chlorination Chamber: (No additional tank needed because this process occurs in the same tank as chlorination.) Sulfur dioxide: $64,863.37 0.000012lb $0.77 = lb day day 1- Air Diffuser = $28,500.00 Using 200 kW = $9.00 per hour (at $0.045 per kW) = $216.00 per day Initial De-chlorination Total Cost: $28,500 Daily De-chlorination Total Cost: $233.80

Total Initial Cost: $236,100.00 Total Daily Cost: $4,981.23

AppendixC: Calculations
42

I. Pipes: m ft V = 1 = 1.31 s s
Q = VA Or: Q 694.44 A= = = 1.069 ft 2 1.31 V

A=

d2

Or:

d=

4A

4 1.069

= 1.17 ft = 14in

II. Pumping: Velocity: Q = VA Or: Q V = A When Q= 1.54 ft3/s and R=8 inches: Q 1.54 ft V = 2 = = 1 .1 2 s r 8 12 V= 1.1ft/s Bernoullis Equation: 2 2 p V p V h1 + 1 + 1 + W = h2 + 2 + 2 2g 2g WQ P= e Where h2= 70 ft, V2= .8ft/s, and V1= 1.1ft/s III. Bar Screens: Head Loss:
2 t 3 v h = B sin d 2g When B= 1.67, t = .75 inches, d= .25 inches, V=2.64ft/s, =60: 4

43

.75 3 (2.64) sin (60) = 0.677 h = 1.67 .25 2(32.2) H = 0.0677


2

IV. Aerated Grit Removal Chamber: Volume: V = Qt D = 694.44 3 = 2083.32 gal = 278.52 ft 3 Dimensions: V = r 2 h When h = r and both are replaced with x: V = x 2 ( x ) = x 3 Solving for x:

V 3 278.52 3 x= = = 4.46 ft So height = 4.46 ft and the tank diameter = 8.92 ft


V. Skimming Tank Calculations: Volume: V = Qt D = 694.44 10 = 6944.44 gal = 928.4 ft 3 Tank Dimensions: Surface Area = x2 and Volume = (4x)x2=4x3

V 3 928.4 3 x= = = 6.15 ft 4 4 Length = 6.15, width = 6.15 ft, height = 4(6.15) = 24.6 ft
Metal Strips: w cos 45 = t Lstrip Or: wt 6.15 Lstrip = = = 8.69 ft cos 45 cos 45

VI. Aeration Tank Calculations Volume: 44

V = Qt D = 694 .44 25 = 17361 gal = 2321 ft 3


Tank Dimensions: From the equation for Volume of a Cylinder: Volume= surface area x height

V = r 2 h and r =

d 2

When h=d for optimal mixing and both are replaced by the variable x: x x3 V = ( )2 x = 2 4
4V 3 (4)2321 3 Or: x = = = 14.35 ft h = 14.35 ft and d = 14.35 ft or r = 7.18 ft
1 1

Paddle Dimensions: Length: L = r 2 = 7.18 2 = 5.18 ft Width: 2 ft Total Surface Area:


SAT = L W 2 = 5 .18 2 2 = 20 .72 ft 2

Paddle Velocity: Relative velocity of paddle to the paddle tip:

v P = XvT

Or when X=.75: P = .75VT So:

P = .75 120 = 90 fpm

Angular velocity: V = r Or: V 90 rad = 6.41 = = r 14.03 min And:


rev 1 rad 6.14 rev = = .977 = min 2 min 2 min

Power Required to Turn Paddles:

P = G 2V = 163.8 105 .8332 2321 = 2.64


45

ft lb min

VII. Primary Sedimentation Tank: Water Velocity:

Vs =

VT 1.31 ft = = .665 s 2 2

Tank Dimensions: V = Qt D = 694.44 90 = 62499.6 gal = 8355.56 ft 3 Dimensions: V = L W H = ( x)(.3x)(10) = 3x 2

V 3 8355.56 2 x= = = 52.77 ft 3 3 Length = 52.77 ft, Width = (52.77)(.3)= 15.8 ft, and Depth = 10 ft
Power: VIII. Trickling Filter: Tipping Tray: Volume: V = Qt D = 694 . 44 5 = 3472 . 2 gal = 464 . 2 ft 3

V =

1 r 2 h 3

Dimension: Or when r = h and are replaced with x: 1 V = x 3 3 Or:

3V 3 3 464.2 3 x= = = 7.04 ft
Spring Constant: ma = kx

k=

ma Va 7.489 464.2 32.2 lb = = = 19061.98 x x ( 3.52) ft

Tank: 46

V = Qt D = 694.44 25 = 17361gal = 2320 ft 3 V = r 2 h Or when h = 3r and both are replaced by x: V = x 2 (3 x ) = 9x 3 Solving for x:

v 3 2320 3 x= = = 4.35 ft 9 9 So the radius = 4.35 ft and the height = 3(4.35)=13.04ft


IX. Secondary Sedimentation Tanks: Water Velocity: 1 1 ft VW = VT = (1.31) = .44 3 3 s Dimensions: V = Qt D = 694.44 20 = 13888.8 gal = 1856.79 ft 3

V = r 2 h Or when r = 2h and both are replaced with x: 2 V = (2 x ) x = 4x 3 Solving for x:

V 3 1856.79 3 x= = = 5.29 ft 4 4 So the height = 5.29 ft and the radius = 10.57 ft


X. Chlorination Chamber: CT value: 7 7 .5 8 165 = 8 CT 243 243 lb min CT = 1.7 gal Hydraulic Retention Time (): lb With a dosage of 0.025 of chlorine (chosen by engineer): gal

lb lb min t = 1.7 gal gal Hydraulic retention time = 68 minutes


0 .025 47

Tank Volume: Based on the hydraulic retention time equation: V = Q Or: V = Q = 694.44 68 = 47221.92 gal = 6313.1 ft 3 XI. De-chlorination Chamber: Neutralization: lb lb lb There is 0.017 residual and 0.0058 is required, 0 . 01 gal gal gal neutralized.

of chlorine must be

0.00917lbSO2 xlbSO2 = 0.00833lbCl 2 0.011lbCl 2


lb SO2 gal lb So 0.012 of sulfur dioxide is required to de-chlorinate the water to standard. gal
X = 0.012

48

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