Fuel

Fuel is a substance that can be conveniently used as a source of energy. Fuels produce energy when they undergo combustion. Fossil fuel is the result of bacteria acting over millions of years ago. It is a non-renewable and finite resource. Solid fossil fuel- coal Liquid fossil fuels crude oil gaseous fossil fuel-natural gas

The perfect fuel would have the Following specifications. Cheap Available in large quantities Safe to store and transport Easy to ignite and burn, causing no pollution. Capable of releasing large amounts of energy.

The energy produced on one gram of various fuels, to produce water and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen produces more energy per gram than any other fuel

How a car runs on a hydrogen fuel cell. The car is powered by electrons released at the negative electrode. In the fuel cell itself, hydrogen ions move to the positive electrode to replace those used up in the reaction with oxygen.

1 Methane is used as a fuel. What property is essential for this use? A It burns exothermically B It is a gas C It is odourless. D It has low boiling point 2 Electrical energy is produced by simple as a result of A the formation of covalent bonds between atoms. B the formation of negative ions fro atoms. C the positive and negative ions coming together. D the transfer of electrons from a more reactive to a less reactive element 3 The table shows the energy released by the complete combustion of some compounds used as fuels. compound formula Mr H in kJ/mol methane CH4 16 -880 ethanol C2H5OH 46 -1380 propane C3H8 44 -2200 heptane C7H16 100 -4800 Which fuel produces the most energy when 1 g of the compound is completely burned? A ethanol B heptane C methane D propane 5 Which two fuels each produce both carbon dioxide and water when separately burned in air? A charcoal and hydrogen B charcoal and petrol C natural gas and hydrogen D natural gas and petrol 6 Which fraction produced by the distillation of petroleum is used as aircraft fuel? A bitumen C paraffin Petrol D diesel 7 Four fractions obtained from crude oil (petroleum) are listed below. Which fraction is paired with a correct use?

8 What is petroleum? A an aircraft fuel B a central heating fuel 9 Which substance is found in crude oil? A bitumen C ethanoic B ethanol D poly(ethene)

C a mixture of carbohydrates D a mixture of hydrocarbons

10 What is formed when ethane burns incompletely but not when it burns completely? A carbon dioxide C ethene B carbon monoxide D hydrogen 11 The table shows the composition of natural gas.

What is X? A ethanol B ethane

C methane D propane

12 Coal, methane and hydrogen are burned as fuels. Which descriptions of this process are correct?

13 The diagram shows the separation of crude oil into fractions.

What could X, Y and Z represent?

14 Compounds R and S occur naturally. R is C6H14 and S is C6H12O6. Which of the terms hydrocarbon and occurs in crude oil describe R and S?

15 Bitumen is a substance obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum. What are the boiling points and the sizes of the molecules in bitumen?

16 Which of the compounds shown are used as fuels?

17 Which gas is produced by the incomplete combustion of coal? A carbon dioxide B carbon monoxide C nitrogen dioxide D sulphur dioxide 18 'Meta-fuel', C8H16O4, is a fuel used in camping stoves. What is the equation for its complete combustion? A C8H16O4 + 2O2 8C + 8H2O B C8H16O4 + 5O2 8CO + 8H2O C C8H16O4 + 10O2 8CO2 + 8H2O D C8H16O4 + 8O2 4CO2 + 4CO + 8H2O 19 Octane is an alkane present in petrol. What are the products when octane is completely burned in air? A carbon dioxide and hydrogen B carbon dioxide and water C carbon monoxide and water D carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water

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(c) Method A can be modified to separate petroleum into useful fractions. The diagram below shows the different fractions obtained from a fractionating column.

(i) Which of these fractions has the lowest boiling point? ... (ii) State one use for each of the following fractions. paraffin...................................................................................................................... bitumen..................................................................................................................... [3] (d) Petroleum is a mixture of organic compounds. Which one of the following best describes the compounds found in petroleum? Put a ring around the correct answer. Acids, alcohols, carbohydrates, hydrocarbons [1]