PROJECT REPORT ON

POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT FOR EXPORT OF POMEGRANATE IN MAHARASHTRA

AT MAHARASHTRA STATE AGRICULTURE MARKETING BOARD, PUNE.

By
Mr. AMOL KONDIBHAU DHULGAND (Regn. No. 09/290)

Submitted to

MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI, DISTRICT- AHMEDNAGAR (MS)

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRICULTURE)

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PUNE- 411 005

(2010)

POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT FOR EXPORT OF POMEGRANATE IN MAHARASHTRA.

A Project Report submitted to the

MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI, DISTRICT AHMEDNAGAR, (MAHARASHTRA)

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRICULTURE)

By Mr. Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand (Regd. No. 09/ 290) Approved by Advisory Committee

Dr. B. N. Pawar Project Guide Asstt. Professor and Course Coordinator Master of Business Administration (Agri.) College of Agriculture, Pune.

Prof. N. K. Kale Asstt. Professor, Agril. Economics, College of Agriculture, Pune.

Dr. R. K. Rahane Professor, Master of Business Administration,(Agri) College of Agriculture Pune.

Master of Business Administration (Agri.), COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PUNE- 411 005 (Maharashtra) (2010)

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the project entitled Post harvest management for export of pomegranate in Maharashtra is an original work of the student and is being submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree in Master of Business Administration (Agri.) of Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Rahuri- 413 722, District- Ahmednagar. This report has not been submitted earlier either to this University or any other University/ Institution for the fulfilment of the requirement of a course of study.

Mr. A.K. Dhulgand

Dr. B. N. Pawar
Project Guide, Asstt. Professor and Course Coordinator, Master of Business Administration,(Agri.) College of Agriculture, Pune-5

(09/290)
Student

Place: Pune Date: / /2010

Place: Pune Date: / /2010

Dr. B. N. Pawar,
Project Guide, Asstt. Professor and Course Coordinator, Master of Business Administration,(Agri.) College of Agriculture, Pune-5

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project entitled Post harvest Management for Export of Pomegranate in Maharashtra submitted to the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, DistrictAhmednagar (Maharashtra), in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION(AGRICULTURE) embodies the results of a piece of bonafide work carried out by Mr. Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand (Regn. No. 09/290) under my guidance and that no part of the project work has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. The assistance and the help rendered during the training period have been duly acknowledged. The suggestions made by the Evaluation Committee are incorporated in this project draft.

Place: Pune. Date: / / 2010

(B.N. Pawar)

Dr. B.R. Ulmek Associate Dean, College of Agriculture, Pune-5

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT FOR EXPORT OF POMEGRANATE IN

MAHARASHTRA. submitted to the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist.-Ahmednagar (Maharashtra) for award of the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRICULTURE) embodies the results of a piece of bonafide Project carried out by Mr. Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand (Regn. No. 09/290) under the guidance of Dr. B. N. Pawar, Asstt. Professor of Master of Business Administration (Agri), College of Agriculture, Pune and that no part of the Project has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.

Place: Pune. Date: / /2010

(B.R. Ulmek.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This acknowledgement is not merely a catalogue of names but an expression of deep sense of gratitude to all those who helped me in undertaking this project work on Post harvest management for export of pomegranate in Maharashtra. I owe a great deal to Master of Business Administration (Agriculture) for laying the building blocks of logic and pragmatism in my life. This report, in a way is a reflection of these values. I express my heartfelt thanks to my Project Guide Dr. B. N. Pawar Asstt. Professor and Course Coordinator of Master of Business Administration (Agriculture) Pune, for his inspiring and affectionate guidance, constant encouragement and constructive attention during the course of my project work. I am sincerely thanks to the members of Advisory Committee viz. Dr. R. K. Rahane, Professor, Master of Business Administration (Agri.) and Prof. N. K. Kale Asstt. Professor of Agril. Economics, College of Agriculture Pune for their valuable suggestions and guidance during the course of project work. I sincerely thank to my Project Supervisor Mr. Ajay Kudale, incharge of Pomegranate Eexport Facility Centre, [Jalochi, Baramati and Indapur] MSAMB, Pune and Mr. B. N. Patil (Public Relation and Publicity, officer) for providing me an opportunity to do a very challenging and satisfying project in such an organization like Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune I also express my gratitude towards Mr. Santosh Patil, Deputy General Manager, Mr. S. G. Pawar, General Manager and Mr. S. P. Sangle, Managing Director, MSAMB, Pune. I feel my immense pleasure in expressing my sincere and profound sense of gratitude to the Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune especially for his inspiring and affectionate guidance, unending benevolence and constant encouragement during the course of summer project. I would also like to thank, Mr. Mukund Phale, Mr.Jitendra Jagtap (HDO), Mr.Shinde, Mr.Chavan, Mr.Sachin Kharmale, Mr. Sham Patil, for their guidance and support. It is my pleasure to express my deep gratitude towards Dr. B. R. Ulmek Associate Dean, College of Agriculture Pune. I am also thankful to Prof. P. N. Shendage, Asso. Profesor Agril.Economics, Dr. M. N. Waghmare Asstt. Professor of Agril. Economics and Prof. M. S. Karkeli, Associate Professor of Agril. Statistics, College of Agriculture Pune.

Last but not the least, I extend my gratitude to all Pomegranate growers and Pomegranate exporters for being their cooperation during my tenure of the project. I would never forget my friends who helped me to realize my own potential, who gave me the knowledge about the creator of the universe and my relation with him and all of my family members whose boundless love, constant inspiration, patience, sacrifices, expectations of my efforts and emotional support lifted my spirits through their constant encouragement and they are just after the GOD who brought me, where I am today.

Place: Pune Date: / / 2010 Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr.No.
Certificate of Originality Certificate of Industry Certificate of Project Guide Certificate of Associate Dean Acknowledgement EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Importance of pomegranate 1.2 Global scenario of pomegranate 1.3 Indian scenario of pomegranate 1.4 Importance of study 1.5 Objectives of study 1.6 Scope of study 1.7 Limitation of study 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Selection of study area 2.2 Selection of sample 2.3 Collection of data and data requirement 2.4 Analysis of data 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Profile of MSAMB 3.2 Profile of sample growers 3.3 Profile of exporters 3.4 Quality parameters required for export of pomegranate

Title
Certificate of Advisory Committee

Page
I II III IV V VI VIII-XI 1-11 1 3 5 10 10 10 11 12-13 12 12 12 13 14-48 14 21 27 31

3.5 Logistics management adopted by the pomegranate exporters 3.6 Problems faced by farmers during export of pomegranate 3.7 Facilities provided by MSAMB for pomegranate export 3.8 SWOT Analysis for export of fresh pomegranates 3.9 Findings 3.10 Conclusions 3.11 Suggestions REFERENCES

34

36 38 44 46 47 48

APPENDIX- I To IV

ii to xiv

VITA

LIST OF TABLES
Sr.No.
1 2 3 4 5

Table No.
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 3.1

Title of the table

Nutritional value per 100gm. of pomegranate Arils. Pomegranate producing countries in the world, (2005) State-wise area , production and productivity of pomegranate in India Harvest pattern in leading pomegranate growing states. Agri. Export Zones in Maharashtra and implementing agencies

Page
3 4 5 9 20

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

Distribution of sample farmers Grading based on size and colour Export specifications of different countries Logistics cost for pomegranate export to UK Problems faced by exporters Problems faced by growers for export of pomegranate Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Jalochi, (Baramati) Dist Pune

23 28 29 31 35 36 39

13

3.9

Quantity of pomegranate exported from Export Facility Centre, Jalochi.

39

14 15

3.10 3.11

Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Indapur Dist-Pune. Quantity of Pomegranate exported from Export Facility Centre, Indapur.

40 40

16

3.12

Awareness about different export facilities and benefit availed by pomegranate growers

42

LIST OF CHART/MAPS
Sr.No.
1 2 3 4

Chart/Map Title of the Figure No.

1.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 Major pomegranate growing area in Maharashtra. Organization structure of MSAMB Pune Map indicating study area. Education level of sample farmers Distribution of growers according to pomegranate varieties Bahar taken by farmers in study area Knowledge level of sample farmers Value chain in logistics management for export of pomegranate to U.K

Page
6 18 22 23

3.4

24

6 7

3.5 3.6

25 26

3.7

30

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY POST HARVEST MANEGMENT FOR EXPORT OF POMEGRANATE IN MAHARSHTRA. BY MR. AMOL KONDIBHAU DHULGAND (Regd. No. 09/290) A candidate for the degree Of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRICULTURE) COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PUNE-5 2010

Project Guide: Department :

Dr. B.N. PAWAR.

Asstt. Professor and Course Coordinator, Master of Business Administration,(Agri.) College of Agriculture, Pune.

Importance of study Pomegranate is an important fruit crop of Maharashtra. It is cultivated on an area of 93,500 ha with a total production of 6,01,500 MTs producing about 85 per cent of the total Indian production, thereby leading in Pomegranate production in the country. Within Maharashtra, production of Pomegranate is mainly concentrated in the Western Maharashtra region and the Marathwada region. Pomegranates are commercially cultivated in Solapur, Sangli, Nashik, Ahmednagar, Pune, Dhule, Aurangabad, Satara, Osmanabad and Latur districts. The varieties viz; Ganesh and Arakata cultivated in Maharashtra are suitable for export purposes. Europe, Netherlands, Germany and UAE are the main pomegranate importers of pomegranate from Maharashtra. MSAMB, Pune is one of the main exports promoting organizations for pomegranate. The study concerned to Post Harvest Management for Export of pomegranate was very important in order to, know the post harvest management techniques in pomegranate, export to Europe, Netherlands, Germany and UAE. For that, it is required to understand the desired post harvest treatments for disease free fruits, grading, packaging, storage, irradiation treatment for killing insect and pest, proper distribution facility for minimisation of losses during post harvest process, etc.

Objectives 1. To study the quality parameters for export of pomegranate to different countries. 2. To study the logistics management adopted by the exporters in export of pomegranate. 3. To study the problems faced by farmers during export of pomegranate. 4. To study the various export facilities provided by MSAMB, Pune for pomegranate export.

Methodology The research approach used was the purposive survey. In all, 30 pomegranate growers, who have exported their produce during the year 2008-09, were selected purposively. Questionnaire was designed as a research instrument to gather the data. Two types of questionnaires were designed for collecting the data from pomegranate growers and pomegranate exporters. Data were collected by personal interviews. Primary data were collected from 30 sample farmers, spread over in Baramati and Indapur tahsils of Pune districts, and Man tahsil of Satara district. The secondary data were obtained from the office of Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune and APEDA. The Internet sources were also tapped for requisite information. The collected data were analysed with the help of simple statistical techniques like percentage and averages. The results were presented in pie charts, and graphs.

3.10 Findings 1) Maharashtra is the leading state in area, production of pomegranate. but the productivity of pomegranate in Maharashtra is very less as compared with other states. 2) Shape and size of fruits, colours, lusters and diseases free fruits are preferred by importers. 3) In U.K, Netherlands and Germany markets, the pomegranate fruits having size 250 -300 gm with red colour fruits of Bhagva and Ganesh varieties (packed in 3 kg. boxes) are preferred, whereas in the Middle East countries, the fruits size of 300

450 gm with red colour fruits of Bhagva and Ganesh varieties (packed in 5 kg. boxes) are mostly preferred. 4) Bhagva variety of pomegranate is mostly preferred by all over the word followed by Ganesh, Arakta and Mrudula. 5) In logistics value chain, (farmers field to the ports) the major item of the cost was container charges (50%). 6) The major problems faced by pomegranate growers in export were lack of storage facility, Oily spot disease, Unavailability of skilled labours for harvesting and other farm operations, Cheating by commission agents (exporter), and growers dont have perfect information about export market price. 7) Document required for export of pomegranate [Global gap certificate] is very critical and slow process. 8) Even though the MSAMB, Pune have evaluated the Export Facility Centres in the study area, the selected pomegranate growers have not exported their produce directly. 9) The export facilities provided by MSAMB, Pune such as subsidy on Global Gap Certificate, Cold storage and Export Facility Centres at Baramati and Indapur have not availed directly by the selected farmers. However, only subsidy on Global Gap Certificate is availed by selected growers.

3.11 Conclusions 1) Maharashtra ranks top at area and production of pomegranate however, per unit productivity is low. Generally 250 to 330 gm sized pomegranate fruits are preferred in European markets whereas, in the Middle East country, slightly bigger fruits (300 to 450 gm) are preferred. 2) Bhagva variety of pomegranate is preferred all over the world. 3) The selected pomegranate growers have exported through export agencies. 4) In logistics chain from farmer is field to port, charges of container was the major cost. 5) Oily spot diseases, lack of storage facility and unavailability of skilled labour for harvesting etc were the major problems reported by farmers.

6) Cold storage facility, export facility centres, subsidy on Global Gap Certificate etc. are provided in study area by MSAMB, Pune. However farmers are not taking benefits of these facilities to the extends.

3.12 Suggestions 1) The efforts be made by agricultural scientists of University and NRC pomegranate for developing the improved agricultural techniques for increasing the productivity of pomegranate. 2) To capture the international market, the production of Bhagva variety be increased by putting more area under this variety. The promotion facilities such as supply of healthy and pure seedling of Bhagva variety and subsidies as inputs be provided to growers. 3) The pomegranate growers should be made awared about export documentation procedure, international market price, cost of export etc. The logistics chain in export of pomegranate should be grower friendly. 4) The MSAMB, Pune should rectify the procedure of availability facilities so that majority of pomegranate growers can take the benefits. The policy be recasted in favours of small and marginal fruit growers.

Mr. Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand

Pages:

47

1. INTRODUCTION
India is one of the country in the world having three types of climatic situations i.e Tropical, Sub-tropical, and Temperate climatic condition. There is one of the important benefit for India to grow various Fruits, vegetable, flowers crops in required climatic condition. Pomegranate is one of the major fruit crop in India. Which have required hot and dry climatic condition for better or economic growth of pomegranate fruit crop. In India, some of the states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu are the major growing pomegranate states. Amongst these states, Maharashtra is leading state for pomegranate production. Pomegranate is an important fruit crop of Maharashtra. It is cultivated on an area of 93,500 ha with the total production of 6,01,500 MT. In Maharashtra, production of pomegranate is mainly concentrated in the Western Maharashtra region and the Marathwada region. Pomegranate is commercially cultivated in Solapur, Sangli, Pune, Nashik, Ahmednagar, Dhule, Aurangabad Satara, Osmanabad, and Latur district. The varieties like Ganesh and Bhagwa cultivated in Maharashtra are suitable for export purpose. USA, Netherland, Germany and UK are the major importers for Indian pomegranate. The different countries required different quality of fruits such as colour, size, shape and weight of pomegranate fruits. The residue free and disease free fruits are demanded for export. Maharashtra States Agriculture Marketing Board (MSAMB), Pune is one of the major export promoting organizations for pomegranate. It provides a pomegranate Export Facility Center, Jalochi, Dist-Pune. The MSAMB, Pune provides all post harvest facilities such as cleaning, sorting, checking infected fruit, cleaning of dust by cloth, grading, packing, cold storage etc. at the their facility centre. 1.1 Importance of Pomegranate Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a favourite table fruit in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. A native to Iran (Persia), it is found from Kanyakumari to Kashmir, but is cultivated commercially only in Maharashtra. Small-scale plantations are also seen in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. In India, it is considered as a crop of the arid and semi-arid regions because it withstands different soil and climatic stresses. Pomegranate grows well under

semi-arid conditions. It thrives best under hot dry summer and cold winter provided irrigation facilities are available. The tree requires hot and dry climate during fruit development and ripening. It cannot produce sweet fruits unless the temperature is high for a sufficiently long period. Humid climate lowers the quality of fruits and increases incidence of fungal diseases. The pomegranate tree is deciduous in areas of low winter temperature and an evergreen or partially deciduous in tropical and subtropical conditions. It can tolerate frost to a considerable extent in dormant stage, but is injured at temperature below 11C. Orchards can be established up to an altitude of 500m. Pomegranate can be grown on a wide range of soils. It prefers a well-drained, sandy-loam to deep loamy, or alluvial soils. It can also be grown on light soils. Quality and colour development in light soils is good but poor in heavy soils. Alternative uses The fruit can be eaten out of hand by deeply scoring several times vertically and then breaking it apart. The cluster of juice sacs are then lifted out and eaten. The sack also makes an attractive garnish when sprinkled on various dishes. Pomegranate fruit are most often consumed as juice. The juice can be used in a variety of ways as a fresh juice to make jellies, cold or hot sauces as well as to flavor cakes, baked apples etc. Pomegranate syrup is sold commercially as grenadine. The juice can also be made into a wine. Wild pomegranate seed are some time used as a spice, known as anardana (which literally means pomegranate [anar] seeds [dana] in Persian.) The seeds are separated from the flesh, dried for 10- 15 days and used as an acidic agent for chutney and curry production. The seeds may also be ground in order to avoid seeds becoming stuck in the teeth when eating dishes prepared with them. The seed of the wild pomegranate daru from the Himalayas is considered the highest quality source of this spice. In Azerbaijan and Armenia, Pomegranate is also used to make a high quality wine which is successfully exported to other countries. During seasonal glut, the prices of fruits are fairly low. Cracking of fruits hampers their marketability. Such fruit can be utilized for processing. The range of value added product of pomegranate include pomegranate juice, pomegranate jelly, pomegranate arils, pomegranate syrup, pomegranate wine, rind powder, honey, tooth powder, in leather and drying industry etc.

Medicinal importance of pomegranate fruit All the parts of pomegranate tree, the roots, the reddish brown bark, leaves, flower, rind and seeds have medicine for thousands of years. Even in the ancient times Ayurveda considered it a light food and a tonic for the heart. The rind and bark are used to get rid of helminthes (internal parasite worm) and stomach disorder. Pomegranate juice is a excellent treatment for anemia. Pomegranate is used for asthama, cough, sore throat, weight problem, scurvy, liver, kidney, gall bladder diseases. Table: 1.1 Nutritional values per 100gm. of pomegranate Arils Nutrients Calories Moisture Protein Fat Trace only to Carbohydrates Fiber Ash Calcium Phosphorus Iron Sodium Potassium Carotene Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin Ascorbic Acid Citric Acid Boric Acid
(Source: USDA Nutrient database)

Quantity 63-78 72.6-86.4 g 0.05-1.6 g 0.9 g 15.4-19.6 g 3.4-5.0 g 0.36-0.73 g 3-12 mg 8-37 mg 0.3-1.2 mg 3 mg 259 mg None to Trace 0.003 mg 0.012-0.03 mg 0.180-0.3 mg 4-4.2 mg 0.46-3.6 mg 0.005 mg

1.2 Global Scenario of Pomegranate The cultivation of pomegranate was introduced quite early in the Mediterranean and Eastern countries like India. But in Spain, it was introduced after the Islamic influence there and it reached England in the thirteenth century. Much later, Spanish took this important plant to the new world-Mexico and Florida. Gradually, it spread to other countries too and now it is grown almost everywhere in the tropical and subtropical climate of the world.

The detailed information regarding area, production and productivity of major pomegranate producing countries in the world is depicted in the Table 1.2. Table: 1.2 Pomegranate producing countries in the world, (2005) SN. 1 2 3 4 5 Country Iran India Spain Turkey USA Area (ha) 63733 (44.26) 54755 (38.02) 3000 (2.1) 8500 (5.9) 14000 (9.72) 143988 (100.00) Production (MT) 650000 (39.75) 750000 (45.87) 60000 (3.66) 75000 (4.6) 100000 (6.12) 1635000 (100.00) Productivity (MT/ha) 10.19 13.69 20 8.82 7.14

(Source: www.codexalimentarius.net)

Note Figures in brackets indicate percentage to the respective totals.

Globally, Iran is the largest, producer of pomegranate with an estimated area of 63733 ha. under pomegranate with annual production of 670000 tonnes. About 44 per cent of pomegranate area and 40 per cent of the global pomegranate production is concentrated only in Iran. However, India ranks first in pomegranate production by registering about 46 per cent of the world pomegranate production. With regards to productivity, India is the next (13.69MT/ha) to Spain. This indicates that Indian pomegranate growers can explore the potential production. For that, it is a need to focus the level of adoption of improved agro-techniques. Major varieties grown in Iran are Malas-e Sava, Shisheh-e cape, Ferdousran, Robab-e Neyriz, Malas-e Yazd, Naderi-e Badrood, Khazar-e Bard, Malas-e Yazd, Naderi-e Badrood, Khazar-e Bardaskan, Ghojagh-e Qom, Bejestani-e Gonabad, and Ardestani-e Mahalat. Besides the other countries including India, Turkey, Spain, Tunisia, Morocco, Afghanistan, China, Greece, Japan, France, Armenia, Cyprus, Egypt, Italy and Palestine also cultivate this crop. Indias share in total production is around 4045 per cent.

1.3 Indian Scenario of Pomegranate India produces 5 lakh tonnes (50 %) of globle pomegranate production, but export only 5000 tonnes i.e. 1 per cent, while Spain produces One lakh tonne and exports 75000 tonnes annually i.e. 75 per cent. Thailand ranked 1st in export of pomegranate followed by Spain, Iran and India. Indias share in pomegranate export increased from 0.8 per cent to 1.2 per cent during 1990-2005.

1.3.1 Area and Production and Productivity of Pomegranate The major pomegranate producing states in India are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Punjab and Haryana. The detail information on statewise area, production and productivity of pomegranate is depicted in Table 1.3.

Table:1.3 State- wise area , production and productivity of pomegranate in India

[Area IN 000ha ; Production IN 000 MT ; Productivity MT/ha]

State
Area 93.5

2006-07
Prod. 601.5 (71.63) 129.5 (15.42) 44 (5.24) 50.3 (6) 11.9 (1.41) 1.6 (0.2) 0.9 (0.1) 839.7 (100) 65.8 0.9 4 23.8 10.9 9 10.8 Yield 6.4 Area 96.5 (77.85) 13.9 (11.3) 5.7 (4.6) 5.6 (4.5) 0.4 (0.32) 0.5 (0.5) 1.1 (0.93) 124 (100)

2007-08
Prod. 596.2 (67.44) 134.1 (15.17) 85.5 (9.69) 56.6 (6.4) 9.1 (1.02) 1.9 (0.21) 0.7 (0.07) 884.1 (100) 68.7 0.7 4.2 22.8 10.1 15 9.7 Yield 6.2 Area 82 (75.1) 14.3 (13.1) 6.5 (5.95) 4 (3.66) 0.4 (0.36) 0.6 (0.55) 1.4 (1.28) 109.2 (100)

2008-09
Prod. 550 (68.14) 138.1 (17.1) 64.7 (8.02) 39.3 (4.87) 10 (1.24) 3.5 (0.44) 1.6 (0.19) 807.2 (100) 7.4 1.1 5.5 25 9.8 10 9.7 Yield 6.7

Maharashtra Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Tamil Nadu Rajasthan

Others India

(79.91) 12.5 (10.8) 4.9 (4.18) 4.6 (3.5) 0.5 (0.420) 0.4 (0.34) 1 (0.85) 117 (100)

(source: NHB database 2009) Note Figures in brackets indicate percentage to the respective totals.

From the Table 1.3, it is seen that Maharashtra is leading state in area and production contributing nearly 3/4th area and production in the country. Next to this, Karnataka stands with nearly 11 per cent of area and production of pomegranate in country. It is interesting to note that Tamil Nadu registered the highest productivity i.e. 25 MT/ha, whereas Maharashtra ranked 5th in pomegranate productivity. This situation calls attention of agricultural scientists and pomegranate growers in Maharashtra to rectify the present agro-technique of pomegranate production. Since last three years, it is observed that area under pomegranate in Maharashtra state is went on declining, resulting into reduction in production. The reasons for decline in area and production of pomegranate may be due to water scarcity, infection of pest and diseases, especially oily spot disease etc. In the resent past, the severe attack of oily spot disease resulted in to diversification from pomegranate to other fruit crops. The Government and Agricultural University have jointly made the efforts to irradiate the oily spot disease. However, the belief regarding the fear of oily spot disease, set up in the minds of growers, do not allow them to return back.

Map:1.1 Major pomegranate growing area in Maharashtra.

1.3.2 Varieties grown in Maharashtra a) Bhagwa The Bhagwa variety of pomegranate presently under commercial cultivation known by different names viz. Shendari, Ashtagandha, Mastani, Jai Maharashtra, and Red Daina in various districts of Maharashtra such as Solapur, Nashik, Sangli, Satara, Ahemadnagar, Pune and Dhule districts has been recommended for its cultivation by the Mahatma Phule Agriculture University, Rahuri. Extensive survey work on pomegranate orchards indicated that the Bhagwa variety of pomegranate is high yielding and possesses desirable fruit characters. This variety matures in 180-190 days with average yield of 30.38 kg fruits/tree. Bigger fruit size, sweet, bold and attractive arils, glossy, very attractive saffron coloured thick skin makes it suitable for distant markets. This variety was found less susceptible to fruit spots and thrips as compared to other varieties of pomegranate. Considering all these attributes, the Bhagwa variety is recommended for its cultivation in pomegranate growing regions of Maharashtra.

b) Ganesh This is a selection from Alandi developed by Dr. Cheema at Pune, which revolutionized cultivation of pomegranate in Maharashtra state. It is a prolific bearer, fruit very large, rind yellowish red, pinkish aril with soft seeds. It is the commercial cultivar of Maharashtra. The average yield ranges from 8-10 kg per tree. This has soft seeds and pinkish flesh with juice of agreeable taste and bears heavily.

c) Arakta The Arakta variety of pomegranate presently under commercial cultivation various regions of Maharashtra. Pre-released in the year 1989. It has now been released as Phule Arakta for its cultivation by the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. ThePhule Arakta variety of pomegranate is high yielding and possesses desirable fruit characters. The fruits are bigger in size, sweet with soft seeds, bold red arils. It also possesses glossy, attractive, dark red skin. It is less susceptible to fruit spots and thrips. Hence, the Phule Arakta variety is released for the cultivation in pomegranate growing areas of Maharashtra.

1.3.3 Flowering seasons of pomegranate in Maharashtra A full grown pomegranate has tendency to bear flowers and fruits throughout the year. To obtain higher fruit yield during a particular period, plants are given a resting period by which the natural tendency of the tree is altered with artificial means. It is done by withholding of water for two months in advance of normal flowering, root exposure and also use of chemicals. By adopting such methods, flowering can be include in June- July (Mrig bahar) coinciding with the break of mansoon, February- March (Ambe bahar), and September- October (Hasth bahar). a) Mrig bahar Mrig bahar is taken in Deccan areas, where water is so scare during the hot weather. For this treatment, watering is withheld from December to April-May results in sufficient suppression of growth. In the month of March-April leaves are shed as plants go in dormant stage. The manures and fertilizers are applied and light irrigation is given which is followed by two heavy irrigations at 7 days interval before rain sets in within 15 days, trees will put on profuse growth along with the formation of flowers and fruits. The fruits ripen in October and continue up to December.

b) Ambe bahar Ambe bahar is taken in the areas where enough water is available during hot weather. The fruits are available during June and July and no irrigation is given after the start of the rainy season. The trees shed their leaves by October-November, when a shallow hand digging or ploughing is done. During December-January, manures are applied. The first irrigation is given in January and the flowers appear within a month of this irrigation. In dry regions of western Maharashtra Ambe bahar has been found to be better treatment than Mrig bahar.

c) Hast bahar Hast bahar is seldom taken. The trees have to be made dormant during AugustSeptember. This is rather uncertain because of the rains that occur during this period.

1.3.4 Harvesting seasons of pomegranate in leading states As discussed earlier pomegranate can be harvested in three bahar. In different states the period of harvesting seasons is varied. The information regarding harvesting seasons of pomegranate is depicted in Table 1.4. Table: 1.4 Harvest pattern in leading pomegranate growing states.
STATES Maharashtra Karnataka JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

AndhraPradesh Gujarat

(Source: NHB database 2009)

Lean Period

Peak Period

Throughout Year

From the Table 1.4, it is observed that Maharashtra and Gujarat are only the states wherein pomegranate is harvested throughout the year. In Karnataka, the harvesting season of pomegranate is in the months of February to March, whereas in the case of Andhra Pradesh, it is during the period of mid April to May. Gujarat state is competitor for Maharashtra, but the area and production of pomegranate in Gujarat is only 4 to5 per cent of total production of country.

1.4 Importance of Study Pomegranate is a one of the arid fruit crop; it is sustainable and economically grows in such climatic zone. Pomegranate fruit crop required light type of soil, which is not suitable for other agricultural crop. In Maharashtra, climate and soils are suitable for pomegranate cultivation. Maharashtra government also provides schemes through State Horticulture Board and Agricultural Department to encourage the farmers for cultivating fruit crops. For pomegranate, government provides cent per cent subsidy for planting materials. The growers can get maximum returns from pomegranate cultivation. As mention earlier, Maharashtra is the leading state in area and production of pomegranate. Pomegranates have good demand in European markets. Pomegranate is a high value crop and its entire tree is of great economic importance. Apart from its demand for fresh fruit and juice, the processed products like wine and candy are also gaining importance in world trade. However, as much attention is not paid by the agriculture university and the research institutes in developing the location specific techniques as compared to the other fruit crops such as grapes. The farmers are facing number of problems in production and marketing of pomegranate. The pomegranate growers are not fully awared about the post harvest technology, the export procedure and documentations. An attempt has been made to focus on the aspects of post harvest management and export of pomegranate, hence the project entitled Post harvest management for export of pomegranate in Maharashtra was undertaken with the following specific objective.

1.5 Objectives of Study 1. To study the quality parameters for export of pomegranate to different countries. 2. To study the logistics management adopted by the exporters in pomegranate export. 3. To study the problems faced by farmers during export of pomegranate. 4. To study the various export facilities provided by MSAMB, Pune for promotion of pomegranate export.

1.6 Scope of Study The present study was undertaken in order to understand the export of pomegranate to various country with different quality parameters. The study will provide in detailed

information about different post harvest management techniques followed in pomegranate exports. The study will guide to achieve the targets. The coordination and sustained efforts are required by all concerned in research and development. The result of the study will focus on the need based research programmes to develop sustainable technologies by making the best use of the opportunities to meet the increasing demands and challenges. Potential areas for pomegranate cultivation will be identified and non-traditional areas will be explored for its cultivation.

1.7 Limitations of Study There are some limitations in the study. The survey method was followed for collection of data from pomegranate farmers and exporters. Farmers and exporters had limitations in getting reliable data as most of the data were based on recall of memories. This is because very few of the farmers maintain their records at the farm and some of them shown laziness during the survey. On the other hand, the exporters failed to give sufficient time for discussion because of their business hurry. Some of them were busy with their activities so they were contacted through email and through telephone. Also the clearing agents not gave whole information because of tight schedule, heavy work load in export season. All these factors may lead to deviate the concrete conclusions. The results obtained from the present study are applicable only in similar situations. So also the results are based on limited sample size.

2. METHODOLOGY
The success of any project is depends on the methodology which was adopted for systematic data collection, compilation and various type of analysis on scientific lines. The methodology adopted for present study is given below. 2.1 Selection of study area As the industrial training attachment was titled with MSAMB, Pune. It was the intention to know the role of MSAMB,Pune in desimination of post harvest techniques and export promotion. The study was confined in Pune district only. Baramati and Indapur tahsils of Pune district were selected purposively on the basis of higher area under pomegranate crop in Pune district. Man tahsil from Satara district was also purposively selected because the farmers take the benefit of Export Facility Centre at Indapur developed by MSAMB Pune. 2.2 Selection of Sample For the selection of sample exporter farmers and registered exporter, an exhaustive list was obtained from the office of MSAMB, Pune. In all 30 pomegranate growers who have exported their produce were selected. From Baramati,Indapur and Man tahsils. The list of selected pomegranate grower is enclosed at [Appendix-I]. About exporters who collect the pomegranate from study area were selected purposively. 2.3 Collection of Data and Data Requirement Present study utilised both primary as well as secondary data from published as well as unpublished sources. Since, the project demanded for the detailed study of post harvest management and export of pomegranate from Maharashtra, there was a need of lot of data. The details of data collected are provided in following sections. I. Primary data

a) Questionnaire method Before initiating this study, the questionnaires were prepared for collecting data from Pomegranate producers and exporters. These questionnaires were discussed with the project guide and Incharge officer of pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Baramati and Indadpur. For collection of primary data from pomegranate growers, separate questionnaire was designed [Appendix-II]. Further to know the logistics management adopted by the

exporters separate schedule was designed and appended at [Appendix-III]. The data were pertaining to the year 2008-09. b) Observation Method The requisite information was collected personally through observations at MSAMB pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Jalochi, Baramati. and pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Indapure. The procedure has also followed by way of oral investigation. The persons having information was interrogated and on the basis of their answers the data was collected. II. Secondary data The necessary secondary data has also used. The sources of collection of secondary data were managed by way of following texts. The publications published by MSAMB, NHB, APEDA, Ministry of Agricultural, Govt. of Maharashtra, Govt. of India etc. MSAMB library. Guidelines given by APEDA for Export of pomegranates Internet source. Magazines like Dalimb Vrutt, Krushi Panan Mitra, etc.

2.4

Analysis of Data After collection of data, it was analyzed in accordance with the outline laid down for

the pre sent investigation. Such collected data were fed to computer for various analysis purposes. Various tools employed for processing and analysis of data included tabulation, averages, percentage, pie-chart, graphs etc. Score Card method was employed to know the extent of knowledge of post harvest management.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Profile of MSAMB (Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing Board), Pune.

The Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board (MSAMB), Pune was established on 23rd, March 1984, under section 39A of Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, 1963. MSAMB has done pioneering work in the field of Agricultural Marketing in the State and achieved success in various areas. MSAMB is having an important role in developing and coordinating agricultural marketing system in the State of Maharashtra.

3.1.1 About MSAMB, Pune MSAMB is a state level organization working in the field of export of various fresh fruits, vegetable and processed food products since last twenty five years. We have experience of export of fruits and vegetable to Europe, USA, South East Asian Countries, Japan, and Middle East Countries etc. Export can provide better option for the marketing of the agricultural commodities and provides the alternative way of utilization of surplus production.

Some of the remarkable achievements can be enlisted as under

Commercial and trial export Implementation of subsidy scheme for Global GAP certification. Erection and successful utilization of Export Facility Centres for various commodities in the state.

Participation in various International Commodity Specific Promotion Programs Successful implementation of Agri. Export Zones of Alphonso Mango, Kesar Mango, Pomegranate, Banana, Mandarins and Onion etc.

Nodal Agency for implementation of Asian Development Bank and IFAD funded projects in Maharashtra.

Successfully organized Farmers Foreign Study Tour to Israel and Europe.

3.1.2 Objectives As per the provision of Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, 1963 section 39(J), the Board shall perform the following functions and shall have power to do such things as may be necessary or expedient for carrying out these functions.

To co-ordinate the functioning of the Market Committees including programmes undertaken by such Market Committees for the development of markets and market areas.

To undertake State level planning for the development of the agriculture produce markets.

To maintain and administer the Agricultural Marketing Development Fund.

To give advice to Market Committees in general or any Market Committee in particular with a view to ensuring improvement in the functioning.

To supervise and guide the Market Committees in the preparation of plans and estimates of construction programme undertaken by them.

To make necessary arrangements for propaganda and publicity on matters relating to marketing of agricultural produce.

To grant subventions or loans to Market Committees for the purposes of this Act on such terms and conditions as it may determine.

To arrange or organise seminars, workshops, exhibitions on subject relating to agricultural marketing and giving training to members and employees of marketing committee.

To do such other things as may be of general interest relating to marketing of agricultural produce.

To carry out any other function specifically entrusted to it by this Act. To carry out such other functions of like nature as may be entrusted to it by the State Government.

3.1.3 Board of Directors MSAMB is committed towards smooth and orderly development of agricultural marketing in the State. The Board of Directors takes all policy decisions in respect of this sphere of activity and such other important issues. The Board of Directors of the Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board consists of the following members:

Board of directors of MSAMB, Pune

1 2 3

Hon. Minister for Marketing Hon. Minister of State for Marketing

Ex-Officio Chairman Ex-Officio Vice-Chairman

Commissioner for Co-operation and Registrar of Ex-Officio Member Co-operative Societies

4 5

Commissioner of Agriculture

Ex-Officio Member

Chairman, Maharashtra State Market Committee's Ex-Officio Member Co-operative Federation, Pune

Agricultural Marketing Advisor to Govt. of India Ex-Officio Member or his representative

Representative of National Bank of Agriculture Ex-Officio Member and Rural Development (NABARD) to be nominated by the State Government.

Members not exceeding six, to be nominated by Member the State Government from amongst the Chairman of the Market Committees, one each from the six Revenue Divisions.

Director of Marketing, Maharashtra State, Pune

Ex-Officio

Managing

Director

and

Member Secretary

Chart: 3.1 Organization structure of MSAMB Pune

3.1.4 Agri. Export Zone and MSAMB, Pune With the objective of promoting greater exports of fresh and processed agricultural produce from the country the Government of India (GoI) has announced the creation of Agri. Export Zone (AEZ). The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Commerce and GoI, through APEDA (the Agriculture and Processed Food Export Development Authority), New Delhi the nodal agency for AEZ. The AEZ is expected to give a focus and direction for exports of key agricultural produce with potential from the country. It involves a detailed action plan for the development of specified geographic areas for effecting systematically greater exports of a specific produce. Under the AEZ all aspects of agriculture such as production, research, development, extension, post harvest management and marketing are addressed in a focused manner for successful implementation. For instance modern production practices are introduced for production of exportable quality produce and improved productivity. There is an emphasis on setting up of appropriate produce-specific post harvest infrastructure and introduce post harvest practices, right from farm all the way to market. Another important area of focus under AEZ is marketing, market promotion and market development for Indian produce. The need for market oriented research, development and extension activities have been recognized under the AEZ and appropriate activities proposed to achieve both short term and long term goals of the Indian export industry. All this is achieved under AEZ by instituting appropriate interventions at the Government level and producer-exporter level. In this context, the State of Maharashtra has added nearly 10 lakh Ha. under Horticulture over the past 10 years. Production from 50 per cent of this newly added area is expected to start yielding in the next few years. This will mean substantially greater potential for marketing of horticulture produce from the State with possibility for greater export, keeping this in mind, the State of Maharashtra, the leading State in exports of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables from the country today, has identified eight potential horticultural crops of commercial importance for AEZ. Creation of AEZ will give required momentum for steady and systematic growth of exports of these produce from the State. Under AEZ a number of specific activities or interventions, agency responsible for implementation and funding needs have been identified. Interventions are suggested in the areas of production, post harvest management, marketing and research and development areas. Responsibility for coordination lies with the nodal agency, the Maharashtra State

Agricultural Marketing Board. The nodal agency with support and cooperation from the Department of Horticulture, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Industries, the Department of Finance, Maharashtra State Electricity Board (MSEB) and other agency/agencies would implement the AEZ in a time bound and effective manner. Requirement of funds under AEZ are proposed to be met from private and co-operative sector with subsidies/grants from Central and State Government and loan availed from bank and financial institutions. Table: 3.1 Agri. Export Zones in Maharashtra and implementing agencies Sr. AEZ MoU Signed Districts

NODAL AGENCY-MSAMB, Pune

1. 2.

Alphonso Mangoes Kesar Mangoes

12th Feb. 2002 11th April 2002

Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg Aurangabad, Jalna, Beed, Latur, Ahmednagar, Nasik. Nasik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Jalgaon, Satara, Solapur. Nasik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Solapur, Sangli, Latur, Osmanabad, Satara Jalgaon, Nanded, Dhule, Nandurbar, Hingoli, Parbhani, Buldhana, Wardha. Nagpur, Amravati.

3.

Onion

16th Jan. 2003

4.

Pomegranate

9th June 2003

5. 6.

Banana Orange

4th July 2005 4th July 2005

NODAL AGENCY-MIDC

7. 8.

Floriculture Grape and Grape Wine Park

22nd June 2002 7th Jan. 2002

Pune, Nasik, Sangli. Pune, Nasik, Sangli, Satara, Ahmednagar, Solapur.

3.1.5 Agri Export Zone (AEZ) - Pomegranate

GoM has announced the creation of an AEZ for Pomegranate covering the Districts of Nashik, Pune, Sangli, Solapur, Osmanabad, Latur and Ahmednagar.

The MSAMB has been named the nodal agency by the GoM.

A Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted by MSAMB has been approved MoU signed between GoM and GoI on 9th June 2003.

a) Present Status Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board in coordination with State agricultural department, Local APMC and cooperative societies continuously arranging training and demonstration programs in rural area to increase export quality production. The training booklet prepared with the help of experts covering pre and post harvest technology of concerned crop is circulated freely among farmers likewise

During the year 2003-04, 2032 farmers were trained in 34 day training programs. During the year 2005-06, 2458 farmers were trained in 32 day training programs. In the current year MSAMB has planned to conduct 60 one day training programs for farmers.

b) Investment With reference to infrastructure development advertise in news paper was release on 17th and 19th Sept 2003. The investors from Private and Co-operative sector are further guided MSAMB with the help of APEDA, New Delhi and APMC Baramati has started the work for erection of Pomegranate export facility centre at Baramati Dist..Pune. The facility will have following different unitsPrecooking=5Mts. Cold storage=60Mts. mechanical Handling System = 1.5 MT/hr.

3.2 Profile of Sample Growers

In Maharashtra state, pomegranates are commercially cultivated in Solapur, Sangli, Nashik, Ahmednagar, Pune, Dhule, Aurangabad, Satara, Osmanabad, and Latur districts. As mention in chapter 2, the study area was delineated for the present project work. Hence, it is imparaline to study the profile of study area. In Pune region, the pomegranate growers from tahsils of Baramati and Indapur have good knowledge about pomegranate cultivation. In the both tahsils, the MSAMB Pune has established Export Facility Centre for the benefits of the farmers. Man tahsil of Satara district comes under drought prone area which receives an average 250 mm annual

rainfall. The soil of Man tahsil is light to medium soils, suitable for pomegranate cultivation. The profile indicators such as educational status, area under pomegranate cultivars, bahar preferred by farmers, reasons for growing specific varieties and knowledge regarding post harvest techniques etc. is presented briefly in profile of sample growers.
Chart: 3.2 Map indicating study area

Indicating selected tahsil of study area. Indicating study area districts

3.2.1 Distribution of sample As mentioned earlier, the total sample comprises of 30 pomegranate grower spread over in three tahsils vizs, Baramati (Pune), Indapure (Pune) and Man (Satara). The
distribution of sample farmers is as under.

Table: 3.2 Distribution of sample farmers

Sr.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Tahsils Baramati (pune)

Indapur (Pune)

Man (Satara)

Name of Villages Malegaon. Sangavi. Pandhare. Varkute. Bijwadi. Sarafwadi Palasdev. Shelgaon. Bijwadi. Pangari. Dudhebabi. Total Sample

No. of Farmers 3 2 2 8 1 1 1 3 4 4 1 30

3.2.2 Education level of farmers

Grduation 30%

Primary 20% Secondary 17% Higher secondary 23%

Diploma 10%

Chart: 3.3 Education level of sample farmers

Education is one of the important factor influencing managerial ability skills and technical knowledge in the farm business. About 37 per cent of pomegranate growers are educated up to secondary level. It may weaken the link in management. The higher the education, higher is the rate of adoption of technology. Many studies have shown that education is the precursor for the ability of analyzing management skills and techniques in the business.

3.2.3 Varieties grown by farmers

Gaesh 30%

Bhagava 70%

Chart: 3.4 Distribution of growers according to pomegranate varieties .

In study area, most of the farmers grow only two varieties i.e. Bhagwa and Ganesh. In that, Ganesh variety is cultivated by 30 per cent growers. Bhagwa variety is cultivated widely. According to the growers, the following are important reasons that attracted the growers for cultivation of Bhagwa Variety. i. ii. Bhagwa fetches better market price which is 2-3 times higher than that of Ganesh. Increasing demand for export markets particularly in United Kingdom, Holland, other European and gulf countries etc. iii. Fruits are very attractive, Saffron coloured, smooth and glossy peel which is increasing its cosmetics value and market appearance of the fruits. iv. Fruits are with attractive seeds having cherry red coloured and bold arils, which are suitable for both table and processing purposes. v. Fruits are suitable for long distance transport due to thick peel (Less weight loss, less possibility of damage due to bruises.) vi. Fruits have better keeping quality than other varieties (15-12 days at room temperatures). vii. Fruits are tolerant to thrips and mits which reduce the number of pesticide sprays, which minimise cost of production. viii. Fruits are moderately susceptible to black spots.

ix.

Fruits are free from blackening of arils even in case of latte harvesting of fruits up to 7-5 months, which reduces market value of fruits.

x.

It has no incidence of cracking fruits which is observed in other varieties viz. Ganesh, G-137 and Mrudula which ranges from 10-15 per cent.

xi. xii. xiii. xiv.

There is no fruit drop observed in case of server water storage situations. There are no fruit drops observed in case of severe water shortage situations. This variety gives high yield (30-40 kg/tree) in case of better management. It is comparatively late for harvesting but due to less expense on plant protection measures and better market prices realised, it is more remunerative than any other pomegranate cultivar.

3.2.4 Bahar preferred by farmers The period of flowering is called Bahar. For pomegranate there are three Bahars i.e Ambe bahar, Mrig bahar and Hast bahar. The information regarding Bahar preferred by sample farmers is depicted in chart 3.5.

Hasta bahar 20%

Ambe bahar 80%

Chart: 3.5 Bahar taken by farmers in study area

The selected growers used to take Ambe bahar. Nearly 80 per cent growers preferred ambe bahar. Ambe bahar was taken by pomegranate growers because of availability of resources, suitable climatic condition for production its results reduction in the cost of production. In some regions Ambe bahar is one of the risks bearing bahar, because the period

of this bahar is January to February, so climatic condition is hot and dry which is favourable for growth of pomegranate plant, but in some regions of Maharashtra, this period faced the major problem like water scarcity. It affected to the production of pomegranate that directly affects the market condition of pomegranate fruits, resulting into scarcity of fruits in market. 3.2.5 Post-Harvest techniques adopted by growers Information on Post-harvest technique adopted by the selected growers was obtained. The growers were asked 10 questions related to the Post harvest management techniques. The Scores have been worked out to know the extent of knowledge of post harvest management techniques. The results of score cards are appended at Appendix- IV. The level of extend of knowledge is further categorised as low, medium and high. The score is depicted in chart 3.6.

Chart: 3.6 Knowledge level of sample farmers

50 45 40 35
Percentage

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Low 1 to 4 23 Medium 5 to 7 44 High 8 to 10 33

No. of Right answer of Questions Percentage

From the score card analysis, it is seen that only 33 per cent farmers have good knowledge of post harvest management techniques. It is surprising to note that about one fourth of the sample growers did not fully awared the post harvest management techniques.

3.3 Quality Parameter Required for Exports of Pomegranate

3.3.1. Quality for export of pomegranate In order to maintain high quality levels and food safety standards care should be taken at planting stage of Pomegranate. Selection of good resistance variety, selection of land for

pomegranate planting, availability of resources, avoid the extend use of chemical and fertilizer and carry all operations as per schedule. The desirable fruit characters of fresh pomegranate for export purpose are Dark rose pink colour of the fruit. Fruit weight around 500 Gms. Round and globose shape of the fruit. Uniform size and shape of the fruit in a pack or box. Dark rose pink arils. Softness of the seeds. Higher sugar content near about 16-17 Brix. Free from scars, disease spots, insect injury, scratches, etc. Smooth cutting at the stem end. Pleasant flavour and aroma Bracts/calyx without any damage and having freshness. Consumer preference is changing from time to time and from country to country. Earlier, Ganesh variety with big sized fruits was the preferred one, and the fruits were exported to the Gulf countries. Now, in Europe and other parts of the world, varieties such as Bhagwa (Kesar), Mrudula are the suitable and accepted ones. Soft seeded, coloured varieties with high per cent of juice with easy to remove arils are preferred. Fruits weighing more than 500 Gms with superior qualities have immediate and ready acceptance in the international market. Company has quality control persons to look after the quality aspects of the fresh fruits. Quality aspects include, Size of the fruit Shape of the fruit Colour of the fruit Sunburn effect Thrips attack Mealy bug Bacterial spot Sugar content i. Size of the fruit The size of the fruit that is to be procured depends upon the requirements of the importer

located abroad. Generally the pomegranate is graded depending upon its size. Different grades in pomegranate are as follows Table 3.3 Grading based on size and colour Grades Fruit Super size Characteristics Fruits are attractive, very large, dark red in colour, without blemish weighing >750 g. Fruits are attractive, large without blemish and weighing between 500-750 g. Fruit are large, attractive without blemish and weighing between 400-500 g Fruits are attractive, blemish free and weighing between 300-400 g. Fruits having 1-2 spots and weighing between 250-300 g. Fruits weighing <250 g.

King size

Queen size

Prince

12-A 12-B ii. Shape

The fruit should be globosely and round in shape and firm. iii. Colour Dark rose pink colour of the fruit and dark rose pink arils are preferred. As the temperatures increases the colour of the arils decreases. So the colour of the arils is dark red in the months of November and becomes light as it proceeds towards the hotter months of May and June. iv. Sugar content The fruit should neither be over ripen nor under ripen. The sugar content should be above 15 Brix at 20 degrees. Brix reading is taken by a Refractometer. The juice taken from the arils is put in the Hand refractometer and the reading is taken. If it is above 15, it is considered to be suitable for export. The testing is done at random in the field. v. Sunburn effect The fruits are checked for any sunburn damage. Sunburn damage can be identified by the black colour on the surface of the fruit .The fruits affected by the sunburn rot internally. vi. Disease free fruit a. Thrips attack: The fruits damaged by thrips shows scraping of the colour on

its rind. The rind of the fruit loses its smoothness.

b. Mealy bug: Bracts/Calyx should not be damaged and should appear fresh. Immediately after harvesting and grading fungicide Captan 50% WP is diluted at 2 gm per litre water and all the fruits are wiped off with a clean and soft white cloth before packing into the cartons to prevent the fruits from fungal infections. 3.4.2 Export specifications Table 3.4 gives the country wise and variety wise export specifications for pomegranate. Table: 3.4 Export specifications of different countries.
Post Harvest Techniques The Netherlands /Germany

Sr.No.

Variety

Middle East

U.K.

Ganesh, Bhagwa Arakata, Mrudula

Size(gms) and Colour Packing Storage

2 3
(Source MSAMB, Pune)

300-450 gm, Red 200-250 gm, Deep red 5 kg 5 C

250-300 gm, Red 200-250 gm, Deep red 3 kg 5 C

250-300 gm, Red 200-250 gm, Deep red 3 kg 5 C

An export specification differs from country to country. In U.K, Netherlands and Germany markets, the pomegranate fruits having size 250 -300 gm with red colour fruits of Bhagwa and Ganesh varieties (packed in 3 kg. boxes) are preferred, whereas in the Middle East countries, the fruits size of 300 450 gm with red colour fruits of Bhagwa and Ganesh varieties (packed in 5 kg. boxes) are mostly preferred.

3.4 Logistics Management Adopted by the Pomegranate Exporters

In my study area i.e. Pune district farmer are not direct export their produce, they export through middlemen i.e. exporters. Hence after harvesting of pomegranate, farmer works is stop and exporter start to work. Farmers collect their harvested pomegranate fruit in farm shed house. Exporter transported to this fruits from farm shed house to pack house of facility centre. Transportation of harvested pomegranate fruit from farm shed house to pack house, exporter use small utility vehicle i.e. Tempo, Truck etc. Pomegranate fruit after reaching pack house it goes through different process i.e. cleaning, grading, packaging, storage in cold storage.

When capacity of container is complete then all stored fruit dispatch from packaging house by using 20ft and 40ft container to Mumbai. From Mumbai to different countries transport of pomegranate by ship container. Chart: 3.7 Value chain in logistics management for export of pomegranate to U.K.
COUNTAINER [Value in Rs. per kg.] 20 FEET 40 FEET
Capacity FIELD OF FARMER 8500 kg. 17500 kg.

LABOUR CHARGE (Weighing, Loading) 0.20 0.20

FIELD TO FACILITY CENTER

0.30

0.30

FACILITY CENTER RENT

LABOURS CHARGES Sorting, Cleaning, Grading, Packing, Weighing, Labelling and Loading. 1 1

FACILITY CENTRE TO PORT

3.5

1.7

COSTUM CHARGE

0.36

0.34

TERMINAL HANDILING CHARGES

1.76

0.85

CONTAINER CHARGE

10.23

6.71

COST AND FREIGHT CHARGES

0.70

0.34

UK.PORT.

[Grand Total - 21.05

14.44]

Generally, two varieties viz. Ganesh and Bhagwa of pomegranate are reputed to UK. The size of container is determined as per the quantity to be exported. In the value chain of pomegranate export, field of farmer, Export Facility Centre, J.N.P.T Port and Destination (UK Port) one the important component of logistics. If the pomegranate is exported the small container, the logistics value is worked to Rs.177672, that for big sized container it is Rs. 253310. Amongst the value chain, the container charges registered the maximum exporters i.e. up to 50 per cent of total expenses. The detail information of total logistics cost and cost required per kg is depicted in following table 3.5 Table 3.5 Logistics cost for pomegranate export to UK. Process containers 20 container, capacity40 ft container, capacity8500 kg. 17500 kg. Total cost Cost per kg. Total cost Cost per kg.
ft

Labour charges for Weighing and loading Transportation for Field to Facility Centre Facility Centre rent Labour charges for unloading, sorting, cleaning, grading, packing, weighing, labelling, loading. Transportation for Facility Centre to JNPT port. Custom handling charges Terminal handling charges Container charges C and F charges Grand Total

1700 2550 25500 8500

0.2 0.3 3 1

3500 5250 52500 17500

0.2 0.3 3 1

30000 3122 15000 87000 6000 177672

3.5 0.36 1.76 10.23 0.7 21.05

30000 6110 15000 117450 6000 253310

1.7 0.34 0.85 6.71 0.34 14.44

(Source: MSAMB, Pune.)

3.4.1 Export procedure followed by Exporters A) Procedure of pomegranate export 1. Procurement of good quality, full ripened, free from blemishes, dirt free etc. fruits from

the grower. 2. Transportation of procurement produce to package house There are four types forms which are used during procurement process. These are follows, ii. Procurement order slip It is given by the export agency to the farmers. Terms and condition, quality and quantity requirements of the export agency are all mentioned in this procurement order slip. iii. Goods received note This is provided by the exporter company after receiving the produce from the farmers or service provider. It gives the details about the how much material received and how much rejected and also description of the material, if any. iv. Weighment sheet As the name describe, it tells about weighment details of the produce. v. Delivery challan It has the details about the shipping location, type of delivery, whether it is a sales dispatch, stock transfer, wastage disposal etc. It also mentions the detail of the vehicle by which it is being transported to the shipping location. The containers filled with the material are being transported to the shipping location and then exported to different parts of the world like United Kingdom, Middle Eastern countries and some European countries. 3. Weighing According to need of export parameters weighing of fruits should be done. The overweight and underweight fruits should be marked through domestic channel. 4. Sorting After proper harvesting and weighing fruits should be sorted according to the export parameter preferred by the country. Sorting should be done according to weight, colour, quality, size etc. 5. Cleaning and brushing After selecting the fruit for export these fruits should be properly cleaned to remove any dirt or unwanted waste. For better look of the fruits brushing is done to enhance appearance and luster. 6. Drying These selected fruits should be dried to expel extra moisture on surface to avoid

fungal diseases. Packing of these fruits become easy and attractive. 7. Grading by weight seizer International grading based on size and colour. 8. Packing and palletization Entire export material is filled in cartoons with different counts. Cartoons counts may be 10, 12 and 15. After the packing is done the following details are marked by the company person on the cartoon.

Carton for export Net weight. Fruit count inside the cartoon. The cold storage where it is being sent. And a stamp impression.

Filler Material

For example if the impression shows 005970420, 0059 stands for the farmer code given by the company, 7 stands for the year 2007, 04 stand for the month April and last two digits 20 stand for the date. This helps in the tracking back the produce of the particular cartoon to know the field from which it was brought.

Pallet A Pallet is made of 200 cartoons packed together in 20 layers of 10 cartoons each. Pallets helps in retaining the structure of cartoons and also protects fruit from getting damage while transportation.

1 4 5 8 9 12 13 16 17 20

2 3 6 7 10 11 14 15 18 19

Pallet in cold storage 9. Precooling

Layout of container

After packing and palletization of fruits this pallets are kept in precooling chamber at 5oC to reduce the respiration rate and to increase shelf life.

10. Cold storage For getting better price these fruit are kept in the cold storage at 40C till the market price are favourable to avoid market glute of the commodity. This cold storage are used to store the produce.

11. Loading in container

About 20 pallets can be loaded in a big container and 9 pallets in a small container therefore 4000 cartoons are needed to fill a big container. 4000 X 4(net wt on each cartoon) = 16 tonnes (approx). The pallets are loaded into the container for transportation to shipping point. It is to be checked that, the containers inside temperature is around 5-6 degree centigrade before loading the pallets into it. It is then sealed and sent to the shipping location. 12. Loading on ship The container containing the pallets of pomegranate which are to be exported to loaded on the ship if sea route is economical. 13. Export destination According to, the demands placed by the importing country, the ships are loaded.

3.4.2 Problems faced by exporters In the present study, pomegranate Export Facility Centre Jalochi, (Baramati) and pomegranate Export Facility Centre at Indapure were selected for the present study, where in four exporter have taken benefit of this Export Facility Centre. They reported following problems. Table 3.6 Problems faced by exporters (n=4)
Sr.No

1 2 3 4 5

Problems Unavailability of skilled labour for handling and packaging Unavailability of transport facility from farm to export facility centre Farmer do not have Global gap certificate Delay in payment from importer Delay in sample residue checking reports

Percentage 75 100 50 100 75

It is observed that, all problems those have mention in table 3.6 are the major problem, because all these problems faced more than 50 per cent exporters.

3.5 Problems Faced by Farmers During Export of Pomegranate

During the project work some open ended questions were asked to pomegranate growers for studying the problems faced by them in pomegranate export. The reaction reported by the sample growers are compiled and presented in Table 3.7 Table 3.7 Problems faced by growers for export of pomegranate
No. of farmers

Sr.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Problems Unavailability of skilled labour for harvesting and other farm operation Irregular supply of Electricity and scarcity of water Lack of storage facility Delay in sample residue checking Grower don't have perfect information about export market price Cheating by commission agents i.e. Exporter Don't have perfect knowledge about post harvest technique Delay in payment from exporter Oily spot disease

(n=30) 28 23 30 21 26 27 20 25 30

Percentage 93.33 76.66 100.00 70.00 86.66 90.00 66.66 83.33 100.00

(Source: Primary data)

Unavailability of skilled labour for harvesting and other farm operation In the farm activity, without labour no any operation can be under taken. Availability of labour at right time is very important. After maturity of pomegranate fruit at right time, harvesting is very important but this operation required number of skilled labour. Many times due to unavailability of labour, harvesting of fruits prolonged into deterioration of fruit quality. In the present study, 93 per cent growers have faced this problem. Irregular supply of electricity and scarcity of water Even and regular electric power supply is the requisite input in agriculture. One can not irrigate his farm without electric power supply. In village level nearly 14 hr. electricity load shading. This is the major problem reported by 76 per cent of selected pomegranate growers. In my study area, Indapur and Man area are in scarcity zone, where water sources are very poor. The farmers in Man tahsil, irrigated their fruits garden by Matka method of irrigation.

Lack of storage facility After harvesting of pomegranate, growers dont have efficient infrastructure to store the fruits. Due to this, farmers store their fruits on farm under trees. It may affect adversely the quality of produce. All the selected growers have faced this problem. Delay in residue checking sample reports When exporters select the orchard of pomegranate for export. They firstly check the chemical residue in fruits. It is mandatory as quality parameter. However, laboratory report required more time and it delays the export consignment. About 70 per cent farmers were badly experienced this problem. Grower dont have information about export market price Commission agents plays important role in marketing of pomegranate. According to pomegranate growers the commission agents cheat them by giving low prices than actual prices in the market. It is observed that pomegranate growers have lack of information about export market price. Nearly 87 per cent growers exported that exporter do not express the actual price realised in international market. Lack of knowledge regarding post harvest techniques About 66 per cent of pomegranate growers who export their produce have not awared fully about the post harvest technique to be followed for pomegranate. Delay in payment from exporters After purchasing of pomegranate from growers, the exporters do not make immediate payment to the growers. They delayed the payments for more than months. Most of the farmers (83%) have experienced this problem. Oily spot disease At present, all the pomegranate growers are facing the problem of oily spot disease. Actually this is a problem on production front, however, due to the oily spot, the quality of the fruits is deteriorated and resulted in very low price. The infection of this disease is spreading day by day which resulting in diversification of farmers to the other field crops. All the selected farmers have opined that due to the oily spot disease, the quality of fruit was deteriorated and thus, affected the export quantum.

3.6 Facility provided by MSAMB, Pune for Pomegranate Export

3.6.1 Activities of MSAMB, Pune. Implemented 6 AEZs in state [Alphonso Mango, Kesar Mango, Pomegranate, Onion, Mandarins, Banana], To train farmers in post-harvest management under AEZ. Coordination of fruit producers, exporters, and importers. Training to farmer to obtaining Global Gap certificate. Infrastructure creating for effective export and marketing. Canalizing agency for onion export. Various financial assistance and promoting scheme for farmer and other people involved in agricultural marketing. Krushi Panan Mitra monthly publication. To impart training to farmer and related personal in post harvest management through NIPHT and HTC Trial export done by MSAMB during last five years. The MSAMB has taken a lead for export of fruits to the different countries, the effort made by MSAMB for exports of fruits during last five year are narrated below. 2004-05 Export of Banana to USA. Export of Mandarin to Holland. 2005-06 Export of Kesar Manago to Hong Kong. Export of Onion to Philippines, Dubai etc. Export of Mandarin and Pomegranate to USA 2006-07 Export of Kesar Mango to Japan. Export of Pomegranate and Kesar Mango to Hong Kong. 2007-08 Export of Alphonso and Kesar Mangoes to Japan. 2008-09 Export of Alphonso and Kesar to USA and Japan.

3.6.2 Role of MSAMB, Pune in providing post-harvest facilities Infrastructure facility created by MSAMB 1) Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Jalochi, Baramati, Dist Pune. 2) Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Indapure, Dist. Pune. 3) Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Saved Tal- Raver Dist Jalgaon. 4) Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Basmat, Tal- Basmat, Dist- Hingoli.

ii) Establishment of Export Facility Centres for Pomegranate The MSAMB has establishment Export Facility Centres out of which these are for pomegranate, one is at Jalochi (Baramati) and the other is at Indapur, in Pune district. 1. Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Jalochi, (Baramati) Dist Pune.

Address and Contact Number MSAMBs Pomegranate Export Facility Center, A/P. Jalochi, Tal. Baramati, Dist. Pune Tel: 02112-209718 Contact Person: Mr. Ajay Kudale (9422234653) Table- 3.8 Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Jalochi, (Baramati) Dist Pune Sr.No. 1. 2. 3. Facility Pre cooling Cold storage Handling line Capacity 5MT/6 hours pomegranate 25 MT 2 MT/hour

(Source- Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune) Table: 3.9 Quantity of pomegranate exported from Export Facility Center, jalochi. YEAR 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
(Source- Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune)

Export Quantity In MT. 1055 1099 669

2. Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Indapur. Dist-Pune.

Address and Contact Number: MSAMBs Fruit and Vegetable Export Facility Center, Shivleela Nagar, Indapur Akluj Rd., Indapur, Dist. Pune-413106 Contact Person: Mr. Ajay Kudale (9422234653)

Table: 3.10 Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Indapur Dist-Pune. Sr.No. 1 2 Facility Pre cooling Cold storage Capacity 5MT/6 hours Pomegranate 25 MT

(Source- Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune)

Table: 3.11 Quantity of pomegranate exported from Export Facility Centre, Indapure. YEAR 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
(Source- Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune)

Quantity Export In MT 382 267 400

ii)

Cold Storage Subsidy Scheme Maharashtra State is the major producer of the pomegranate in the country. Area under

pomegranate is increase day by day is estimated that as much as 15-20 per cent pomegranate production is lost on account of lack of adequate post harvest infrastructure. So growers do not get remunerative prices due to lack of grading, proper packaging and in turn there is huge post harvest losses. In future establishment of cold chain in the State has a prime importance for fetching good prices for Agricultural produce in the International markets. If cold storages are established by Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) and Co-operative societies functioning in the various regions of the State. This will not only reduce glut in the market and avoid price fluctuation but it also increase the shelf life and quality of agricultural produce. Thus in turn the producer would get remunerative prices for their produce. Keeping this view in mind the MSAMB has launched "Cold Storage Subsidy Scheme" from 1st of August 2004 in the State. The details schemes are as follows. Pattern of assistance Subsidy @ 25 percentage of the total project cost with maximum limit of Rs 2.5 lakhs per project. The beneficiary will be eligible for getting subsidy from other financial institutions /agencies. The beneficiary can get subsidy for more than one cold storage.

iii)

Global Gap certificate

Global gap is an internationally recognized set of farm standards dedicated to Good Agriculture practices (GAP). Through certification; producers demonstrate their adherence to Global gap standards. Benefits of Global Gap Demonstrate to clients (retailers, product traders, importers) that your product is produced using good agricultural practices. Inspire consumer confidence. Ensure access to your markets. Enhance operating efficiency and competitive market appeal. Implement processes for continual improvement. Reduce the number of second party inspections to farms as more major retailers accept the scheme.

Parameter to be covered under Global Gap certificate 7/12 of land holding certificate. Growers certification code of Agriculture Department. Maps of prepared orchard plots from tahsils. Soils testing of particular. Testing of water. Schedule of using pesticides. Records of harvesting of fruits. These are facility provided by MSAMB for export promotion of pomegranate. The awareness of pomegranate growers for facilities provided by MSAMB, Pune and detail information about how many growers take benefit of them is provided in Table 3.12 Table 3.12 Awareness about different export facilities and benefit availed by pomegranate growers. No. of farmers (n=30) Awareness Benefited 24 0 Export Facility centre (80.00) (0.00) 1 17 0 Cold Storage Subsidy Scheme (56.66) (0.00) 2 30 30 Global Gap Certificate Scheme (100.00) (100.00) 3 Note Figures in brackets indicate percentage to the respective totals. Out of 30 selected sample farmers about 24 farmers (80%) were aware about Export Facility Centre of MSAMB, Pune, but it is interesting to note that, none of these have took benefit of Export Facility Centre of MSAMB, Pune. This may be because of small quantity of produce. The small farmers directly sell their produce to the exporters. About the Cold Storage scheme 56 per cent growers were awared about the scheme but none of them have taken actual benefit, because these scheme is not economically feasible to small and marginal farmers, due to small quantity production of pomegranate fruits. Only the Global Gap certificate Scheme is known to the every growers and everyone is benefited by this facility, because Global gap certificate is inevitable required for export of pomegranate. Sr. No. Facilities

3.8 SWOT Analysis for Export of Fresh Pomegranates

A) Strengths India is the largest producer of pomegranate, producing about 50 per cent of the total world production. Pomegranate production is largely concentrated in Maharashtra and Karnataka state contributing more than 90 per cent of production in India. The biggest advantage is that this pomegranate production area is quite close to Mumbai port for exporting to Gulf States and European Union. The agro-techniques for obtaining high yield have already been standardization by MPKV, Rahuri. Better cultivars having dark red colour of fruits as well as of kernels (arils) along with softness of seed have been evolved by MPKV, Rahuri. These new cultivar, i.e. Mrudula, Ruby and Arkta are becoming quite popular among the growers. The Indian cultivar have the highest sugar and low acids compare to Spanish pomegranate. This can popularised in Gulf countries, Europe Canada and Far East countries. Indian pomegranates are very nutritive. There is abundant and year round supply of pomegranates from India because of possibility of taking all bahar so India can export through the year. There is additional demand from foreign countries. There is scope to increases additional area under cultivation in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andra Pradesh. Ports are nearer to above states. India is already exporting pomegranate to a number of countries in Middle East and Europe. Thus, India has already good export network in several countries which needs to be further strengthened.

B) Weaknesses The most important weakness is that India has no locational advantage for export to Europe as compared to Spain and Iran. The productivity of pomegranate in India is low as compared to other advanced country

like Spain. Although many of the agro-techniques for obtaining high yield of quantity fruits have been standardized, but still much more remains to be done and need to be taken to the farmers. Extensions and dissemination of technology for increasing productivity is the main weak link. Above all major weak point is non availability of Post-harvest infrastructure like modern pack houses, reefer vans, pre-cooling facilities etc. right in the production areas. With the result, there are ample post-harvest losses. Another weak link is the farmer /exporter have no access to update information on export/ import price trends in varies importing countries of the world. Although India can produce pomegranates through out the year but the external fruit colour as well as aril colour fades in the months of the April to September especially in the Ganesh cultivar because of intense heat and high humidity and rainfall which need to be eliminated by better varieties and agro-techniques. C) Opportunities India is the largest producer of pomegranate in the world, but has share of only 5 per cent of the world exports. India has good varieties with good fruit quality and can supply almost throughout the year and thus can become good player in exports of pomegranate if required steps are taken and infrastructural facilities are provided. Spain is the biggest exporter to European Union and to some extent to Gulf countries also thus cornering 60-70 per cent of the total world export. Maximum availability of pomegranate from Spain is in September to December months and thus supply from Spain tapers from January onward. Virtually there are no supplies of pomegranate from Spain during April to July months. Whereas, production of pomegranate in India is at peak in the months of December to march and continues up to April to July months with the help of Hastha and Ambe bahar crops. Considering time 30 to 45 days for shipping pomegranate to Europe, India can export pomegranate to Europe easily from February to July months, when there will be no competition from Spain. During April to July, other competitors are chilli and Peru who supply only limited quantities. Lately India has also started diversifying its exports to Italy, the Netherlands and Belgium

apart from U.K. in Europe which need to be further expanded, in view of above. Another major opportunity. In Europe which need to be further expanded, in view of above. Another major opportunity for India is about suitability of Indian pomegranate for fresh consumption as table fruit as well as for consuming fresh juice because of low acids. Indian pomegranate has low acids have an edge over Spanish pomegranate and that is the high acid Spanish pomegranates are largely used for decoration, garnishing ice cream, salads etc. and for syrup making. Thus plus point needs to be exploited by nurturing the market and by organising fruit fairs and publicity. There is large ethnic population both in Europe and Middle East who will be very much interested in this commodity. India export maximum quantity of Gulf counties and Iran is the main competitor to India. However, like Spain, Irans main supplies are during October to December and extending up to March. Supplies from Iran also start decreasing from January to onward. Therefore, Gulf countries also, Indian export should be accelerated during January and should extend up to June- July.

D) Threats Major threats to Indian exports are from Spain and Iran especially to European countries as both these countries are able to supply at cheaper price because low freight cost. Therefore, our efforts have to be towards lowering production cost by increasing productivity in order to make our export competitive.

3.9 Findings
10) Maharashtra is the leading state in area, production of pomegranate. but the productivity of pomegranate in Maharashtra is very less as compared with other states. 11) Shape and size of fruits, colours, lusters and diseases free fruits are preferred by importers. 12) In U.K, Netherlands and Germany markets, the pomegranate fruits having size 250 300 gm with red colour fruits of Bhagwa and Ganesh varieties (packed in 3 kg. boxes) are preferred, whereas in the Middle East countries, the fruits size of 300 450 gm with red colour fruits of Bhagwa and Ganesh varieties (packed in 5 kg. boxes) are mostly preferred.

13) Bhagwa variety of pomegranate is mostly preferred by all over the word followed by Ganesh, Arakta and Mrudula. 14) In logistics value chain, (farmer field to the ports) the major items of the cost was container charges (50%). 15) The major problems faced by pomegranate growers in export were lack of storage of facility, Oily spot disease, Unavailability of skilled labours for harvesting and other farm operations, Cheating by commission agents (exporter), and Grower dont have perfect information about export market price. 16) Document required for export of pomegranate [Global gap certificate] is very critical and slow process. 17) Even though the MSAMB, Pune have evaluated the Export Facility Centres in the study area, the selected pomegranate growers have not exported their produces directly. 18) The export facilities provided such as Subsidy on Global Gap Certificate, Cold storage and Export Facility Centres at Baramati and Indapur have not availed directly by the selected farmer.

3.10 Conclusions
7) Maharashtra rank top at area and production of pomegranate however per unit productivity is low. Generally 250 to 330 gm sized pomegranate fruits are preferred in European markets whereas in the Middle East country slightly bigger fruits (300 to 450 gm) are preferred. 8) Bhagwa variety of pomegranate is preferred all over the world. 9) The selected pomegranate growers have exported through export agencies. 10) In logistics chain from farmer field to port, charges of container was the major cost. 11) Oily spot diseases, lack of storage facility and unavailability of skilled labour for harvesting where the major problems reported by farmers. Cold storage facility, export facility centres, subsidy on Global Gap Certificate etc. are provided in study area by MSAMB, Pune. However farmers are not taking benefits of this facilities to the extends.

3.11 Suggestions
5) The efforts be made by agricultural scientist of union and NRC pomegranate for developing the improvement agricultural techniques for increasing the productivity of pomegranate. 6) To capture the international market production of Bhagwa variety be increased by putting more area under this variety. The promotion facilities such as supply of healthy and pure seedling of Bhagwa variety then subsidy in inputs be provided to growers. 7) The pomegranate grower should be made awared about export documentation procedure, International market price, cost of export etc. The logistics chain in export of pomegranate should be grower friendly. 8) The MSAMB, Pune should rectify the procedure of availability facilities so that majority of pomegranate growers can take the benefits. The policy be recasted in favours of small and marginal fruit growers.

REFERENCE
Balgopal T.A.S. (1998) Export Management1998 published by Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai-400004, India. Dr. Deshmukh K. V. (2009) Krishi Panan Mitra, published by Maharashtra state Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune, India, Vol. No. 3, PP: 29 -30. Garg A.K. (2007) Project Report on Export Promotion of Pomegranate from India published by Agricultural Finance Corporation Ltd.Mumbai-400001, India. Indian Council of Agriculture Research, (2005), Handbook of Horticulture, published by ICAR, New Delhi. Mitra S. K. (2005) Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, published by CABI. Websites
www.apeda.com www.msamb.com www.nhb.com www.mahaanar.com

Appendix I Details of selected pomegranate growers

Sr.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Farmer Name Arun Narayanrao Jadhav. Sunil Vasantrao Pawar. Sadashiv Anadrao Kadam. Ranjit Ashokrao Taware. Krishna Bhiva Kokare. Sanjay Yahswant Jagtap. Sanjay Shankarrao Sasane. Pandurang Sopan Shende. Aabasaheb Rajaram Hegade. Suhas Madhukar Bhongle. Kiran Gulabchand Bora. Dhananjay Narayan Bansode. Pandurang Namdev Shende. Swati Bapurao Shende. Mohan Mahadev Kharade. Mahadev Pandurang Shende. Atmaram Pandurang Shende. Ratan Eknath Hegade. Gagar Nivrutti Shende. Village Malegaon. Malegaon. Sangavi. Malegaon. Pandhare. Pandhare. Taluka Baramati. Baramati. Baramati. Baramati. Baramati. Baramati. Area (Acre) 2.5 2.5 8 3.5 5 10 Production season Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Harvesting Time July-August July-August July-August July-August July-August July-August

Sangavi. Varkute. Varkute. Bijwadi. Sarafwadi

Baramati. Indapur. Indapur. Indapur. Indapur.

3 3 4 4 8

Feb-Aug Sep-Feb Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Sep-Feb

July-August Jan-Feb July-August July-August Jan-Feb

Palasdev. Varkute. Varkute. Shelgaon.

Indapur. Indapur. Indapur. Indapur.

3 2 5 15

Feb-Aug Sep-Feb Feb-Aug Sep-Feb

July-August Jan-Feb July-August Jan-Feb

Varkute.

Indapur.

10

Sep-Feb

Jan-Feb

17 18 19

Varkute. Varkute. Varkute.

Indapur. Indapur. Indapur.

10 5 1.5

Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug

July-August July-August July-August

Sr.No. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Farmer Name Narayan Chillu Kharade. Ashok Ratan Shinde. Vinod Babasaheb Hegade. Dinkar Jijaba Madane. Kisan Pandurang Jagdale. Prasad Dattatraya Jagtap. Pushpa Govind Bankar. Shrirang Yashvant Dangare. Vittal Yashvant Shinde. Baburao Anaadrao Jagadale. Baburao akoba Nale.

Village Shelgaon. Shelgaon. Bijwadi. Bijwadi. Bijwadi. Pangari. Pangari. Pangari. Pangari. Bijwadi.

Taluka Indapur. Indapur. Maan. Maan. Maan. Maan. Maan. Maan. Maan. Maan.

Area (Acre) 2.5 1.5 2 1.5 2.5 3 3.5 3.5 2 2.5 5

Production season Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Feb-Aug

Harvesting Time July-August July-August July-August July-August July-August July-August July-August July-August July-August July- August July-August

Dudhebabi. Phaltan.

APPENDIX- II Questionnaire for Pomegranate Growers (Export)

1) Name of the grower____________________________________________________________ 2) Address____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3) Contact no.___________________________________________________________ 4) Education___________________________________________________________

5) Area under pomegranate (variety wise) Sr.no. 1 2 3 4 5 Variety No. of Tree Total Area

6) Reason for growing this/these varietiesSr.no 1 2 3 4 5 Variety Quality

7) Which bahar do you take? a) Ambe bahar b) Mrug bahar c) Hast bahar Why? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _______________ 8) Post harvest practice followed by Grower.

Name of the practice Proper handling Washing Cleaning Chemical treatment a) Name of chemical used- _____________________ b) Concentration of Chemical- ___________________ Hot water treatment a) Temperature _____________________________ b) Time of Treatment - ______________________ Brushing Drying Grading Packaging a) Box size- __________________________ b) Type of box i) Corrugated box ii) Wooden box Type of Packaging material used a) Paper b) Any other

Yes

No

Temperature maintained while reaching to pack house __________________ c

9)

What are the difficulties in post harvest management?

Administrative a) __________________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________________ c) __________________________________________________________ Technical a) __________________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________________ c) __________________________________________________________ Financial a) __________________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________________

Transport a) ___________________________________________________________ b) ___________________________________________________________ c) ___________________________________________________________ Any other (please specify) _________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
10) Do you aware about export facility centre for pomegranate of MSAMB? a) Yes b) No

11) Do you take benefit of these facilities? a) Yes b) No if yes then which? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

12) Experience of exporting pomegranate in years____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

13) To which countries you export? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

14) What are different quarantine practices you followed for exported to above country? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 15) Is your produce is discarded by importing country? a) Yes

b) No

If yes, then what are the reasons? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

16) Do you follow any special practices for export quality Production? Yes No -Specify them i) ___________________________________________________________ ii) __________________________________________________________ iii)__________________________________________________________
17) Do you aware about MSAMB scheme for Global GAP certification? a) Yes b) No

If no what are the reasons? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

18) What are the facilities provided by MSAMB for export promotion?
Not available Small extent Fully availed

Sr. No. Facilities 1 2 3 4 5

Moderately

Reason for not availing or low availing the facilities provided by MSAMB_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

APPENDIX-III
Questionnaire for pomegranate exporter.
1) Name of exporter2) Address________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3) Contact no.4) Do you take benefit of these export facility center? a) Yes b) No if yes then which? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

5) How to transport pomegranate after harvesting to pack house? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 6) Time required for reaching these export facility centre after harvestingi) 1hr ii) iii) iv) 3 hr 5 hrs More than 5 hrs

7) Do you follow any special practices for minimize the post harvest losses? Yes No

-Specify them i) ___________________________________________________________ ii) __________________________________________________________ iii)__________________________________________________________

8) Post harvest practice followed Name of the practice Proper harvesting method used Yes No

Washing Cleaning Chemical treatment c) Name of chemical used- _____________________ d) Concentration of Chemical- ___________________ Hot water treatment c) Temperature _____________________________ d) Time of Treatment - ______________________ Brushing Drying Grading Packaging c) Box size- __________________________ d) Type of box i) Corrugated box ii) Wooden box Type of Packaging material used c) Paper d) Any other

Temperature maintained while reaching to pack house __________________ c

9) How much quantity was stored in cold storage facility of MSAMB? ____________________________________________________________________________ 10) How long you stored the produces in cold storage?

11) How much quantity was exported by using these facility centres? ____________________________________________________________________________

12) What is the quality parameters required for export of pomegranate to different countries? ____________________________________________________________________________

13) How do manage the logistics management for export of pomegranate? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 14) Flow out the Value chain in logistics. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 15) Do you aware about MSAMB scheme for Global GAP certification? a) Yes b) No

If no what are the reasons? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ If yes what are benefit? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
16) What different facility provided by MSAMB for Pomegranate export? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

Appendix- IV Farmer knowledge about Post harvest practices.

Chemical treatment/Waxing Cleaning by cloth Knowledge level Tempreture of cold storage Farmer Name Harvesting Packaging Type of packaging material Brushing Washing

10

11

12

Arun Narayanra o Jadhav. Sunil Vasantrao Pawar. Sadashiv Anadrao Kadam. Ranjit Ashokrao Taware. Krishna Bhiva Kokare. Sanjay Yahswant Jagtap. Sanjay Shankarra o Sasane. Pandurang Sopan Shende. Aabasahe b Rajaram Hegade. Suhas Madhukar Bhongle. Kiran Gulabcha nd Bora. Dhananja y Narayan Bansode.

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Grading

Sr. No.

Drying

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

10

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

Pandurang Namdev Shende. Swati Bapurao Shende. Mohan Mahadev Kharade. Mahadev Pandurang Shende. Atmaram Pandurang Shende. Ratan Eknath Hegade. Gagar Nivrutti Shende. Narayan Chillu Kharade. Ashok Ratan Shinde. Vinod Babasahe b Hegade. Dinkar Jijaba Madane. Kisan Pandurang Jagdale. Prasad Dattatraya Jagtap. Pushpa Govind Bankar. Shrirang Yashvant Dangare. Vittal Yashvant Shinde.

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

10

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

10

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

10

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

29

30

Baburao Anaadrao Jagadale. Baburao akoba Nale.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

10

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

(If yes, - allotted score 1 for No 0)

VITA Mr. Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand Regd. No. 09/290 A candidate for the degree
Of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRICULTURE) -- 2010 --

Title of Project OF

: POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT FOR EXPORT POMEGRANATE IN MAHARASHTRA.

Department

: Master of Business Administration (Agri) College of Agriculture, Pune-5

Bio-graphical information Born on 12th July in 1986 at Sangamner, Ahmednagar. Son of Mr. Kondibhau Mhatarba Dhulgand and Mrs. Ujwala Kondibhau Dhulgand.

Personal:

Education: Passed SSC Examination from M.M.V. Mandve .B.K. Tal Sangamner, Dist.- Ahmednagar. Securing first class in the year of 2003. Passed HSC Examination from Dnyanmata Jr. College, Sangamner, Dist. Ahmednagar securing first class in the year 2004. Completed B.Sc (Hort) degree with second class in the year 2008, from S.S.C.H. Phaltan, Satara, A constituent college of Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Rahuri.

Permanent Address

Mr. Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand A/P : Mandve B.K. Tal- Sangamner, Dist.- Ahmednagar. State- Maharashtra. Pin : 422 605. Mobile: 9960687963 E-mail: amoldhulgand@rediffmail.com