PBI0021

Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

Learning Unit 4: Reading about Health

Objectives: At the end of this unit, students should be able to: 1. Use active and passive voice and use them appropriately 2. Skim for the main ideas and scan specific information 3. Read for gist and specific details as well as inferential and interpretive meanings

LISTENING Text 1 Complete the sentences using the choices provided in the box below. A no first-aid administered B the patient to die C more brain damage D bleeding in the brain E blockage to the airway F serious discomfort

1. The cells in the brain begin to die when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or when there is ___________________________________ . 2. The speaker says that patients must be comforted to avoid panic which will cause ___________________________________ . Circle the correct answer. 3. The long-term treatment given to stroke patients is to avoid a. the re-occurrence of a stroke b. breathing discomfort c. panic and anxiety d. sudden death 4. The following are symptoms of a stroke except a. blood clots b. blurred vision c. severe headache d. severe pain in the limbs 5. Clot busters will only be administered when there is no sign of a. blocked blood vessels b. severe headache c. brain bleeding d. breathing 6. The speakers main intention is to a. lecture b. inform c. persuade 1

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Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

Text 2 Write your answers in the space provided

7. The ideal figure nowadays is considered ___________________________________ . 8. Weight is not so important, as being ___________________________________ is healthier than being slim and unfit. 9. _____________________________ 10. _____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Ways to achieve a good ratio of lean body mass to fat

11. _____________________________ _____________________________

12. _____________________________ _____________________________

13. Exercising in the morning before breakfast enables the body to a. burn excess fat stored in the body b. maintain blood sugar within a healthy range c. channel excess carbohydrates into healing the body 14. The secret to being healthy is a. being slim and lean b. maintain a low body weight c. eating and exercising sensibly

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Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

Exercise 1 Write down the exact word based on the description given. Some of alphabets have been given to you as clue. These words are normally used in Health related topics in general. 1. A rise of body temperature 2. To get better after an illness 3. A family doctor 4. To lose consciousness/unconscious 5. A loop of thread around the wound to keep it closed 6. A medicine to be swallowed 7. A liquid medicine to be drunk 8. Place where you take a prescription 9. To destroy germs by cleaning a wound 10. Causing death 11. A disease that is highly infectious = _e_e_ = r_ _ o_ _r = G _ _ _ _ _ l P_ _ c _ _ _ i _ _ _ r = f__n_ =_t_t_h =_i__ =s_r__ =p__r__ c_ = _ i s _ _ f_ _ t = f _ t_ _ =__n_ag____ =__g__n_

12. The practice of keeping oneself clean to prevent illness

PBI0021

Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

READING
Pre-Reading: Take a quick look at the poster below. Do you know anything about Influenza A(H1N1)? Answers these questions as you study the poster below.
1. The symptoms are :

2. Influenza A(H1N1) can be prevented by:

PBI0021

Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

Read the following texts and complete the tasks that follow. Task: What are the four characteristics of X-rays? Text 1 X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Roentgen while studying the phenomena of gaseous discharge. Roentgen took the first steps in identifying the nature of X-rays by using a system of slits to show that they travel in straight lines, and that they are uncharged, because they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields. The discovery of X-rays aroused the interest of all physicists, and many joined in the investigation of their properties. In 1899 Haga and Wind performed a single slit diffraction experiment with X-rays which showed that X-rays are a wave motion phenomenon, and, from the size of the diffraction pattern, their wavelength could be estimated to be 10-8 cm. In 1906 Barkla proved that the waves are transverse by showing that they can be polarized by scattering from many materials.
Source:(from http//www.uefap.com/reading/exercise/scan/xray.htm)Retrieved Oct 3, 2011

1.__________________________________________________________ 2.__________________________________________________________ 3.__________________________________________________________ 4.__________________________________________________________

Scanning is a reading technique you use when you want to look up something specific very quickly, for example, the precise statements, the exact formulas, statistics or a word in the dictionary. When finding for the characteristics of X rays for example, you are actually scanning for the specific information or particular answer quickly. OR (Kindly refer to pg.72,73 and 74; English for Social and Academic Purposes) for more.

PBI0021

Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

Text 2:
The Causes of High Blood Pressure

It is known as silent killer because it rarely shows obvious symptoms, high blood pressure or Hypertension affects millions including children and teenagers. The exact cause of hypertension is unknown but there are several factors may play a role in the development of this cardiac failure. First and foremost, high blood pressure tends to run in families and is more likely to affect men than women. Age also play a role as people over 35 are prone to develop high blood pressure. Alcoholics, obese and active smokers are the common group of people affected by hypertension. People tend to ignore about their health conditions by drinking excessively or consuming too much fatty and salty diet. If untreated or ignored, it will eventually increase the risk of heart attack, stroke and diabetes. Effective measures should be taken to prevent or control high blood pressure. Everyone can prevent it by practising healthier lifestyles, quitting smoking, eating healthy diet and exercising regularly. These preventive measures will consequently lower down the chances of getting this disease.
Source:(from www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/blood-pressure-causes)Retrieved Oct 3, 2011

Task: The main idea in paragraph 2 is

______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Skimming is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text. People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time. Use skimming when you want to see if an article may be of interest in your research. Normally, you can refer to the topic headings, summaries or italics for clues or reading the first and the last paragraph.

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Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

Task: Read the text on Strategies to Prevent Heart Disease, Transfer the information from the text to the diagram. Strategies to Help Prevent Heart Disease There is no doubt that heart disease is a leading cause of death, but that does not mean that we have to accept it as our fate. Although we lack the means to change some risk factors such as family history, gender and age, there are some key heart disease prevention steps that we can take. We can avoid heart problems by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Smoking or chewing tobacco is one of the most significant risk factors for developing heart disease. Chemicals in tobacco can damage our heart and blood vessels, leading to narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Atherosclerosis can ultimately lead to a heart attack. Thus, avoiding smoking and using tobacco help reduce heart problems. Getting some regular, daily exercise can reduce risk of fatal heart disease. Physical activity helps control our weight and reduces stress. These in turn reduces strain on the heart, which is a major cause of heart disease. Eating heart-healthy foods that are low in fat, cholesterol and salt helps keep the heart healthy. Foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products, help protect our heart. Besides that, beans, low-fat sources of protein, and certain types of fish also reduce risk of heart disease. These foods provide the strength that the heart needs to function normally.
(adapted http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease-prevention)
Strategies to Prevent Heart Disease

1.
does regular, daily exercise

4.

2.
prevents damage to heart and blood vessels helps control weight keeps heart healthy

3.
prevents narrowing of arteries

5.

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Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

reduces heart disease

Task: Read the text on AIDS, and answer the questions. AIDS: The Major Killer 1 AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Since the first cases of AIDS, more than 25 million people have died from AIDS. An estimated two million people died as a result of AIDS in 2008 alone. AIDS was first reported on June 5, 1981, when the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recorded a cluster of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (now still classified as PCP but known to be caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii) in five homosexual men in Los Angeles. A recent study stated that HIV probably moved from Africa to Haiti and then entered the United States around 1969. AIDS is a disease that affects the body system. It is the ultimate clinical result of infection with HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Virus). HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital organs of the human immune system especially CD4 cells. There are many factors that could affect the rate of HIV infection. These include factors that influence the bodys ability to defend against HIV such as the infected patients general immune function, age and diet. Since AIDS is fatal, it is important that doctors detect HIV infection as early as possible so that the person can take medication to delay the onset of AIDS. People who have AIDS are unable to fight off many infections because their immune systems are compromised. Most people experience non-specific flu like symptoms. These include fever, headache, skin rash, tender lymph nodes, and vague feeling of discomfort. Some other symptoms are progressive weight loss and debilitating fatigue. This is because the immune system is in such severe failure as the person enters the advanced AIDS phase. There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted. It is most commonly spread through sexual contact. In America alone, there are more than 400,000 people who have been infected through sexual contact. It is also spread by the sharing of needles or syringes that result in direct exposure to the blood of an infected individual. This occurs most commonly among people who abuse drugs. Besides that, if a woman with HIV is pregnant, her newborn baby can catch the virus from her before birth or during the birthing process. Worryingly, many people think there is a cure for AIDS, which make them feel safer and perhaps take risks that they otherwise would not. However, there is still no cure for AIDS. The only way to stay safe is to be aware of how HIV is transmitted and how to prevent HIV infection such as to refrain from random sexual activity and to avoid drug abuse. An AIDS diagnosis for a patient does not necessarily equate to a death sentence. Many patients can still benefit from starting the important antiretroviral therapy even once they have developed an AIDS defining illness. The therapy can help to improve the quality and length of life for those diagnosed with AIDS. It can prolong the time between HIV infection 8

PBI0021

Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

and the onset of AIDS. Modern combination therapy is highly effective and someone with HIV who is taking treatment could live for the rest of their life without developing AIDS.
(adapted from Balter, 1999)

Match each topic below with its paragraph (1 to 7) as shown in the given example. Write your answers in the Answer Sheet provided. Example: Brief introduction about AIDS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The misconception about the remedy for AIDS The various signs of people suffering from AIDS The primary cause of AIDS The history of AIDS The methods of HIV transmission 1

Provide the most appropriate answer based on the given passage. Write your answers in the space provided. 6. What does the acronym AIDS stand for? _____________________________________________________________________ 7. State THREE (3) ways through which HIV can be transmitted. a. _____________________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________________________

8.

What are the factors affecting the rate of HIV infection? a.___________________________________________________________________ b.___________________________________________________________________

9.

How can a person prevent HIV infection? a.___________________________________________________________________ b.___________________________________________________________________ 9

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Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

10.

Briefly explain TWO (2) reasons why it is important for AIDS patients to go through antiretroviral therapy. a.___________________________________________________________________ b.___________________________________________________________________

Read the text on hand, foot and mouth disease, and answer the questions. HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE 10

PBI0021

Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

What is HFMD?
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness of infants and children. It is characterized by fever, sores in the mouth, and a skin rash. HFMD begins with a mild fever, poor appetite, malaise (feeling vaguely unwell), and often a sore throat. One or 2 days after the fever begins, painful sores develop in the mouth. They begin as small red spots that blister and then often become ulcers. The sores are usually located on the tongue, gums, and inside of the cheeks. The skin rash develops over 1 to 2 days, with flat or raised red spots and sometimes with blisters. The skin rash does not itch and is usually on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It may also appear on the buttocks or genitalia. A person with HFMD may have only the rash or only the mouth sores.

Is HFMD the same as foot-and-mouth disease?

No. HFMD is often confused with foot-and-mouth (also called hoof-and-mouth) disease of cattle, sheep, and swine. Although the names are similar, the two diseases are not related at all and are caused by different viruses. People do not get foot-and-mouth disease, and animals do not get hand, foot, and mouth disease.

What causes HFMD?

HFMD is caused by viruses that belong to the enterovirus genus (group). This group of viruses includes polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enteroviruses. The most common cause of HFMD is coxsackievirus A16, but sometimes HFMD is also caused by enterovirus 71 or other enteroviruses.

Is HFMD serious?
HFMD is usually not serious. HFMD caused by coxsackievirus A16 infection is a mild disease and nearly all patients recover in 7 to 10 days without medical treatment. Complications are uncommon, but when they do occur, medical care should be sought. Rarely, the patient with coxsackievirus A16 infection may also develop viral ("aseptic") meningitis, in which the person has fever, headache, stiff neck, or back pain and may need to be hospitalized for a few days. Another cause of HFMD, enterovirus 71 (EV71), may also cause viral meningitis and, rarely, other more serious diseases, such as encephalitis or a polio-like paralysis. EV71 encephalitis can be fatal.

Is HFMD contagious?
Yes, HFMD is moderately contagious. Infection is spread from person to person by direct contact with nose and throat discharges, saliva, fluid from blisters, or the stool of infected persons. A person is most contagious during the first week of the illness. HFMD is not transmitted to or from pets or other animals.

How soon will someone become ill with HFMD after getting infected?
The usual period from infection to onset of symptoms (the incubation period) is 3 to 7 11 days. Fever is often the first symptom of HFMD.

Who is at risk for HFMD?

PBI0021

Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

Washing hands frequently and properly with antiseptic soap; especially after changing diapers and after using the toilet Cleaning dirty surfaces and soiled items, including toys, first with soap and water and then disinfecting them by cleansing with a solution of chlorine bleach (made by adding 1 tablespoon of bleach to 4 cups of water; larger quantities can be made12 by adding cup of bleach to 1 gallon [16 cups] of water). Avoiding close contact (kissing, hugging, sharing eating utensils and cups, etc.) with persons with HFMD

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Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

Source: Taken from Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),United States. Retrieved: October 12, 2011 from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/enterovirus/hfmd-qa.htm#1

Answer the following question based on the text about HFMD.

1. Who is in greater danger of getting HFMD? You or your 6 years old cousin? Why?

________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

2. What are the symptoms of HFMD? ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the most common cause of the disease? ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

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PBI0021

Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

4. How does the disease spread? ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

5. How long is the incubation period? ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

6. How can we lower the risk of infection from this disease? ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

7. The symptoms of HFMD are similar to the fevers we normally have. What is one of the common symptoms that usually lead parents to suspect that it is not a common fever? ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

8. Hand washing with antiseptic soap is one of the strategies to combat the spread of HFMD. List down at least 2 other prevention measures that should be taken to curb this infectious disease. ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

9. Read the text again and identify whether the statements below are Stated or Inferred by () in the box provided.

Stated

Inferred

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PBI0021

Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

More children than adults fall sick from HFMD. We cannot get HFMD from Cattle, sheep and swine having the HFMD. HFMD caused by coxsackievirus a16 is usually not fatal. We may get HFMD by shaking hands with someone who has the disease. Enteroviruses are less active in winter months. Medicine given to provide relief from fever and pain does not kill the enteroviruses causing HFMD. Frequent handwashing can reduce risk of HFMD infection. The virus is still present in the excretion of children with HFMD for weeks after the symptoms disappear.

LANGUAGE FOCUS Learning about Active and Passive voice In this section, you will learn how to use active and passive voice correctly. Examples of Active voice 1.) The discovery of X-rays aroused the interest of all physicists 2.) In 1899 Haga and Wind performed a single slit diffraction experiment with X-rays In active voice, the sentence elements appear in the following order. subject ---> verb ---> object Example... Maria kicked me. Maria = Doer (subject) kicked= action (verb) me = recipient of action (object) Examples of Passive voice 1.)X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Roentgen while studying the phenomena of gaseous discharge. 2.)HFMD is caused by viruses that belong to the enterovirus genus (group)

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PBI0021

Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

In the passive voice, these elements appear in the following order... object ---> verb ---> subject Example... I was kicked by Maria.
active | I hit the ball. passive | The ball was hit by me.

When do we use the passive voice?

When the doer of the action is not known When the doer is obvious When we are more interested in action rather than the doer When we want to avoid placing blame on the doer.

Tenses Simple Present

Active The doctor gives the patient a prescription note. The doctor gave the patient a prescription note. The doctor will give the patient a prescription note. The doctor is advising the patient.

Passive The patient is given a prescription note by the doctor. The patient was given a prescription note by the doctor. The patient will be given a prescription note by the doctor.

Notes Verb to be (am/is/are) + past participle (verb) Verb to be (was/were)+ past participle (verb) will + be + past participle (verb)

Simple Past

Simple Future

Present Continuous

The patient is being Verb to be (am/is/are) advised by the doctor. + being + past participle (verb) The patient was being Verb to be(was/were) advised by the doctor. + being + past participle (verb) The patient has been has/have+ been + advised by the doctor. past participle (verb) The patient had been had + been + past advised by the doctor. participle (verb)

Past Continuous

The doctor was advising the patient.

Present Perfect

The doctor has advised the patient. The doctor had advised the patient.

Past Perfect

Now try this! Change the active voice to passive voice

1. The discovery of X-rays aroused the interest of all physicists

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Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

___________________________________________________________________________
2. In 1899 Haga and Wind performed a single slit diffraction experiment with X-rays

___________________________________________________________________________

And change the passive voice to active voice

1. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Roentgen while studying the phenomena of gaseous discharge. ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. HFMD is caused by virus that belong to the enterovirus genus (group) ______________________________________________________________________________

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. 1 The professor teaches the students.

John washes the dishes.

Once a week, John cleans the house.

Sam repaired the car.

Right now, Sarah is writing a letter.

Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.

7 8

The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. She has submitted the form.

The doctor instructed the nurses to monitor the patients.

10

The man helped the girl. 17

PBI0021

Preparatory English 2

Semester 2 2012/2013

Group Role-Play
Situation 1: Seeking and Giving Advice Daniel who is one of your classmates is complaining about the frequent headache that hes been having for the past few months. You and your friends are worried about him. Suggest one way to help Daniel. After listening to all the suggestions given by everyone, as a group, decide the BEST advice to give to Daniel.

Situation 2: Lending a Helping Hand Task: Michelle is one of your Preparatory 2 course mates. She is suffering from a high level of stress which has begun to affect her studies. You and your friends are worried about her and have decided to offer her a helping hand. Suggest one way to help Michelle and share it with your group members. After listening to all the suggestions given by everyone, as a group, decide the BEST way to help Michelle.

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